메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 50, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 1607-1624

Historical diversification of birds in Northwestern South America: A molecular perspective on the role of vicariant events

Author keywords

Andes; area of endemism; Aves; Choco; historical biogeography; Pleistocene refugia; protein electrophoresis; systematics; vicariance

Indexed keywords

BIRD; ENDEMISM; HISTORICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY; PLEISTOCENE REFUGIA; SYSTEMATICS; VICARIANCE;

EID: 0029660851     PISSN: 00143820     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb03933.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (114)

References (78)
  • 1
    • 10244240700 scopus 로고
    • Birds of the Congo and Amazon forests. A comparison
    • B. J. Meggers, E. S. Ayensu, and W. D. Duckworth, eds. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC
    • AMADON, D. 1973. Birds of the Congo and Amazon forests. A comparison. Pp. 267-277 in B. J. Meggers, E. S. Ayensu, and W. D. Duckworth, eds. Tropical forest ecosystems in Africa and South America: a comparative review. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
    • (1973) Tropical Forest Ecosystems in Africa and South America: A Comparative Review , pp. 267-277
    • Amadon, D.1
  • 3
    • 0016289445 scopus 로고
    • Quaternary refugia in tropical America: Evidence from race formation in Heliconius butterflies
    • BROWN, K. S., JR., P. M. SHEPPARD, AND J. R. G. TURNER. 1974. Quaternary refugia in tropical America: Evidence from race formation in Heliconius butterflies. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 187:369-378.
    • (1974) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. , vol.187 , pp. 369-378
    • Brown Jr., K.S.1    Sheppard, P.M.2    Turner, J.R.G.3
  • 4
    • 84988170017 scopus 로고
    • A long record of climatic and vegetation change in lowland Panama
    • BUSH, M. B., AND P. A. COLINVAUX. 1990. A long record of climatic and vegetation change in lowland Panama. J. Veg. Sci. 1:105-119.
    • (1990) J. Veg. Sci. , vol.1 , pp. 105-119
    • Bush, M.B.1    Colinvaux, P.A.2
  • 6
    • 0001210379 scopus 로고
    • Genetic variation in neotropical birds: Implications for the speciation process
    • CAPPARELLA, A. P. 1988. Genetic variation in neotropical birds: Implications for the speciation process. Acta XIX Congr. Int. Ornithol. 2:1658-1664.
    • (1988) Acta XIX Congr. Int. Ornithol. , vol.2 , pp. 1658-1664
    • Capparella, A.P.1
  • 7
    • 0000117114 scopus 로고
    • Neotropical avian diversity and riverine barriers
    • _. 1991. Neotropical avian diversity and riverine barriers. Acta XX Congr. Int. Ornithol. 1:307-316.
    • (1991) Acta XX Congr. Int. Ornithol. , vol.1 , pp. 307-316
  • 8
    • 0007543426 scopus 로고
    • Biochemical and morphometric analyses of the sympatric, neotropical, sibling species, Mionectes macconnelli and M. oleagineus
    • CAPPARELLA, A. P., AND S. M. LANYON. 1985. Biochemical and morphometric analyses of the sympatric, neotropical, sibling species, Mionectes macconnelli and M. oleagineus. Ornithol. Monogr. 36:347-355.
    • (1985) Ornithol. Monogr. , vol.36 , pp. 347-355
    • Capparella, A.P.1    Lanyon, S.M.2
  • 9
    • 0002922720 scopus 로고
    • The distribution of bird-life in Colombia
    • CHAPMAN, F. M. 1917. The distribution of bird-life in Colombia. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 36:1-729.
    • (1917) Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. , vol.36 , pp. 1-729
    • Chapman, F.M.1
  • 10
    • 0002922722 scopus 로고
    • The distribution of bird-life in Ecuador
    • _. 1926. The distribution of bird-life in Ecuador. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 55:1-784.
    • (1926) Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. , vol.55 , pp. 1-784
  • 11
    • 0027388306 scopus 로고
    • Nature of environmental changes in South America at the last glacial maximum
    • CLAPPERTON, C. M. 1993. Nature of environmental changes in South America at the last glacial maximum. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 101:189-208.
    • (1993) Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. , vol.101 , pp. 189-208
    • Clapperton, C.M.1
  • 12
    • 0001568520 scopus 로고
    • Ice-age Amazon revisited
    • COLINVAUX, P. A. 1989. Ice-age Amazon revisited. Nature 340: 188-189.
