Genetics of psoriasis

Archives of Dermatological Research

Volumn 290, Issue 9, 1998, Pages 463-476

  Henseler, Tilo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KIEL   (Germany)

Author keywords

Epidemiology; Genetics; HLA; Linkage; Psoriasis

Indexed keywords

HLA ANTIGEN; HLA B ANTIGEN; HLA C ANTIGEN; HLA DR7 ANTIGEN;

CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CHROMOSOME 16Q; CHROMOSOME 17Q; CHROMOSOME 1Q; CHROMOSOME 2; CHROMOSOME 20P; CHROMOSOME 4Q; CHROMOSOME 6P; CHROMOSOME 8; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EPIDERMIS CELL; GENE LOCATION; GENETIC LINKAGE; GENETICS; HAPLOTYPE; HUMAN; INHERITANCE; ONSET AGE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSORIASIS; REVIEW; STRESS; TWINS;

HLA ANTIGENS; PSORIASIS;

EID: 0031668171     PISSN: 03403696     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s004030050338     Document Type: Review

References (133)

1. Abel EA, DiCicco LM, Orenberg EK, Fraki JE, Farber EM (1986) Drugs in exacerbation of psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 15:1007-1022
2. Abele DC, Dobson RL, Graham JB (1963) Heredity and psoriasis. Study of a large family. Arch Dermatol 88:38-47
3. Ananthakrishnan R, Eckes L, Walter H (1973) On the genetics of psoriasis. An analysis of Hellgreen's data for a model of multifactorial inheritance. Arch Dermatol Res 247:53-58
4. Arai T, Michalski JP, McCombs CC, Elston RC, McCarthy CF, Stevens FM (1995) T cell receptor gamma gene polymorphisms and class II human lymphocyte antigen genotypes in patients with celiac disease from the west of Ireland. Am J Med Sci 309:171-178
5. Arias AI, Giles B, Eiermann TH, Sterry W, Pandey JP (1997) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene polymorphism in psoriasis. Exp Clin Immunogenet 14:118-122
6. Asahina A, Akazaki S, Nakagawa H, Kuwata S, Tokunaga K, Ishibashi Y, Juji T (1991) Specific nucleotide sequence of HLA-C is strongly associated with psoriasis vulgaris. J Invest Dermatol 97:254-258
7. Barker JNWN, Barber R, Clough RL, Rosbotham J, Jones A, Terwilliger J, Lathrop M, Trembath RC (1996) Linkage disequilibrium disease gene mapping in psoriasis using a haplotype relative risk approach. Br J Dermatol 135:825
8. Borglum AD, Flint T, Madsen P, Celis JE, Kruse TA (1995) Refined mapping of the psoriasin gene S100A7 to chromosome 1cen-q21. Hum Genet 96:592-596
9. Botta A, Semprini S, Nudo M, Gennarelli M, Vultaggio P, Novelli G, Fabrizi G, Dallapiccola B (1996) Lack of evidence for a psoriasis susceptibility gene on chromosome 17 in ten three-generations Italian families. Br J Dermatol 135:838
10. Bowcock AM (1995) Genetic locus for psoriasis identified. Ann Med 27:183-186
11. Bowcock AM, Barnes R, Wilson R, Kuykendall L, Young M, Zhao C, Marcos Y, Stastny P, Cao K, Fernandez-Vian MA, Menter A (1998) Further evidence for psoriasis susceptibility loci on chromosomes 6p21 and 17q and evidence for novel candidate regions at 1q21-q23, 4q13-q21 and 14q31. J Invest Dermatol 110:616
12. Braathen LR, Botten G, Bjerkedal T (1989) Psoriatics in Norway. A questionnaire study on health status, contact with paramedical professions, and alcohol and tobacco consumption. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 142:9-12
13. Brandrup F (1984) Psoriasis in first-degree relatives of psoriatic twins. Acta Derm Venereol 64:220-226
14. Brandrup F, Holm N, Grunnet N, Henningeen K, Hansen HE (1982) Psoriasis in monozygotic twins: variations in expression in individuals with identical genetic constitution. Acta Derm Venereol 62:229-236
15. Brennan P, Hajeer A, Ong KR, Worthington J, John S, Thomson W, Silman A, Ollier B (1997) Allelic markers close to prolactin are associated with HLA-DRB1 susceptibility alleles among women with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 40:1383-1386
