Issues in experimental design and endpoint analysis in the study of experimental cytotoxic agents in vivo in breast cancer and other models

Breast Cancer Research and Treatment

Volumn 46, Issue 2-3, 1997, Pages 255-278

  Clarke, Robert ^a  

^a GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Breast cancer; Cell lines; Cytotoxic drugs; Resistance; Synergy; Xenografts

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; CYTOTOXIC AGENT;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; BREAST CANCER; CANCER CELL CULTURE; CELL KILLING; DATA ANALYSIS; METHODOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; SURVIVAL; TUMOR GROWTH; XENOGRAFT;

ANIMALS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; BREAST NEOPLASMS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; DRUG SCREENING ASSAYS, ANTITUMOR; HUMANS; MAMMARY NEOPLASMS, EXPERIMENTAL; RESEARCH DESIGN;

EID: 0031471632     PISSN: 01676806     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1005938428456     Document Type: Review

References (123)

1. Goldie JH, Coldman AJ: A mathematical model for relating the drug sensitivity of tumors to the spontaneous mutation rate. Cancer Treat Rep 63: 1727-1733, 1979
2. Beatson GT: On the treatment of inoperable cases of carcinoma of the mamma: suggestions from a new method of treatment, with illustrative cases. Lancet ii:104-107, 1896
3. Cole MP, Jones CTA, Todd IDH: A new antioestrogenic agent in late breast cancer. An early clinical appraisal of ICI 46474. Br J Cancer 25:270-275, 1971
4. Howell A, DeFriend DJ, Robertson JFR, Blamey RW, Anderson L, Anderson E, Sutcliffe FA, Walton P: Pharmacokinetics, pharmacological and anti-tumor effects of the specific anti-oestrogen ICI 182780 in women with advanced breast cancer. Br J Cancer 74:300-308, 1996
5. Bonadonna G: Does chemotherapy fulfill its expectations in cancer treatment? Ann Oncol 1:11-21, 1990
6. Boyd MR: Status of the NCI preclinical antitumor drug discovery screen. PPO Updates 3 (10):1-12, 1989
7. Richardson VJ, Ford CHJ, Tsaltas G, Gallant ME: Doxorubicin-anti-carcinoembryonic antigen immunoconjugate activity in vitro. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 25:633-640, 1989
8. Griffin JD: Hemopoietins in oncology: factoring out myelosuppression. J Clin Oncol 7:151-155, 1989
9. Skipper HE, Schabel FM, Wilcox WS: Experimental evaluation of potential anticancer agents. XII. On the criteria and kinetics associated with "curability" of experimental leukemia. Cancer Chemother Rep 35:1-111, 1964
10. Wilcox WS: The last surviving cancer cell: the chances of killing it. Cancer Chemother Rep 50:541-542, 1966
11. Norton L, Simon R: Tumour size, sensitivity to therapy, and design of treatment schedules. Cancer Treat Rep 61:1307-1317, 1977
12. Green JA: After Goldie-Coldman - where now? Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 25:913-916, 1989
13. Schabel FM: Concepts from systemic treatment of micrometastases. Cancer 35:15-24, 1975
14. De Vita VT: The relationship between tumor mass and response to chemotherapy. Implications for surgical adjuvant treatment of cancer. Cancer 51: 1209-1220, 1983
15. Tannock IF: Principles of cell proliferation: cell kinetics. In: De Vita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA (eds) Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology. J.B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1989, pp 3-13
16. Steel GG: Cell loss as a factor in the growth rate of human tumours. Eur J Cancer 3:381 1967
17. Clarke R, Brünner N, Katzenellenbogen BS, Thompson EW, Norman MJ, Koppi C, Paik S, Lippman ME, Dickson RB: Progression from hormone dependent to hormone independent growth in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:3649-3653, 1989
18. Brünner N, Boulay V, Fojo A, Freter C, Lippman ME, Clarke R: Acquisition of hormone-independent growth in MCF-7 cells is accompanied by increased expression of estrogen-regulated genes but without detectable DNA amplifications. Cancer Res 53:283-290, 1993