    • (1989) Nature , vol.340 , pp. 188-189
    • Colinvaux, P.A.1
  • 13
    • 0022824931 scopus 로고
    • The role of Pleistocene forest refugia in the evolution and biogeography of tropical biotas
    • CONNOR, E. F. 1986. The role of Pleistocene forest refugia in the evolution and biogeography of tropical biotas. Trends Ecol. Evol. 1:165-168.
    • (1986) Trends Ecol. Evol. , vol.1 , pp. 165-168
    • Connor, E.F.1
  • 14
    • 0002319960 scopus 로고
    • Historical biogeography and patterns of differentiation within the South American avifauna: Areas of endemism
    • CRACRAFT, J. 1985. Historical biogeography and patterns of differentiation within the South American avifauna: Areas of endemism. Ornithol. Monogr. 36:49-84.
    • (1985) Ornithol. Monogr. , vol.36 , pp. 49-84
    • Cracraft, J.1
  • 15
    • 0023698548 scopus 로고
    • Patterns and processes of diversification: Speciation and historical congruence in some neotropical birds
    • CRACRAFT, J., AND R. O. PRUM. 1988. Patterns and processes of diversification: Speciation and historical congruence in some neotropical birds. Evolution 42:603-620.
    • (1988) Evolution , vol.42 , pp. 603-620
    • Cracraft, J.1    Prum, R.O.2
  • 16
    • 0000958949 scopus 로고
    • Mid-America: Tectonic setting for the Pacific margin from southern Mexico to northwestern Colombia
    • A. E. Nairn, F. G. Stehli, and S. Uyeda, eds. Plenum, New York
    • DENGO, G. 1985. Mid-America: Tectonic setting for the Pacific margin from southern Mexico to northwestern Colombia. Pp. 123-180 in A. E. Nairn, F. G. Stehli, and S. Uyeda, eds. The ocean basins and margins. Vol. 7A. Plenum, New York.
    • (1985) The Ocean Basins and Margins , vol.7 A , pp. 123-180
    • Dengo, G.1
  • 17
    • 0025204870 scopus 로고
    • The Chocó Block in the northwestern corner of South America: Structural, tectonostratigraphic, and paleogeographic implications
    • DUQUE-CARO, H. 1990a. The Chocó Block in the northwestern corner of South America: structural, tectonostratigraphic, and paleogeographic implications. J. South Am. Earth Sci. 3:71-84.
    • (1990) J. South Am. Earth Sci. , vol.3 , pp. 71-84
    • Duque-Caro, H.1
  • 18
    • 0025257676 scopus 로고
    • Neogene stratigraphy, paleoceanography and paleobiogeography in northwest South America and the evolution of the Panama Seaway
    • _. 1990b. Neogene stratigraphy, paleoceanography and paleobiogeography in northwest South America and the evolution of the Panama Seaway. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 77:203-234.
    • (1990) Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. , vol.77 , pp. 203-234
  • 20
    • 0002810435 scopus 로고
    • Distance data in phylogenetic analysis
    • V. A. Funk and D. R. Brooks, eds. New York Botanical Gardens, New York
    • FARRIS, J. S. 1981. Distance data in phylogenetic analysis. Pp. 3-23 in V. A. Funk and D. R. Brooks, eds. Advances in cladistics. Vol. 1. New York Botanical Gardens, New York.
    • (1981) Advances in Cladistics , vol.1 , pp. 3-23
    • Farris, J.S.1
  • 22
    • 0014211361 scopus 로고
    • Construction of phylogenetic trees
    • FITCH, W. M., AND E. MARGOLIASH. 1967. Construction of phylogenetic trees. Science 155:279-284.
    • (1967) Science , vol.155 , pp. 279-284
    • Fitch, W.M.1    Margoliash, E.2
  • 23
    • 0001094153 scopus 로고
    • The origins of diversity in tropical rain forests
    • FLENLEY, J. 1993. The origins of diversity in tropical rain forests. Trends Ecol. Evol. 8:119-120.
    • (1993) Trends Ecol. Evol. , vol.8 , pp. 119-120
    • Flenley, J.1
  • 24
    • 0028184574 scopus 로고
    • The timing of high sea levels over the past 200,000 years
    • GALLUP, C. D., R. L. EDWARDS, AND R. G. JOHNSON. 1994. The timing of high sea levels over the past 200,000 years. Science 263:796-800.