16. Brenner W, Gschnait F, Mayr WR (1978) HLA B13, B17, B37, and Cw6 in psoriasis vulgaris: association with the age of onset. Arch Dermatol Res 262:337-339
17. Burch PRJ, Rowell NR (1965) Psoriasis: aetiological aspects. Acta Derm Venereol 45:366-380
18. Burden AD, Javed S, Hodgins M, Arngrimsson R, Connor M, Tillman DM (1996) Linkage to chromosome 6p and exclusion of chromosome 17q in familial psoriasis in Scotland. Br J Dermatol 135:827
19. Burden D, Javed S, Bailey M, Hodgins M, Connor M, Tillman D (1998) Genetics of psoriasis: paternal inheritance and a locus on chromosome 6p. J Invest Dermatol 110:958-960
20. Chan SH, Tan T, Wee GB, Kamarudin A, Rajan VS (1981) HLA and psoriasis in the Chinese. Dermatologica 163:348-352
21. Cheung VG, Gregg JP, Gogolin-Ewens KJ, Bandong J, Stanley CA, Baker L, Higgins MJ, Nowak NJ, Shows TB, Ewens WJ, Nelson SF, Spielman RS (1998) Linkage-disequilibrium mapping without genotyping. Nat Genet 18:225-230
22. Christophers E (1986) Dohi memorial lecture. Leukocytes and skin disease: conflicting patterns of inflammation in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. J Dermatol 13:408-416
23. Christophers E, Henseler T (1987) Contrasting disease patterns in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol Res 279: S48-S51
24. Christophers E, Henseler T (1992) Concomitant manifestation of neurodermatitis and psoriasis (in German). Hautarzt 43: 664-665
25. Christophers E, Henseler T (1996) Disease concomitance in psoriasis - reply. J Am Acad Dermatol 35:790-791
26. Christophers E, Henseler T (1997) Nitric oxide release accounts for the reduced incidence of cutaneous infections in psoriasis - reply. J Am Acad Dermatol 36:282
27. Clough RL, Rosbotham J, Barber R, Jones A, Terwilliger J, Lathrop M, Barker JNWN, Trembath RC (1996) Identification of possible susceptibility loci in psoriasis by genomewide search using non-parametric analysis. Br J Dermatol 135:826
28. Collins FS, Guyer MS, Charkravarti A (1997) Variations on a theme: cataloging human DNA sequence variation. Science 278:1580-1581
29. Conrad B, Weissmahr RN, Boni J, Arcari R, Schupbach J, Mach B (1997) A human endogenous retroviral superantigen as candidate autoimmune gene in type I diabetes. Cell 90: 303-313
30. Dewald G, Lange CE, Schmeel E, Kreysel HW (1983) HLA-linked complement polymorphisms (C2, BF) in psoriasis. Arch Dennatol Res 275:301-304
31. Duffy DL, Spelman LS, Martin NG (1993) Psoriasis in Australian twins. J Am Acad Dermatol 29:428-434
32. Duvic M, Johnson TM, Rapini RP, Freese T, Brewton G, Rios A (1987) Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated psoriasis and Reiter's syndrome. Arch Dermatol 123:1622-1632
33. Economidou J, Papasteriades C, Varla Leftherioti M, Vareltzidis A, Stratigos J (1985) Human lymphocyte antigens A, B and C in Greek patients with psoriasis: relation to age and clinical expression of the disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 13: 578-582
34. Elder JT, Henseler T, Christophers E, Voorhees JJ, Nair RP (1994) Of genes and antigens: the inheritance of psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 103:150S-153S
35. Elder JT, Nair RP, Guo S-W, Henseler T, Christophers E, Voorhees JJ (1994) The genetics of psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 130:216-224
36. Ena P, Madeddu P, Glorioso N, Cerimele D, Rappelli A (1985) High prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and enhanced activity of the renin-angiotensin system in psoriatic patients. Acta Cardiol 40:199-205
37. Enerbäck C, Martinsson T, Inerot A, Wahlström J, Enlund F, Yhr M, Swanbeck G (1997) Evidence that HLA-Cw6 determines early onset of psoriasis, obtained using sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP). Acta Derm Venereol 77:273-276
