Antidepressants in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Journal of Clinical Psychiatry

Volumn 58, Issue SUPPL. 14, 1997, Pages 14-29

  Popper, Charles W ^a  

^a MCLEAN HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMANTADINE; AMFEBUTAMONE; CARBAMAZEPINE; CLONIDINE; CLOZAPINE; DESIPRAMINE; DEXAMPHETAMINE; FENFLURAMINE; FLUOXETINE; GUANFACINE; HYDROXYZINE; LEVODOPA; MAPROTILINE; METHAMPHETAMINE; METHYLPHENIDATE; MOCLOBEMIDE; NADOLOL; NORTRIPTYLINE; PAROXETINE; PEMOLINE; PHENYTOIN; PROPRANOLOL; RISPERIDONE; SELEGILINE; SERTRALINE; TRANYLCYPROMINE; VALPROIC ACID; VENLAFAXINE;

ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BLOOD TOXICITY; CARDIOTOXICITY; CLINICAL TRIAL; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DOSE RESPONSE; DROWSINESS; DRUG COST; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG POTENCY; DRUG SAFETY; HALLUCINATION; HUMAN; LIVER TOXICITY; NIGHTMARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RASH; REVIEW; TIC;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, TRICYCLIC; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANTS; CHILD; CLONIDINE; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; DEXTROAMPHETAMINE; GUANFACINE; HUMANS; METHAMPHETAMINE; METHYLPHENIDATE; MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS;

EID: 0031459908     PISSN: 01606689     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (176)

