Dissociating automatic and consciously controlled effects of study/test compatibility

Journal of Memory and Language

Volumn 35, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 32-52

  Jacoby, Larry L ^a  

^a MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030079289     PISSN: 0749596X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/jmla.1996.0002     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. BLAXTON, T. A. (1989). Investigating dissociations among memory measures: Support for a transfer appropriate processing framework. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 657-668.
2. BLAXTON, T. A. (1992). Dissociations among memory measures in memory-impaired subjects: Evidence for a processing account of memory. Memory and Cognition, 20, 549-562.
3. BOUSFIELD, W. A., COHEN, B. H., WHITMARSH, G. A., & KINCAID, W. D. (1961). The Connecticut Free Associational Norms. Technical Report 35. Storrs, CT: University of Connecticut.
4. BOWERS, K. S. (1973). Situationism in psychology: An analysis and a critique. Psychological Review, 80, 307-336.
5. CRAIK, F. I. M. (1982). Selective changes in encoding as a function of reduced processing capacity. In F. Klix, J. Huffman, & E. van der Meer (Eds.), Cognitive research in psychology (pp. 152-161). Berlin: Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaffen.
6. CRAIK, F. I. M. (1983). On the transfer of information from temporary to permanent memory. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B302, 341-359.
7. CRAIK, F. I. M. (1986). A functional account of age differences in memory. In F. Klix, & H. Hapendorf (Eds.), Human memory and cognitive capabilities, mechanisms and performances (pp. 409-422). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
8. CRAIK, F. I. M. (1991). On the specificity of procedural memory. In W. Kessen, A. Ortony, & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Memories, thoughts, and emotions (pp. 183-197). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
9. CRAIK, F. I. M., & BRYD, M. (1982). Aging and cognitive deficits. The role of attentional resources. In F. I. M. Craik, & S. Trehub (Eds.), Aging and cognitive processes (pp. 191-211). New York: Plenum.
10. CRAIK, F. I. M., & MCDOWD, J. M. (1987). Age differences in recall and recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 13, 474-479.
11. CRAIK, F. I. M., MOSCOVITCH, M., & MCDOWD, J. M. (1994). Contributions of surface and conceptual information to performance on implicit and explicit memory tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 864-879.
12. CURRAN, T., & HINTZMAN, D. L. (in press). Violations of the independence assumption in process dissociation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition.
13. DEBNER, J. A., & JACOBY, L. L. (1994). Unconscious perception: Attention, awareness, and control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 304-317.
14. GRAF, P., & KOMATSU, S. (1994). Process dissociation procedure: Handle with caution! European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 6, 113-120.
15. GRAF, P., & MANDLER, G. (1984). Activation makes words more accessible, but not necessarily more retrievable. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 23, 553-568.
16. GRAF, P., & SCHACTER, D. L. (1985). Implicit and explicit memory for new associations in normal and amnesic subjects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 11, 501-518.
17. GRAF, P., & SCHACTER, D. L. (1989). Unitization and grouping mediate dissociations in memory for new associations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 930-940.
18. HASHER, L., & ZACKS, R. T. (1979). Automatic and effortful processes in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, General, 108, 356-388.
19. JACOBY, L. L. (1983). Remembering the data: Analyzing interactive processes in reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 22, 485-508.
20. JACOBY, L. L. (1984). Incidental versus intentional retrieval: Remembering and awareness as separate issues. In L. R. Squire & N. Butters (Eds.), Neuropsychology of memory (pp. 145-156). New York: Guilford Press.
21. JACOBY, L. L. (1991). A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 513-541.
22. JACOBY, L. L. (1994). Measuring recollection: Strategic vs automatic influences of associative context. In C. Umilta & M. Moscovitch (Eds.), Attention and performance XV (pp. 661-679). Cambridge, MA: Bradford.
23. JACOBY, L. L., BEGG, I. M. & TOTH, J. P. (in press a). In defense of independence: Violations of assumptions underlying the process-dissociation procedure? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition.