19. Brünner N, Boysen B, Jirus S, Skaar TC, Holst-Hansen C, Lippman J, Frandsen T, Spang-Thomsen M, Fuqua SAW, Clarke R: MCF7/LCC9: an antiestrogen resistant MCF-7 variant where acquired resistance to the steroidal antiestrogen ICI 182,780 confers an early crossresistance to the non-steroidal antiestrogen tamoxifen. Cancer Res 57:3486-3483, 1997
20. Harris JR, Hellman S: Natural history of breast cancer. In: Harris J, Lippman ME, Morrow M, Hellman S (eds) Diseases of the Breast. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, 1996, pp 375-391
21. MDR1: ascites models of human breast cancer. Br J Cancer 73:154-161, 1996
22. De Vita VT: Principles of chemotherapy. In: De Vita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA (eds) Cancer Principles and Practice of Oncology. J.B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1989, pp 276-300
23. Winograd B: New drug development. In: Boven E, Winograd B (eds) The Nude Mouse in Oncology Research. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1991, pp 305-316
24. Inaba M, Kobayashi T, Tashiro T, Sakurai Y: Pharmacokinetic approach to rational therapeutic doses for human tumor-bearing nude mice. Gann 79:509-515, 1988
25. Kubota T, Inoue S, Furukawa T, Ishibiki K, Kitajima M, Kawamura E, Hoffman RM: Similarity of serum-tumor pharmacokinetics of antitumor agents in man and nude mice. Anticancer Res 13:1481-1484, 1993
26. Braakhuis BJM, van Dongen GAMS: Limitations for treatment studies. In: Boven E, Winograd B (eds) The Nude Mouse in Oncology Research. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1991, pp 291-303
27. Dodwell DJ, Gurney H, Thatcher N: Dose intensity in cancer chemotherapy. Br J Cancer 61:789-794, 1990
28. Clarke R: Human breast cancer cell line xenografts as models of breast cancer: the immunobiologies of recipient mice and the characteristics of several tumorigenic cell lines. Breast Cancer Res Treat 39: 69-86, 1996
29. Clarke R, van den Berg HW, Kennedy DG, Murphy RF: Reduction of the antimetabolic and antiproliferative effects of methotrexate by 17β-estradiol in a human breast carcimoma cell line (MDA-MB-436). Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 19:19-24, 1983
30. Clarke R, van den Berg HW, Kennedy DG, Murphy RF: Oestrogen receptor status and the response of human breast cancer cells to a combination of methotrexate and 17β-estradiol. Br J Cancer 51:365-369, 1985
31. Antoniades K, Spector H: Quantitative estrogen receptor values and growth of carcinoma of the breast before surgical intervention. Cancer 50:793-796, 1982
32. Gabrilove JL, Jakubowski A, Scher H, Sternberg C, Wong G, Grous J, Yagoda A, Fain K, Moore MA, Clarkson B, et al: Effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on neutropenia and associated morbidity due to chemotherapy for transitional-cell carcinoma of the urothelium. N Engl J Med 318: 1414-1422, 1988
33. Goldman CA, Skinnider LF, Maksymiuk AW: Interferon instillation for malignant pleural effusions. Ann Oncol 4:141-145, 1993
34. Henderson IC, Shapiro CL: Adjuvant chemotherapy: an overview. In: Powles T, Smith IE (eds) Medical Management of Breast Cancer. Dunitz, London, 1991, pp 197-215
35. Henderson IC: Chemotherapy for metastatic disease. In: Harris JR, Hellman S, Henderson IC, Kinne DW (eds) Breast Diseases. J.B.Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, 1991, pp 604-665
36. Garewal HS: Mitomycin C in the chemotherapy of advanced breast cancer. Semin Oncol 15 suppl 4:74-79, 1988
37. Donehower RC, Rowinsky EK: Paclitaxel. PPO Updates 8 (10):1-16, 1994
38. Trock BJ, Leonessa F, Clarke R: Multidrug resistance in breast cancer: a meta analysis of MDR1/ gp170 expression and its possible functional significance. J Natl Cancer Inst 89:917-931, 1997