38. Fakler JW, Schmitt-Egenolf M, Vejbaesya S, Boehncke W-H, Sterry W, Eiermann TH (1994) Analysis of TAP2 and HLA-DP gene polymorphism in psoriasis. Hum Immunol 40:299-302
39. Farber EM, Nall L (1991) Epidemiology: natural history and genetics. In: Roenigk HH, Maibach HI (eds) Psoriasis, 2nd edn. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 209-258
40. Farber EM, Nall L (1994) Psoriasis and alcoholism. Cutis 53:21-27
41. Farber EM, Nickoloff BJ, Recht B, Fraki JE (1986) Stress, symmetry, and psoriasis: possible role of neuropeptides. J Am Acad Dermatol 14:305-311
42. Favre M, Orth G, Majewski S, Baloul S, Pura A, Jablonska S (1998) Psoriasis: a possible reservoir for human papillomavirus type 5, the virus associated with skin carcinomas of epidermodysplasia verruciformis. J Invest Dermatol 110:311-317
43. Feltkamp TEW, Khan MA, De Castro JAL (1996) The pathogenetic role of HLA-B27. Immunology Today 17:5-7
44. Fernandez-Arquero M, Figueredo MA, Maluenda C, De la Concha EG (1995) HLA-linked genes acting as additive susceptibility factors in celiac disease. Hum Immunol 42:295-300
45. Foissac A, Crouau-Roy B, Fauré S, Thomsen M, Cambon-Thomsen A (1997) Microsatellites in the HLA region: an overview. Tissue Antigens 49:197-214
46. Fortune DG, Main CJ, O'Sullivan TM, Griffiths CEM (1997) Quality of life in patients with psoriasis: the contribution of clinical variables and psoriasis-specific stress. Br J Dermatol 137:755-760
47. Gilleaudeau P, Vallat VP, Carter DM, Gottlieb AB (1993) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors as possible exacerbating drugs in psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 28:490-492
48. Gross WL, Packhäuser U, Hahn G, Westphal E, Christophers E, Schlaak M (1977) Lymphocyte activation by streptococcal antigens in psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 97:529-536
49. Gupta MA, Gupla AK, Watteel GN (1996) Early onset (< 40 years age) psoriasis is comorbid with greater psychopathology than late onset psoriasis: a study of 437 patients. Acta Derm Venereol 76:464-466
50. Hall JG (1990) Genomic imprinting: review and relevance to human diseases. Am J Hum Genet 46:857-873
51. Happle R (1991) Somatic recombination may explain linear psoriasis. J Med Genet 28:337
52. Hardas BD, Zhao XP, Zhang J, Xia LQ, Stoll S, Elder JT (1996) Assignment of psoriasin to human chromosomal band 1q21: coordinate overexpression of clustered genes in psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 106:753-758
53. Harder J, Bartels J, Christophers E, Schröder JM (1997) A peptide antibiotic from human skin. Nature 387:861
54. Harder J, Siebert R, Zhang YM, Matthiesen P, Christophers E, Schlegelberger B, Schröder JM (1997) Mapping of the gene encoding human β-defensin-2 (DEFB2) to chromosome region 8p22-p23,1. Genomics 46:472-475
55. Harvima RJ, Viinamäki H, Harvima IT, Naukkarinen A, Savolainen L, Aalto ML, Horsmanheimo M (1996) Association of psychic stress with clinical severity and symptoms of psoriatic patients. Acta Derm Venereol 76:467-171
56. Henseler T, Christophers E (1985) Psoriasis of early and late onset: characterization of two types of psoriasis vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol 13:450-456
57. Henseler T, Christophers E (1994) HLA and psoriasis. In: Dubertret L (ed) Psoriasis. ISED, Brescia, pp 10-13
58. Henseler T, Christophers E (1995) Disease concomitance in psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 32:982-986
59. Henseler T, Christophers E (1998) Psoriasis type I and type II as subtypes of nonpustular psoriasis. In: Roenigk HH, Maibach HI (eds) Psoriasis, 3rd edn. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 159-166
60. Henseler T, Westphal E, Jenisch S, Nair RP, Zavazava N, Elder JT, Voorhees JJ, Christophers E (1993) Mechanism of linkage disequilibrium between Cw6 and DR7 in type I psoriasis: examples of inheritance in trans. J Invest Dermatol 100: 542