24. JACOBY, L. L., & BROOKS, L. R. (1984). Nonanalytic cognition: Memory, perception and concept learning. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 18, pp. 1-47). New York: Academic Press.
25. JACOBY, L. L., & DALLAS, M. (1981). On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 3, 306-340.
26. JACOBY, L. L., JENNINGS, J. M., & HAY, J. F. (in press b). Dissociating automatic and consciously controlled processes: Implications for diagnosis and rehabilitation of memory deficits. In C. McEvoy, & P. Hertel (Eds.), Practical aspects of memory.
27. JACOBY, L. L., LEVY, B. A., & STEINBACH, K. (1992). Episodic transfer and automaticity: The integration of data-driven and conceptually-driven processing in rereading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 15-24.
28. JACOBY, L. L., TOTH, J. P., & YONELINAS, A. P. (1993). Separating conscious and unconscious influences of memory: Measuring recollection. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122, 139-154.
29. JACOBY, L. L., TOTH, J. P., YONELINAS, A. P., & DEBNER, J. A. (1994). The relationship between conscious and unconscious influences: Independence or redundancy? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 123, 216-219.
30. JACOBY, L. L., YONELINAS, A. P., & JENNINGS, J. (in press c). The relation between conscious and unconscious (automatic) influences: A declaration of independence. In J. Cohen & J. W. Schooler (Eds.), Scientific approaches to questions of consciousness. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
31. KOLERS, P. A. (1975). Specificity of operations in sentence recognition. Cognitive Psychology, 1, 283-306.
32. KOLERS, P. A. (1979). A pattern-analyzing basis of recognition. In L. S. Cermak & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Levels of processing in human memory (pp. 363-384). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
33. KORIAT, A., & FEUERSTEIN, N. (1976). The recovery of incidentally acquired information. Acta Psychologica, 40, 463-474.
34. KORIAT, A., BEN-ZUR, H., & SHEFFER, D. (1988). Telling the same story twice: Output monitoring and age. Journal of Memory and Language, 27, 23-39.
35. KUHN, T. S. (1970). The structure of scientific revolutions (2nd. ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
36. LABERGE, D., & SAMUELS, S. J. (1974). Toward a theory of automatic information processing in reading. Cognitive Psychology, 6, 293-323.
37. LEVY, B. A. (1993). Fluent rereading: An implicit indicator of reading skill development. In P. Graf & M. E. J. Masson (Eds.), Implicit memory, New directions in cognition, development and neuropsychology (pp. 49-73). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
38. LEVY, B. A., & KIRSNER, K. (1989). Reprocessing text: Indirect measures of word and message level processes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 407-417.
39. LIGHT, L. L. (1991). Memory and aging: Four hypotheses in search of data. Annual Review of Psychology, 43, 333-376.
40. LIGHT, L. L., & LA VOIE, D. (1993). Direct and indirect measures of memory in old age. In P. Graf & M. E. J. Masson (Eds.), Implicit memory (pp. 207-230). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
41. MACLEOD, C. M., & BASSILI, J. N. (1989). Are implicit and explicit tests differentially sensitive to item-specific versus relational information. In S. Lewandowsky, J. C. Dunn, & K. Kirsner (Eds.), Implicit memory: Theoretical issues (pp. 159-172). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
42. MARCEL, A. J. (1983). Conscious and unconscious perception: Experiments on visual masking and word recognition. Cognitive Psychology, 15, 197-237.
43. MCCLELLAND, J. L., & RUMELHART, D. E. (1981). An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: Part I. An account of basic findings. Psychological Review, 88, 375-407.
44. MCGEOCH, J. A. (1932). Forgetting and the law of disuse. Psychological Review, 39, 352-370.
45. MCKOON, G., & RATCLIFF, R. (1979). Priming in episodic and semantic memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 18, 463-480.
46. MOSCOVITCH, M., VRIEZEN, E. R., & GOTTSTEIN, J. (1993). Implicit tests of memory in patients with focal lesions or degenerative brain disorders. In H. Spinnler & F. Boller (Eds.), Handbook of neuropsychology (Vol. 8). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
47. NELSON, D. L., MCEVOY, C. L., & SCHREIBER, T. A. (1995). The University of South Florida associative meaning norms. Unpublished manuscript. University of South Florida.