39. Vickers PJ, Dickson RB, Shoemaker R, Cowan KH: A multidrug-resistant MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line which exhibits cross-resistance to antiestrogens and hormone independent tumor growth. Mol Endocrinol 2:886-892, 1988
40. Zyad A, Bernard J, Clarke R, Tursz T, Brockhaus M, Chouaib S: Human breast cancer cross-resistance to TNF and adriamycin: relationship to MDR1, MnSOD and TNF gene expression. Cancer Res 54:825-831, 1994
41. Doroshow JH, Akman S, Esworthy S, Chu FF, Burke T: Doxorubicin resistance is conferred by selective enhancement of intracellular glutathione peroxidase or superoxide dismutase content in human MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Free Radic Res Commun 12-13 Pt 2:779-781, 1991
42. Iwamoto S, Takeda K: Possible cytotoxic mechanisms of TNF in vitro. Hum Cell 3:107-112, 1990
43. Batist G, Tuple A, Sinha BK, Katki AG, Myers CE, Cowan KH: Overexpression of a novel anionic glutathione transferase in multidrug-resistant human breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 261:15544-15549, 1986
44. Sinha BK, Mimnaugh EG, Rajagopalan S, Myers CE: Adriamycin activation and oxygen free radical formation in human breast tumor cells: protective role of glutathione peroxidase in adriamycin resistance. Cancer Res 49:3844-3848, 1989
45. Corbett TH, Valeriote FA, Baker LH: Is the P388 murine tumor no longer adequate as a drug discovery model? Invest New Drugs 5:3-20, 1987
46. Clarke R, Currier S, Kaplan O, Lovelace E, Boulay V, Gottesman MM, Dickson RB: Effect of P-glycoprotein expression on sensitivity to hormones in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 84:1506-1512, 1992
47. Nooter K, de la Riviere BG, Look NP, van Wingerden KE, Henzen-Logmans SC, Scheper RJ, Flens MJ, Klijn JGM, Stoter G, Foekens JA: The prognostic significance of excpression of the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) in primary breast cancer. Br J Cancer 76:486-493, 1997
48. Clarke R, Brünner N, Thompson EW, Glanz P, Katz D, Dickson RB, Lippman ME: The inter-relationships between ovarian-independent growth, antiestrogen resistance and invasiveness in the malignant progression of human breast cancer. J Endocrinol 122:331-340, 1989
49. Double JA, Bibby MC: Therapeutic index: a vital component in selection of anticancer agents for clinical trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 81:988-994, 1989
50. Rosenhoff SH, Bull JM, Young RC: The effect of chemotherapy on the kinetics and proliferative capacity of normal and tumorous tissues in vivo. Blood 45:107-118, 1975
51. Myers CE, Young RC, Chabner BA: Kinetic alterations by 5-fluorouracil in bone marrow, intestinal mucosa, and tumor. Cancer Res 36:1653-1658, 1976
52. Kennedy DG, Clarke R, van den Berg HW, Murphy RF: The kinetics of methotrexate polyglutamate formation and efflux in a human breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-436): the effect of insulin. Biochem Pharmacol 32:41-46, 1983
53. Shepherd R, Harrap KR: Modulation of the toxicity and antitumour activity of alkylating drugs by steroids. Br J Cancer 45:413-420, 1982
54. Martin AD, Beer RW, Bosanquet AG, Gilby ED: The effect of alkylating agents and other drugs on the accumulation of melphalan by murine L1210 leukaemia cells in vitro. Biochem Pharmacol 31: 2727-2732, 1982
55. Mizuno S, Ishida A: Potentiation of bleomycin cytotoxicity by membrane-interacting drugs and increased calcium ions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 107: 1021-1027, 1982
56. Illiger HJ, Herdrich K: Drug interactions in the therapy of malignant diseases. Springer-Verlag, Munich, 1987
57. Ueda K, Clark DP, Chen CJ, Roninson IB, Gottesman MM, Pastan I: The human multidrug resistance (MDR1) gene. cDNA cloning and transcription initiation. J Biol Chem 262:505-508, 1987
58. Horton JK, Thimmaiah KN, Houghton JA, Horowitz ME, Houghton PJ: Modulation by verapamil of vincristine pharmacokinetics and toxicity in mice bearing human tumor xenografts. Biochem Pharmacol 38:1727-1736, 1989