61. Henseler T, Jenisch S, Lenk W, Christophers E (1998) Lack of imprinting found in a large cohort of type I psoriasis family members. J Invest Dermatol 110:620
62. Heward J, Gough SCL (1997) Genetic susceptibility to the development of autoimmune disease. Clin Sci 93:479-491
63. Hoede K (1931) Umwelt und Erblichkeit bei der Entstehung der Schuppenflechte. Würzburger Abhandlungen 27:212-254
64. Höhler T, Kruger A, Schneider PM, Schopf RE, Knop J, Rittner C, zum Büschenfelde KHM, Märker-Hermann E (1997) A TNF-α promoter polymorphism is associated with juvenile onset psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. J Invest Dermatol 109: 562-565
65. Höhler T, Weinmann A, Schneider PM, Rittner C, Schopf RE, Knop J, Hasenclever P, zum Büschenfelde KHM, Märker-Hermann E (1996) TAP-polymorphisms in juvenile onset psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Hum Immunol 51:49-54
66. Hors J (1997) HLA and disease - an anniversary. Presse Med 26:1300-1302
67. Hugot JP, Laurent-Puig P, Gower-Rousseau C, Olson JM, Lee JC, Beaugerie L, Naom I, Dupas JL, Van Gossum A, Orholm M, Bonaiti-Pellie C, Weissenbach J, Mathew CG, Lennard-Jones JE, Cortot A, Colombel JF, Thomas G (1996) Mapping of a susceptibility locus for Crohn's disease on chromosome 16. Nature 379:821-823
68. Ikäheimo I, Silvennoinen-Kassinen S, Karvonen J, Tiilikainen A (1994) Alanine at position 73 of HLA-C is associated with psoriasis vulgaris in Finland. Br J Dermatol 131:257-259
69. Ikäheimo I, Tiilikainen A, Karvonen J, Silvennoinen-Kassinen S (1996) HLA risk haplotype Cw6,DR7,DQA1*0201 and HLA-Cw6 with reference to the clinical picture of psoriasis vulgaris. Arch Dermatol Res 288:363-365
70. Ikäheimo I, Silvennoinen-Kassinen S, Karvonen J, Tiilikainen A (1997) The frequency of QAP2.1 is increased in psoriasis vulgaris patients but no unusual linkage between QAP/DQA1 or QBP/DQB1. Arch Dermatol Res 289:373-377
71. Imanishi T, Akaza T, Kimura A, Tokunaga K, Gojobori T (1992) Allele and haplotype frequencies for HLA and complement loci in various ethnic groups. In: Tsuji K, Aizawa M, Sasazuki T (eds) HLA 1991. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Histocompatibility Workshop and Conference, Vol 1. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 1065-1220
72. Jenisch S, Henseler T, Westphal E, Elder JT, Nair RP, Voorhees JJ, Christophers E, Müller-Ruchholtz W (1995) HLA-DQ9 (DQB1*0303) increases susceptibility to type I psoriasis in multiplex families, but only in the presence of HLA-Cw6. J Invest Dermatol 104:629
73. Jenisch S, Nair RP, Westphal E, Henseler T, Guo SW, Stuart P, Bichakjian C, Lenk W, Malvitz E, Kim H, Christophers E, Voorhees JJ, Elder JT (1997) Familial psoriasis is linked to HLA-B and -C. J Invest Dermatol 108:561
74. Jenisch S, Henseler T, Nair R, Guo SW, Westphal E, Stuart P, Lange E, Krönke M, Voorhees J, Christophers E, Elder J (1998) Linkage analysis of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) markers in familial psoriasis: strong disequilibrium effects provide evidence for a major determinant in the HLA-B/-C region. Am J Hum Genet 63:191-199
75. Karvonen J, Tiilikainen A, Lassus A (1976) HLA antigens in psoriasis. A family study. Ann Clin Res 8:298-304
76. Krasteva M, Mateev G, Lasarova A (1988) On psoriasis and associated diseases. Dermatologica 177:21-23
77. Krulig L, Farber E, Grumet FC, Payne RO (1975) Histocompatibility (HL-A) antigens in psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 111: 857-860
78. Lander E, Kruglyak L (1995) Genetic dissection of complex traits: guidelines for interpreting and reporting linkage results. Nat Genet 11:241-247
79. Lee FI, Bellary SV, Francis C (1990) Increased occurrence of psoriasis in patients with Crohn's disease and their relatives. Am J Gastroenterol 85:962-963