48. OWENS, J., BOWER, G. H., & BLACK, J. B. (1979). The "soap opera" effect in story recall. Memory and Cognition, 7, 185-191.
49. PARK, D. C. (1992). Applied cognitive aging research. In F. I. M. Craik & T. A. Salthouse (Eds.), The handbook of aging and cognition (pp. 449-493). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
50. POSNER, M. I., & SNYDER, C. R. R. (1975). Attention and cognitive control. In R. L. Solso (Ed.), Information processing in cognition: The Loyola Symposium (pp. 55-85). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
51. POSTMAN, M. I., & KEPPEL, G. (1970). Norms of word association. New York: Academic Press.
52. RAAIJMAKERS, J. G. W., & SHIFFRIN, A. M. (1981). Search of associative memory. Psychological Review, 88, 93-134.
53. REINGOLD, E. M., & MERIKLE, P. M. (1990). On the inter-relatedness of theory and measurement in the study of unconscious processes. Mind and Language, 5, 9-28.
54. REINGOLD, E. M., & TOTH, J. P. (in press). Process dissociations versus task dissociations: A controversy in progress. In G. Underwood (Ed.), Implicit cognition. NY: Oxford University Press.
55. ROEDIGER, H. L. (1990). Implicit memory: Retention without remembering. American Psychologist, 45, 1043-1056.
56. ROEDIGER, H. L., & MCDERMOTT, K. B. (1993). Implicit memory in normal human subjects. In H. Spinnler & F. Boller (Eds.), Handbook of neuropsychology (Vol. 8). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
57. ROEDIGER, H. L., WELDON, M. S., & CHALLIS, B. H. (1989). Explaining dissociations between implicit and explicit measures of retention: A processing account. In H. L. Roediger & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory and consciousness: Essays in honour of Endel Tulving (pp. 3-41). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
58. SCHACTER, D. L., & GRAF, P. (1986). Effects of elaborative processing on implicit and explicit memory for new associations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 12, 432-444.
59. SCHACTER, D. L., & GRAF, P. (1989). Modality specificity of implicit memory for new associations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 3-21.
60. SCHNEIDER, W., & SHIFFRIN, R. M. (1977). Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search and attention. Psychological Review, 84, 1-66.
61. SHIMAMURA, A. P., & SQUIRE, L. R. (1984). Paired-associate learning and priming effects in amnesia: A neuropsychological study. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 113, 556-570.
62. TOTH, J. P., & REINGOLD, E. M. (in press). Beyond perception: Conceptual contributions to unconscious influences of memory. In G. Underwood (Ed.), Implicit cognition. NY: Oxford University Press.
63. TOTH, J. P., REINGOLD, E. M., & JACOBY, L. L. (1994). Towards a redefinition of implicit memory: Process dissociations following elaborative processing and self-generation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 290-303.
64. TOTH, J. P., REINGOLD, E. M., & JACOBY, L. L. (1995). A response to Graf and Komatsu's (1994) critique of the process-dissociation procedure: When is caution necessary? European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 7, 113-130.
65. TULVING, E., & THOMSON, D. M. (1973). Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory. Psychological Review, 80, 352-373.
66. TULVING, E., SCHACTER, D. L., & STARK, H. A. (1982). Priming effects in word-fragment completion are independent of recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 8, 336-342.
67. WARRINGTON, E. K., & WEISKRANTZ, L. (1974). The effect of prior learning on subsequent retention in amnesic patients. Neuropsychologia, 12, 419-428.
68. WELDON, M. S., ROEDIGER, H. L., & CHALLIS, B. H. (1989). The properties of retrieval cues constrain the picture superiority effect. Memory and Cognition, 1, 95-105.
69. YONELINAS, A. P., REGEHR, G., & JACOBY, L. L. (in press). Correcting for differences in response bias in a dual-process theory of memory. Journal of Memory and Language.