59. Pazdur R, Redman BG, Corbett TH, Phillips M, Baker LH: Phase I trial of spiromustine (NSC 172112) and evaluation of toxicity and schedule in a murine model. Cancer Res 47:4213-4217, 1987
60. LoRusso P, Wozniak AJ, Polin L, Capps D, Leopold WR, Werbel LM, Biernat L, Dan ME, Corbett TH: Antitumor efficacy of PD115934 (NSC 366140) against solid tumors of mice. Cancer Res 50:4900-4905, 1990
61. Corbett RJ, Leopold WR, Dykes DJ, Roberts BJ, Griswold DP, Schabel FM: Toxicity and anticancer activity of a new triazine antifolate (NSC 127755). Cancer Res 42:1707-1715, 1982
62. Meyvisch C: Influence of implantation site on formation of metastases. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2:295-306, 1983
63. Volpe JPG, Milas L: Influence of tumor transplantation methods on tumor growth rate amd metastatic potential of solitary tumors derived from metastases. Clin Exp Metastasis 8:381-389, 1990
64. Morikawa K, Walker SM, Nakajima M, Pathak S, Jessup JM, Fidler IJ: Influence of organ environment on the growth, selection, and metastasis of human colon carcinoma cells in nude mice. Cancer Res 48: 6863-6871, 1988
65. Kozlowski JM, Fidler IJ, Campbell D, Xu Z-L, Kaighn ME, Hart IR: Metastatic behavior of human tumor cell lines grown in the nude mouse. Cancer Res 44:3522-3529, 1984
66. Yamamoto S, Tanaka H, Kanamori T, Nobuhara M, Namba M: In vitro studies on potentiation of cytotoxic effects of anticancer drugs by interferon on a human neoplastic cell line (HeLa). Cancer Lett 20: 131-138, 1983
67. Bissery M-C, Vrignaud P, Lavelle F: Preclinical profile of doxetaxel (Taxotere): efficacy as a single agent in combination. Semin Oncol 22:3-16, 1995
68. Hanfelt JJ: Statistical approachs to experimenal design and data analysis of in vivo studies. Breast Cancer Res Treat 46:279-302, 1997
69. Begg AC: Principles and practices of the tumor growth delay assay. In: Kallman RF (ed) Rodent Tumor Models in Experimental Cancer Therapy. Pergamon Press, New York, 1987, pp 114-121
70. Rygaard K, Spang-Thompsen M: Quantitation and gompertzian analysis of tumor growth. Breast Cancer Res Treat 46:303-312, 1997
71. Osieka R, Houchens DP, Goldin A, Johnson RK: Chemotherapy of human colon cancer xenografts in athymic nude mice. Cancer 40:2640-2650, 1977
72. Manda T, Nishigaki F, Mukumoto S, Masuda K, Nakamura T, Shimomura K: The efficacy of combined treatment with recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-α and 5-fluorouracil is dependent on the development of capillaries in tumor. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 26:93-99, 1991
73. Villa E, Dugani A, Fantoni E, Camellini L, Buttafoco P, Grottola A, Pompei G, De Santis M, Ferrari A, Manenti F: Type of estrogen receptor determines response to antiestrogen therapy. Cancer Res 56: 3883-3885, 1996
74. Jefferson MF, Pendelton N, Faragher EB, Dixon GR, Myskow MW, Horan MA: 'Tumor volume' as a predictor of survival after resection of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Br J Cancer 74:456-459, 1996
75. Clelland CA: Tumour volume. Br J Cancer 75:464-465, 1997
76. Binks S, Clelland CA, Layton C: A comparison of pathological methods of measuring lung cancer volume. J Clin Pathol 49:654-656, 1996
77. Silbermann MH, van den Vecht B, Stoter G, Nooter K, Verweij J: Combination therapy of ACNU and ifosfamide in tumor bearing mice with M2661 breast cancer, B16 melanoma or C38 colon cancer. Eur J Cancer 26:321-325, 1990
78. Namba M, Yamamoto S, Tanaka H, Kanamori T, Nobuhara M, Kimoto T: In vitro and in vivo studies on potentiation of cytotoxic effects of anticancer drugs or cobalt 60 gamma ray by interferon on human neoplastic cells. Cancer 54:2262-2267, 1984
79. Cox DR: Regression models and life tables (with discussion). J Royal Stat Soc B 34:187-220, 1972
80. Armitage P, Berry G: Statistical Methods in Medical Research. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1994, pp 484-489