80. Lindegard B (1986) Diseases associated with psoriasis in a general population of 159,200 middle-aged, urban, native Swedes. Dermatologica 172:298-304
81. Lomholt G (1963) Psoriasis. Prevalence, spontaneous course and genetics: a census study on the prevalence of skin diseases on the Faroe Islands, G. E. C. Gad, Copenhagen
82. Luppi P, Rossiello MR, Faas S, Trucco M (1995) Genetic background and environment contribute synergistically to the onset of autoimmune diseases. J Mol Med 73:381-393
83. Mallon E, Bunce M, Wojnarowska F, Welsh K (1997) HLA-Cw*0602 is a susceptibility factor in type I psoriasis, and evidence Ala-73 is increased in male type I psoriatics. J Invest Dermatol 109:183-186
84. Marcusson JA, Johannesson A, Moller E (1981) HLA-A,B,C and DR antigens in psoriasis. Tissue Antigens 17:525-529
85. Matthews D, Fry L, Powles A, Weissenbach J, Williamson R (1995) Confirmation of genetic heterogeneity in familial psoriasis. J Med Genet 32:546-548
86. Matthews D, Fry L, Powles A, Weber J, McCarthy M, Fisher E, Davies K, Williamson R (1996) Evidence that a locus for familial psoriasis maps to chromosome 4q. Nat Genet 14:231-233
87. McFadden JP (1990) Hypothesis - the natural selection of psoriasis. Clin Exp Dermatol 15:39-43
88. Melski JW, Stern RS (1981) The separation of susceptibility to psoriasis from age at onset. J Invest Dermatol 77:474-477
89. Mischke D, Korge BP, Marenholz I, Volz A, Ziegler A (1996) Genes encoding structural proteins of epidermal cornification and S100 calcium-binding proteins form a gene complex ("epidermal differentiation complex") on human chromosome 1q21. J Invest Dermatol 106:989-992
90. Morhenn VB (1997) Langerhans cells may trigger the psoriatic disease process via production of nitric oxide. Immunol Today 18:433-436
91. Morhenn V, Engleman E, Farber EM (1979) Significance of HLA antigens and the mixed lymphocyte reaction in psoriasis. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 87:12-14
92. Muraro PA, Vergelli M, Kalbus M, Banks DE, Nagle JW, Tranquill LR, Nepom GT, Biddison WE, McFarland HF, Martin R (1997) Immunodominance of a low-affinity major histocompatibility complex-binding myelin basic protein epitope (residues 111-129) in HLA-DR4 (B1*0401) subjects is associated with a restricted T cell receptor repertoire. J Clin Invest 100:339-349
93. Nair RP, Guo S-W, Jenisch S, Henseler T, Lange EM, Terhune M, Westphal E, Christophers E, Voorhees JJ, Elder JT (1995) Scanning chromosome 17 for psoriasis susceptibility: lack of evidence for a distal 17q locus. Hum Hered 45:219-230
94. Nair RP, Henseler T, Jenisch S, Stuart P, Bichakjian CK, Lenk W, Westphal E, Guo SW, Christophers E, Voorhees JJ, Elder JT (1997) Evidence for two psoriasis susceptibility loci (HLA and 17q) and two novel candidate regions (16q and 20p) by genome-wide scan. Hum Mol Genet 6:1349-1356
95. Nakagawa H, Akazaki S, Asahina A, Tokunaga K, Matsuki K, Kuwata S, Ishibashi Y, Juji T (1991) Study of HLA class I, class II and complement genes (C2, C4A, C4B and BF) in Japanese psoriatics and analysis of a newly-found high-risk haplotype by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Arch Dermatol Res 283:281-284
96. Nini G, Bianchi L, Iraci S, Camplone G, Spagnuolo A, Adorno D, Papola F (1989) HLA antigens and infantile psoriasis. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 146:59-62
97. Novotny F (1982) Relation between psoriasis and measles (in German). Z Hautkr 57:439-440
98. O'Donnell BF, O'Loughlin S, Codd MB, Powell FC (1993) HLA typing in Irish psoriatics. Ir Med J 86:65-68
99. OMIM (1996) Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, OMIM (TM). Center for Medical Genetics, John Hopkins University (Baltimore, MD.) and National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine (Bethesda, MD.)