    • (1994) Science , vol.263 , pp. 796-800
    • Gallup, C.D.1    Edwards, R.L.2    Johnson, R.G.3
  • 25
    • 0002417562 scopus 로고
    • Phytogeographic patterns as evidence for a Chocó refuge
    • G. T. Prance, ed. Colombia Univ. Press, New York
    • GENTRY, A. H. 1982. Phytogeographic patterns as evidence for a Chocó refuge. Pp. 112-136 in G. T. Prance, ed. Biological diversification in the tropics. Colombia Univ. Press, New York.
    • (1982) Biological Diversification in the Tropics , pp. 112-136
    • Gentry, A.H.1
  • 26
    • 0009143562 scopus 로고
    • The distribution of bird-life in Guatemala
    • GRISCOM, L. 1932. The distribution of bird-life in Guatemala. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 64:1-439.
    • (1932) Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. , vol.64 , pp. 1-439
    • Griscom, L.1
  • 27
    • 10244249332 scopus 로고
    • The ornithology of the Republic of Panama
    • _. 1935. The ornithology of the Republic of Panama. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 78:261-382.
    • (1935) Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. , vol.78 , pp. 261-382
  • 28
    • 0000147627 scopus 로고
    • Phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships in the neotropical genus Gymnopithys (Formicariidae)
    • HACKETT, S. J. 1993. Phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships in the neotropical genus Gymnopithys (Formicariidae). Wilson Bull. 105:301-315.
    • (1993) Wilson Bull. , vol.105 , pp. 301-315
    • Hackett, S.J.1
  • 29
    • 0003329804 scopus 로고
    • Speciation in Colombian forest birds west of the Andes
    • HAFFER, J. 1967. Speciation in Colombian forest birds west of the Andes. Am. Mus. Novit. 294:1-57.
    • (1967) Am. Mus. Novit. , vol.294 , pp. 1-57
    • Haffer, J.1
  • 30
    • 1642287051 scopus 로고
    • Speciation in Amazonian forest birds
    • _. 1969. Speciation in Amazonian forest birds. Science 165: 131-137.
    • (1969) Science , vol.165 , pp. 131-137
  • 31
    • 0001502366 scopus 로고
    • Geologic-climatic history and zoogeographic significance of the Uraba region in northwestern Colombia
    • _. 1970. Geologic-climatic history and zoogeographic significance of the Uraba region in northwestern Colombia. Caldasia 10:603-636.
    • (1970) Caldasia , vol.10 , pp. 603-636
  • 32
    • 0001859891 scopus 로고
    • Avian speciation in tropical South America
    • Cambridge, MA
    • _. 1974. Avian speciation in tropical South America. Nuttall Ornithol. Club, Cambridge, MA.
    • (1974) Nuttall Ornithol. Club
  • 33
    • 1642379477 scopus 로고
    • Avifauna of northwestern Colombia, South America
    • _. 1975. Avifauna of northwestern Colombia, South America. Bonn. Zool. Monogr. 7:1-182.
    • (1975) Bonn. Zool. Monogr. , vol.7 , pp. 1-182
  • 34
    • 0002178161 scopus 로고
    • Biogeography of Neotropical birds
    • T. C. Whitmore and G. T. Prance, eds. Oxford Univ. Press, New York
    • _. 1987. Biogeography of Neotropical birds. Pp. 105-150 in T. C. Whitmore and G. T. Prance, eds. Biogeography and Quaternary history in tropical America. Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
    • (1987) Biogeography and Quaternary History in Tropical America , pp. 105-150
  • 35
    • 0002153786 scopus 로고
    • Time's cycle and time's arrow in the history of Amazonia
    • _. 1993. Time's cycle and time's arrow in the history of Amazonia. Biogeographica 69:15-45.
    • (1993) Biogeographica , vol.69 , pp. 15-45
  • 37
    • 0005651753 scopus 로고
    • The birds of the Río Madeira
    • HELLMAYR, C. E. 1910. The birds of the Río Madeira. Novit. Zoologicae 17:257-428.
    • (1910) Novit. Zoologicae , vol.17 , pp. 257-428
    • Hellmayr, C.E.1
  • 38
    • 0028602082 scopus 로고
    • The Pliocene and Quaternary of the high plain of Bogota (Colombia): A history of tectonic uplift, basin development and climatic change
    • HELMENS, K. F., AND T. VAN DER HAMMEN. 1994. The Pliocene and Quaternary of the high plain of Bogota (Colombia): A history of tectonic uplift, basin development and climatic change. Quaternary Int. 21:41-61.