81. Corbett TH, Valeriote FA: Rodent models in experimental chemotherapy. In: Kallman RF (ed) Rodent Tumor Models in Experimental Cancer Therapy. Pergamon Press, New York, 1987, pp 233-247
82. Hayflick L: Subculturing human diploid fibroblasts. In: Kruze PF, Patterson MK (eds) Tissue Culture: Methods and Applications. Academic Press, New York, 1973, pp 220-223
83. Steel GG, Courtney VD, Peckham MJ: The response of a variety of human tumour xenografts. Br J Cancer 47:1-13, 1983
84. Berenbaum MC: What is synergy? Pharmacol Rev 41:93-141, 1989
85. Rideout DC, Chou T-C: Synergism, antagonism, and potentiation in chemotherapy: an overview. In: Chou T-C, Rideout DC (eds) Synergism and Antagonism in Chemotherapy. Academic Press, San Diego, 1991, pp 3-53
86. Wampler GL, Carter WH, Campbell ED, Keefe PA: Relationships between various uses of antineoplastic drug-interaction terms. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 31:111-117, 1992
87. Machado SG, Robinson GA: A direct, general approach based on isobolograms for assessing the joint action of drugs in pre-clinical experiments. Stats Med 13:2289-2309, 1994
88. Berenbaum MC: Synergy, additivism and antagonism in immunosuppression. A critical review. Clin Exp Immunol 28:1-18, 1977
89. Leonessa F, Jacobson M, Boyle B, Lippman J, McGarvey M, Clarke R: The effect of tamoxifen on the multidrug resistant phenotype in human breast cancer cells: isobologram, drug accumulation and gp-170 binding studies. Cancer Res 54:441-447, 1994
90. Govindarajulu Z: Statistical Techniques in Bioassay. Karger, Basel, 1988, pp 1-162
91. Armitage P, Berry G: Statistical Methods in Medical Research. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1994, pp 392-424
92. Deen DF, Williams ME: Isobologram analysis of X-ray-BCNU interactions in vitro. Radiat Res 79:483-491, 1979
93. Greco WR, Park HS, Rustum YM: Application of a new approach for the quantitation of drug synergism to the combination of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum and 1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine. Cancer Res 50: 5318-5327, 1990
94. Aapro MS, Alberts DS, Salmon SE: Interactions of human leukocyte interferon with Vinca alkaloids and other chemotherapeutic agents against human tumors in clonogenic assay. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 10:161-166, 1983
95. Marth C, Daxenbichler G, Dapunt O: Synergistic antiproliferative effect of human recombinant interferons and retinoic acid in cultured breast cancer cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 77:1197-1202, 1986
96. Valeriote F, Lin H-S: Synergistic interactions of anticancer agents: a cellular perspective. Cancer Chemother Rep 59:895-901, 1975
97. Corbett TH, Griswold DP, Wolpert MK, Vendetti JM, Schabel FM: Design and evaluation of combination chemotherapy trials in experimental animal tumor systems. Cancer Treat Rep 63:799-801, 1979
98. Moulder JE, Rockwell S: Comparison of tumor assay methods. In: Kallman RF (eds) Rodent Tumor Models in Experimental Cancer Therapy. Pergamon Press, New York, 1987, pp 272-278
99. Heitjan DF, Manni A, Santen RJ: Statistical analysis of in vivo tumor growth experiments. Cancer Res 53:6042-6050, 1993
100. Kaplan EL, Meier P: Non-parametric estimations from incomplete observations. J Am Stat Assoc 53: 457-481, 1958
101. Mantell N: Evaluation of survival data and two new rank order stastistics arising in its consideration. Cancer Chemother Rep 50:163-170, 1966
102. Duncan DB: Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics 11:1-42, 1955
103. Dunnett CW: New tables for multiple comparisons with a control. Biometrics 20:482-492, 1964
104. Scheffe H: The analysis of variance. Wiley, New York, 1959
105. Gad S, Weil CS: Statistics and Experimental Design for Toxicologists. Telford Press, Caldwell NJ, 1988