100. Ormerod A, Benjamin N, Herriot R, et al. (1995) Inducible nitric oxide is upregulated in psoriasis. Clin Exp Dermatol 20: 277
101. Pitchappan RM, Koteeswaran A, Kakkaniah VN, Manickasundari M, Rajaram V, Muthuveeralakshmi P, Mahendran V, Brahmajothibai V (1989) HLA Bw57 and DR7 association with psoriasis vulgaris in south India. Tissue Antigens 34: 133-137
102. Reijonen H, Nepom GT (1992) Role of HLA susceptibility in predisposing to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Front Horm Res 22:46-67
103. Roitberg-Tambur A, Friedmann A, Tzfoni EE, Battat S, Hammo RB, Safirman C, Tokunaga K, Asahina A, Brautbar C (1994) Do specific pockets of HLA-C molecules predispose Jewish patients to psoriasis vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol 31: 964-968
104. Romanus T (1945) Psoriasis from a prognostic and hereditary point of view. Acta Derm Venereol 26 [Suppl. 12]:5-137
105. Rosbotham JL, Trembath RC, Glover M, Leigh I, Barker JNWN (1994) An association between psoriasis and hereditary multiple exostoses. A clue for the mapping of a psoriasis susceptibility gene. Br J Dermatol 130:671-674
106. Russell TJ, Schultes LM, Kuban DJ (1972) Histocompatibility (HL-A) antigens associated with psoriasis. N Engl J Med 287:738-743
107. Schlaak JF, Buslau M, Jochum W, Hermann E, Girndt M, Gallati H, Meyer zum Büschenfeld K-H, Fleischer B (1994) T cells involved in psoriasis vulgaris belong to the Th1 subset. J Invest Dermatol 102:145-149
108. Schmitt Egenolf M, Boehncke WH, Ständer M, Eiermann TH, Sterry W (1993) Oligonucleotide typing reveals association of type I psoriasis with the HLA-DRB1*0701/2, -DQA1*0201, -DQB1*0303 extended haplotype. J Invest Dermatol 100:749-752
109. Schmitt-Egenolf M, Eiermann TH, Boehncke WH, Ständer M, Sterry W (1996) Familial juvenile onset psoriasis is associated with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I side of the extended haplotype Cw6-B57-DRB1*0701-DQA1*0201-DQB1*0303: a population- and family-based study. J Invest Dermatol 106:711-714
110. Silman AJ, Hay EM, Worthington J, Thomson W, Pepper L, Davidson J, Dyer PA, Ollier WER (1995) Lack of influence of non-inherited maternal HLA-DR alleles on susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 54:311-313
111. Steinberg AG, Becker SW, Fitzpatrick TB, Kierland RR (1951) A genetic and statistical study of psoriasis. J Am Hum Genet 267-281
112. Steinkraus V, Steinfath M, Mensing H (1992) Beta-adrenergic blocking drugs and psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 27:266-267
113. Suarez Almazor ME, Russell AS (1990) The genetics of psoriasis. Haplotype sharing in siblings with the disease. Arch Dermatol 126:1040-1042
114. Swanbeck G, Inerot A, Martinsson T, Wahlström J, Enerbäck C, Enlund F, Yhr M (1995) Age at onset and different types of psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 133:768-773
115. Szczerkowska-Dobosz A, Placek W, Szczerkowska Z, Roszkiewicz J (1996) Psoriasis vulgaris with the early and late onset - HLA phenotype correlations. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 44:265-269