    • (1994) Quaternary Int. , vol.21 , pp. 41-61
    • Helmens, K.F.1    Van Der Hammen, T.2
  • 39
    • 0028594110 scopus 로고
    • Tropical climatic variation on the Pacific slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes based on a 25,000-year pollen record from deep-sea sediment core Tri 163-31B
    • HEUSSER, L. E., AND N. J. SHACKLETON. 1994. Tropical climatic variation on the Pacific slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes based on a 25,000-year pollen record from deep-sea sediment core Tri 163-31B. Quaternary Res. 42:222-225.
    • (1994) Quaternary Res. , vol.42 , pp. 222-225
    • Heusser, L.E.1    Shackleton, N.J.2
  • 41
    • 0001471988 scopus 로고
    • Long continental pollen record from a tropical intermontane basin: Late Pliocene and Pleistocene history from a 540-meter core
    • HOOGHIEMSTRA, H., AND G. SARMIENTO. 1991. Long continental pollen record from a tropical intermontane basin: Late Pliocene and Pleistocene history from a 540-meter core. Episodes 14: 107-115.
    • (1991) Episodes , vol.14 , pp. 107-115
    • Hooghiemstra, H.1    Sarmiento, G.2
  • 43
    • 0024182687 scopus 로고
    • Cladistic biogeography
    • A. A. Myers and P. S. Giller, eds Chapman and Hall, New York
    • HUMPHRIES, C. J., P. Y. LADIGES, M. ROOS, AND M. ZANDEE. 1988. Cladistic biogeography. Pp. 371-404 in A. A. Myers and P. S. Giller, eds Analytical biogeography. Chapman and Hall, New York.
    • (1988) Analytical Biogeography , pp. 371-404
    • Humphries, C.J.1    Ladiges, P.Y.2    Roos, M.3    Zandee, M.4
  • 44
    • 0344601471 scopus 로고
    • Structural evolution of the northernmost Andes
    • IRVING, E. M. 1975. Structural evolution of the northernmost Andes. US Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 846:1-47.
    • (1975) US Geol. Survey Prof. Paper , vol.846 , pp. 1-47
    • Irving, E.M.1
  • 45
    • 0021624047 scopus 로고
    • Cenozoic tectonic history of the Sierra de Perijá, Venezuela-Colombia, and adjacent basins
    • KELLOGG, J. N. 1984. Cenozoic tectonic history of the Sierra de Perijá, Venezuela-Colombia, and adjacent basins. Geol. Soc. Am. Mem. 162:239-261.
    • (1984) Geol. Soc. Am. Mem. , vol.162 , pp. 239-261
    • Kellogg, J.N.1
  • 46
    • 0002585605 scopus 로고
    • A phytogeographic analysis of Chocó pteridophytes
    • LELLINGER, D. B. 1975. A phytogeographic analysis of Chocó pteridophytes. Fern Gaz. 11:105-114.
    • (1975) Fern Gaz. , vol.11 , pp. 105-114
    • Lellinger, D.B.1
  • 47
    • 0022173989 scopus 로고
    • Late Quaternary aridity and Holocene moisture fluctuations in the Lake Valencia basin, Venezuela
    • LEYDEN, B. W. 1985. Late Quaternary aridity and Holocene moisture fluctuations in the Lake Valencia basin, Venezuela. Ecol. 66:1279-1295.
    • (1985) Ecol. , vol.66 , pp. 1279-1295
    • Leyden, B.W.1
  • 48
    • 0022195114 scopus 로고
    • Forest changes in the Amazon basin during the last glacial maximum
    • LIU, K., AND P. A. COLINVAUX. 1985. Forest changes in the Amazon basin during the last glacial maximum. Nature 318:556-557.
    • (1985) Nature , vol.318 , pp. 556-557
    • Liu, K.1    Colinvaux, P.A.2
  • 50
    • 0022836668 scopus 로고
    • The biogeographic evidence supporting the Pleistocene forest refuge hypothesis
    • MAYR, E., AND R. J. O'HARA. 1986. The biogeographic evidence supporting the Pleistocene forest refuge hypothesis. Evolution 40:55-67.