106. Thompson EW, Paik S, Brünner N, Sommers C, Zugmaier G, Clarke R, Shima TB, Torri J, Donahue S, Lippman ME, Martin GR, Dickson RB: Association of increased basement membrane-invasiveness with absence of estrogen receptor and expression of vimentin in human breast cancer cell lines. J Cell Physiol 150:534-544, 1992
107. Soule HD, Vasquez J, Long A, Albert S, Brennan M: A human cell line from a pleural effusion derived from a human breast carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 51:1409-1416, 1973
108. Cailleau R, Young R, Olive M, Reeves WJ: Breast tumor cell lines from pleural effusions. J Natl Cancer Inst 53:661-674, 1974
109. Price JE, Polyzos A, Zhang RD, Daniels LM: Tumorigenicity and metastasis of human breast carcinoma cell lines in nude mice. Cancer Res 50:717-721, 1990
110. Cailleau R, Olive M, Cruciger QVA: Long-term human breast carcinoma cell lines of metastatic origin: preliminary characterization. In Vitro 14:911-915, 1978
111. Keydar I, Chen L, Karby S, Weiss FR, Delarea J, Radu M, Chaitcik S, Brenner HJ: Establishment and characterization of a cell line of human carcinoma origin. Eur J Cancer 15:659-670, 1979
112. Clarke R, Leonessa F, Brunner N, Thompson EW: In vitro models of human breast cancer. In: Harris JR, Hellman S, Lippman ME, Morrow M (eds) Diseases of the Breast. J.B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1996, pp 245-261
113. Macubbin DL, Wing KR, Mace KF, Ho RLX, Ehrke MJ, Mihich E: Adriamycin-induced modulation of host defenses in tumor-bearing mice. Cancer Res 52:3572-3576, 1992
114. Gorelik E, Ovejera A, Shoemaker R, Jarvis A, Alley M, Duff R, Mayo J, Herberman R, Boyd M: Microencapsulated tumor assay: new short term assay for in vivo evaluation of the effects of anticancer drugs on human tumor cell lines. Cancer Res 47:5739-5747, 1987
115. Chandrasekaran B, Capizzi RL, Kute TE, Morgan T, Dimling J: Modulation of the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of 1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine by 1-β-D-arabinofuranosyluracil in leukemic mice. Cancer Res 49:3259-3266, 1989
116. Jiminez JJ, Yunis AA: Protection from 1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine-induced alopecia by epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor in the rat model. Cancer Res 52:413-415, 1992
117. Nielsen LL, Gurnani M, Tyler RD: Evaluation of the wap-ras transgenic mouse as a model system for testing anticancer drugs. Cancer Res 52:3733-3738, 1992
118. Spang-Thomsen M, Brünner N, Engelholm SA, Vindelov L: Estimation by flow cytometric DNA analysis of the effect of radiotherapy, hormone therapy and chemotherapy on human tumors grown in nude mice. In: Wu B, Zheng J (eds) Immune-Deficient Animals: 4th Workshop on Immune-Deficient Animals in Experimental Research. Karger, Basel, 1984, pp 409-415
119. Berger DP, Winterhalter BR, Fiebig HH: Conventional chemotherapy. In: Boven E, Winograd B (eds) The Nude Mouse in Onclogy Research. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1991, pp 165-184
120. Miller BE, Machemer T, Lehotan M, Heppner GH: Tumor subpopulation interactions affecting melphalan sensitivity in palpable mouse mammary tumors. Cancer Res 51:4378-4387, 1991
121. Kerpel-Fronius S, Verwey J, Stuurman M, Kanyar B, Lelieveld P, Pinedo HM: Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of mitomycin C in rodents, given alone, in combination, or after induction of microsomal metabolism. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 22:104-108, 1988
122. Imai R, Morimoto M, Marumo H, Kobayashi T, Tsuoro T, Inaba M, Tsukagoshi S, Sakurai Y: Antitumor activity of 7-N-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-mitomycin C in experimental tumor systems. Gann 72: 944-949, 1981
123. Los G, Mutsaers PHA, van der Vijgh WJF, Baldew GS, De Graaf PW, McVie JG: Direct diffusion of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) in intraperitoneal rat tumors after intraperitoneal chemotherapy: a comparison with systemic chemotherapy. Cancer Res 49:3380-3384, 1989