116. Theeuwes M, Morhenn V (1995) Allelic instability in the mitosis model and the inheritance of psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 32:44-52
117. Thorsby E (1997) Invited anniversary review: HLA associated diseases. Hum Immunol 53:1-11
118. Tiilikainen A, Lassus A, Karvonen J, Vartiainen P, Julin M (1980) Psoriasis and HLA-Cw6. Br J Dermatol 102:179-184
119. Tomfohrde J, Silverman A, Barnes R, Fernandez Vina MA, Young M, Lory D, Morris L, Wuepper KD, Stastny P, Menter A, et al (1994) Gene for familial psoriasis susceptibility mapped to the distal end of human chromosome 17q. Science 264:1141-1145
120. Traupe H, Gurp PJ van, Happle R, Boezeman J, Kerkhof PC van de (1992) Psoriasis vulgaris, fetal growth, and genomic imprinting. Am J Med Genet 42:649-654
121. Trembath RC, Clough RL, Rosbotham JL, Jones AB, Camp RDR, Frodsham A, Browne J, Barber R, Terwilliger J, Lathrop GM, Barker JNWN (1997) Identification of a major susceptibility locus on chromosome 6p and evidence for further disease loci revealed by a two stage genome-wide search in psoriasis. Hum Mol Genet 6:813-820
122. Turowski G, Pietrzyk JJ, Kapinska Mrowka M (1981) Locus B HLA antigens in psoriatic patients. Population and family studies and clinical relationship. Arch Dermatol Res 271: 315-324
123. Uyemura K, Yamamura M, Fivenson DF, Modlin RL, Nickoloff BJ (1993) The cytokine network in lesional and lesion-free psoriatic skin is characterized by a T-helper type 1 cell-mediated response. J Invest Dermatol 101:701-705
124. Valdes AM, McWeeney S, Thomson G (1997) HLA class II DR-DQ amino acids and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: application of the haplotype method. Am J Hum Genet 60: 717-728
125. Valdimarsson H, Sigmundsdóttir H, Jónsdóttir I (1997) Is psoriasis induced by streptococcal superantigens and maintained by M-protein-specific T cells that cross-react with keratin. Clin Exp Immunol 107 [Suppl. 1]:21-24
126. Vijayaraghavan S, Hitman GA, Kopelman PG (1994) Apolipoprotein-D polymorphism: a genetic marker for obesity and hyperinsulinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79:568-570
127. Wahba A, Dorfman M, Sheskin J (1980) Psoriasis and other common dermatoses in leprosy. Int J Dermatol 19:93-95
128. Watson W, Cann HM, Farber EM, Nall ML (1972) The genetics of psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 105:197-207
129. Welp K, Gieler U, Ständer M, Friederich HC (1989) Concomitant psoriasis vulgaris and atopic dermatitis. A study of 1,065 patients with psoriasis (in German). Hautarzt 40:496-500
130. Willan R (1953) On cutaneous diseases, London: 1801. In: Shelly WB, Crissey JT (eds) Classics in clinical dermatology. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield
131. Wyatt RJ, Wang C, Hudson EC, Jones RM, Noah PW, Rosenberg EW (1989) Complement phenotypes in patients with psoriasis. Hum Hered 39:327-332
132. Yates VM, Watkinson G, Kelman A (1982) Further evidence for an association between psoriasis, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Br J Dermatol 106:323-330
133. Zhou Y, Chaplin DD (1993) Identification in the HLA class 1 region of a gene expressed late in keratinocyte differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:9470-9474