    • (1986) Evolution , vol.40 , pp. 55-67
    • Mayr, E.1    O'Hara, R.J.2
  • 51
    • 0000198115 scopus 로고
    • The evolution of the Pacific Ocean margin in South America north of Arica Elbow
    • Zvi Ben-Avraham, ed. Oxford Univ. Press, New York
    • MÉGARD, F. 1992. The evolution of the Pacific Ocean margin in South America north of Arica Elbow. Pp. 208-230 in Zvi Ben-Avraham, ed. Evolution of the Pacific Ocean margins. Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
    • (1992) Evolution of the Pacific Ocean Margins , pp. 208-230
    • Mégard, F.1
  • 52
    • 0008976387 scopus 로고
    • Supplementary data on the tropical avifauna of the arid upper Magdalena Valley of Colombia
    • MILLER, A. H. 1952. Supplementary data on the tropical avifauna of the arid upper Magdalena Valley of Colombia. Auk 69:450-457.
    • (1952) Auk , vol.69 , pp. 450-457
    • Miller, A.H.1
  • 53
    • 0018147653 scopus 로고
    • Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals
    • NEI, M. 1978. Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals. Genetics 89:583-590.
    • (1978) Genetics , vol.89 , pp. 583-590
    • Nei, M.1
  • 54
    • 0028321075 scopus 로고
    • Gene genealogy and differentiation among arboreal spiny rats (Rodentia: Echimyidae) of the Amazon basin: a test of the riverine barrier hypothesis
    • PATTON, J. L., M. N. F. DA SILVA, AND J. R. MALCOLM. 1994. Gene genealogy and differentiation among arboreal spiny rats (Rodentia: Echimyidae) of the Amazon basin: A test of the riverine barrier hypothesis. Evolution 48:1314-1323.
    • (1994) Evolution , vol.48 , pp. 1314-1323
    • Patton, J.L.1    Da Silva, M.N.F.2    Malcolm, J.R.3
  • 55
    • 0001260089 scopus 로고
    • A pantropical comparison of bird community structure on six lowland forest sites
    • PEARSON, D. L. 1977. A pantropical comparison of bird community structure on six lowland forest sites. Condor 79:232-244.
    • (1977) Condor , vol.79 , pp. 232-244
    • Pearson, D.L.1
  • 56
    • 0002516477 scopus 로고
    • Phytogeographic support for the theory of Pleistocene forest refuges in the Amazon Basin based on evidence from distribution patterns in Caryocaraceae, Chrysobalanceae, Dichapetalaceae. and Lecthidaceae
    • PRANCE, G. T. 1973. Phytogeographic support for the theory of Pleistocene forest refuges in the Amazon Basin based on evidence from distribution patterns in Caryocaraceae, Chrysobalanceae, Dichapetalaceae. and Lecthidaceae. Acta Amaz. 3:5-28.
    • (1973) Acta Amaz. , vol.3 , pp. 5-28
    • Prance, G.T.1
  • 58
    • 0002349191 scopus 로고
    • Forest refuges: Evidence from woody gymnosperms
    • G. T. Prance, ed. Columbia Univ. Press, New York
    • _. 1982b. Forest refuges: evidence from woody gymnosperms. Pp. 137-157 in G. T. Prance, ed. Biological diversification in the tropics. Columbia Univ. Press, New York.
    • (1982) Biological Diversification in the Tropics , pp. 137-157
  • 59
    • 0002601899 scopus 로고
    • Historical relationships among avian forest areas of endemism in the Neotropics
    • PRUM, R. O. 1988. Historical relationships among avian forest areas of endemism in the Neotropics. Acta XIX Congr. Int. Ornithol. 2:2562-2572.
    • (1988) Acta XIX Congr. Int. Ornithol. , vol.2 , pp. 2562-2572
    • Prum, R.O.1
  • 60
    • 0020859667 scopus 로고
    • Contribution of river-created habitats to bird species richness in Amazonia
    • REMSEN, J. V., JR., AND T. A. PARKER, III. 1983. Contribution of river-created habitats to bird species richness in Amazonia. Biotropica 15:223-231.
    • (1983) Biotropica , vol.15 , pp. 223-231
    • Remsen Jr., J.V.1    Parker III, T.A.2
  • 61
    • 0000413758 scopus 로고
    • Measures of genetic similarity and genetic distance
    • Univ. Tex. Publ.
    • ROGERS, J. S. 1972. Measures of genetic similarity and genetic distance. Studies in Genetics. Univ. Tex. Publ. 7213:145-153.
    • (1972) Studies in Genetics , vol.7213 , pp. 145-153
    • Rogers, J.S.1
  • 62
    • 0026363309 scopus 로고
    • Palynology of the Venezuelan Andes
    • SALGADO-LABOURIAU, M. L. 1991. Palynology of the Venezuelan Andes. Grana 30:342-349.
    • (1991) Grana , vol.30 , pp. 342-349
    • Salgado-Labouriau, M.L.1
  • 63
    • 3743082696 scopus 로고
    • List of birds collected by Mr. Wallace on the lower Amazons and Río Negro
    • SCLATER, P. L., AND O. SALVIN. 1867. List of birds collected by Mr. Wallace on the lower Amazons and Río Negro. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867:556-596.
    • (1867) Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. , vol.1867 , pp. 556-596
    • Sclater, P.L.1    Salvin, O.2
  • 64
    • 10244257738 scopus 로고
    • Editora Universidade de Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
    • SICK, H. 1967. Ornitologia Brasileira. Vol. II. Editora Universidade de Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.
    • (1967) Ornitologia Brasileira , vol.2
    • Sick, H.1
  • 65
    • 0006954402 scopus 로고
    • Caribbean plate relative motions
    • F. G. Stehli and S. D. Webb, eds. Plenum, New York
    • SMITH, D. L. 1985. Caribbean plate relative motions. Pp. 17-48 in F. G. Stehli and S. D. Webb, eds. The great American biotic interchange. Plenum, New York.
    • (1985) The Great American Biotic Interchange , pp. 17-48
    • Smith, D.L.1
  • 67
    • 0000925743 scopus 로고
    • Über die Verbreitung der vogelarten in unteramazonien
    • SNETHLAGE, E. 1913. Über die Verbreitung der vogelarten in unteramazonien. J. Ornithol. 61:469-539.
    • (1913) J. Ornithol. , vol.61 , pp. 469-539
    • Snethlage, E.1
  • 70
    • 0001396591 scopus 로고
    • Inferring evolutionary trees from gene frequency data under the principle of maximum parsimony
    • SWOFFORD, D. L., AND S. H. BERLOCHER. 1987. Inferring evolutionary trees from gene frequency data under the principle of maximum parsimony. Syst. Zool. 36:293-325.
    • (1987) Syst. Zool. , vol.36 , pp. 293-325
    • Swofford, D.L.1    Berlocher, S.H.2
  • 71
    • 0019818240 scopus 로고
    • BIOSYS-1: A FORTRAN program for the comprehensive analysis of electrophoretic data in population genetics and systematics
    • SWOFFORD, D. L., AND R. B. SELANDER. 1981. BIOSYS-1: A FORTRAN program for the comprehensive analysis of electrophoretic data in population genetics and systematics. J. Hered. 72: 281-283.
    • (1981) J. Hered. , vol.72 , pp. 281-283
    • Swofford, D.L.1    Selander, R.B.2
  • 73
    • 0002664943 scopus 로고
    • South American anoles: The geographic differentiation and evolution of the Anolis chrysolepis species group (Sauria, Iguanidae)
    • VANZOLINI, P. E., AND E. E. WILLIAMS. 1970. South American anoles: The geographic differentiation and evolution of the Anolis chrysolepis species group (Sauria, Iguanidae). Arq. Zool. 19: 1-124
    • (1970) Arq. Zool. , vol.19 , pp. 1-124
    • Vanzolini, P.E.1    Williams, E.E.2
  • 75
    • 0001192264 scopus 로고
    • A history of savanna vertebrates in the New World. Part 2. South America and the great interchange
    • WEBB, S. D. 1978. A history of savanna vertebrates in the New World. Part 2. South America and the great interchange. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 9:393-426.
    • (1978) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , vol.9 , pp. 393-426
    • Webb, S.D.1
  • 77
    • 10244222928 scopus 로고
    • Die klimamorphologische und pflanzengeographische Entwicklung des Trockengebietes am Nordrand Südamerikas seit dem Pleistozan
    • WILHELMY, H. 1954. Die klimamorphologische und pflanzengeographische Entwicklung des Trockengebietes am Nordrand Südamerikas seit dem Pleistozan. Die Erde 6:244-273.
    • (1954) Die Erde , vol.6 , pp. 244-273
    • Wilhelmy, H.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.