1. Halperin JM, Newcorn JH, Matier K, et al. Discriminant validity of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993;32:1038-1043
2. Lahey BB, Applegate B, McBurnett K, et al. DSM-IV field trials for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 1994;151:1673-1685
3. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994
4. McLeer SV, Callaghan M, Henry D, et al. Psychiatric disorders in sexually abused children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994;33:313-319
5. Teicher MH, Andersen SL, Navalta CP, et al. In: Yudofsky SC, Hales RE, eds. American Psychiatric Press Textbook of Neuropsychiatry, Third Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1996
6. Semrud-Clikeman M, Hynd GW. Right hemispheric dysfunction in nonverbal learning disabilities: social, academic and adaptive functioning in adults and children. Psychol Bull 1990;107:196-209
7. Comings DE, Comings BG. A controlled study of Tourette syndrome, I: attention-deficit disorder, learning disorders, and school problems. Am J Hum Genet 1987;41:701-741
8. Marcus J, Hans SL, Mednick SA, et al. Neurological dysfunctioning in offspring of schizophrenics in Israel and Denmark: a replication analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995;42:753-761
9. Stuss DT, Benson DF. The Frontal Lobes. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1986
10. Galler JR, Ramsey F, Solimano G, et al. The influence of early malnutrition on subsequent behavioral development, II: classroom behavior. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1983;22:16-22
11. Trites RL. Prevalence of hyperactivity in Ottawa, Canada. In: Trites RL, ed. Hyperactivity in Children. Baltimore, Md: University Park Press; 1979
12. Pauls DL. Genetic factors in the expression of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1991;1:353-361
13. Cook EH, Stein MA, Krasowski MD, et al. Association of attention-deficit disorder and the dopamine transporter gene. Am J Hum Genet 1995;56: 993-998
14. LaHoste GL, Swanson JM, Wigal SB, et al. Dopamine D4 receptor gene polymorphism is associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Molecular Psychiatry 1996;1:121-124
15. Elia J, Gulotta C, Rose SR, et al. Thyroid function and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994;33: 169-172
16. Voeller K. Right-hemisphere syndrome in children. Am J Psychiatry 1986;143:1004-1009
17. Shekim WO, Asarnow RF, Hess E, et al. A clinical and demographic profile of a sample of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, residual state. Compr Psychiatry 1990;31:416-425
18. Lou HC, Henriksen L, Bruhn P, et al. Striatal dysfunction in attention deficit and hyperkinetic disorder. Arch Neurol 1990;46:48-52
19. Zametkin AJ, Nordahl TE, Gross M, et al. Cerebral glucose metabolism in adults with hyperactivity of childhood onset. N Engl J Med 1990;323: 1361-1366
20. Ernst M, Liebenauer LL, King C, et al. Reduced brain metabolism in hyperactive girls. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994;33:858-868
21. Hynd GW, Semrud-Clikeman M, Lorys AR, et al. Corpus callosum morphology in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: morphometric analysis of MRI. Journal of Learning Disabilities 1991;24:141-146
22. Giedd JN, Castellanos FX, Casey BJ, et al. Quantitative morphology of the corpus callosum in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1994;151:665-669
23. Semrud-Clikeman M, Filpek PA, Biederman J, et al. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: magnetic resonance imaging morphometric analysis of the corpus callosum. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994;33: 875-881
24. Matochik JA, Nordahl TE, Gross M, et al. Effects of acute stimulant medication on cerebral metabolism in adults with hyperactivity. Neuropsychopharmacology 1993;8:377-386
25. Castellanos FX, Giedd JN, Eckburg P, et al. Quantitative morphology of the caudate nucleus in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1994;151:1791-1796
26. Gittelman R, Mannuzza S, Shenker R, et al. Hyperactive boys almost grown up, I: psychiatric status. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;42:937-947
27. Weiss G, Milroy T, Perlman T. Psychiatric status of hyperactives as adults: a controlled prospective 15-year follow-up of 63 hyperactive children. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1985;24:211-220
28. Weiss G, Hechtman LT. Hyperactive Children Grown Up. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1986
29. Klein RG, Mannuzza S. Long-term outcome of hyperactive children: a review. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1991;30:383-387
30. Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Bonagura N, et al. Hyperactive boys almost grown up, V: replication of psychiatric status. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48:77-83
31. Hechtman L. Long-term outcome in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1992;1;553-565
32. Mannuzza S, Gittelman-Klein R, Bessler A, et al. Adult outcome of hyperactive boys: educational achievement, occupational rank and psychiatric status. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:565-576
33. Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Konig PH, et al. Hyperactive boys almost grown up, IV: criminality and its relationship to psychiatric status. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:1073-1079
34. Hoehn-Saric R, Lipsey JR, McLeod DR. Apathy and indifference in patients on fluvoxamine and fluoxetine. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1990;10: 343-345
35. Hoehn-Saric R, Harris GJ, Pearlson GD, et al. A fluoxetine-induced frontal lobe syndrome in an obsessive compulsive patient. J Clin Psychiatry 1991;52:131-133
36. Pliszka SR, McCracken JT, Maas JM. Catecholamines in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: current perspectives. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996;35:264-272
37. Barkley RA. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1990
38. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1991;30:I-III
39. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Children with Disabilities and Committee on Drugs. Medication for children with attentional disorders. Pediatrics 1996;98:301-304
40. Ialongo NS, Horn WF, Pascoe JM, et al. The effects of multimodal intervention with ADHD children: a 9-month follow-up. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993;32:182-189
41. Pelham WE, Carlson C, Sams SE, et al. Separate and combined effects of methylphenidate and behavior modification of boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the classroom. J Consult Clin Psychol 1993;61: 506-515
42. Abikoff H. Cognitive training in ADHD children: less to it than meets the eye. Journal of Learning Disabilities 1991;24:205-209
43. Anastopoulos AD, DuPaul GJ, Barkley RA. Stimulant medication and parent training therapies for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Learning Disabilities 1991;24:210-218
44. Bradley C. The behavior of children receiving Benzedrine. Am J Psychiatry 1937;94:577-585
45. Wood DR, Reimherr FW, Wender PH, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of minimal brain dysfunction in adults: a preliminary report. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976;33:1453-1460
46. Wender PH, Reimherr FW, Wood D. Attention deficit disorder (minimal brain dysfunction) in adults: a replication study of diagnosis and treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981;38:449-456
47. Mattes FA, Boswell L, Oliver H. Methylphenidate effects on symptoms of attention deficit disorder in adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;141: 1059-1063
48. Gualtieri CT, Ondrusek MG, Finley C, et al. Attention deficit disorder in adults. Clin Neuropharmacol 1985;8:343-356
49. Wender PH, Reimherr FW, Wood D, et al. A controlled study of methylphenidate in the treatment of attention deficit disorder, residual type, in adults. Am J Psychiatry 1985;142:547-552
50. Spencer T, Wilens T, Biederman J, et al. A double-blind, crossover comparison of methylphenidate and placebo in adults with childhood-onset attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995;52: 434-443
51. Pelham WE, Sturges J, Hoza J, et al. Sustained release and standard methylphenidate effects on cognitive and social behavior in children with attention deficit disorder. Pediatrics 1987;80:491-501
52. Pelham WE, Greenslade KE, Vodde-Hamilton MA, et al. Relative efficacy of long-acting CNS stimulants on children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a comparison of standard methylphenidate, sustained-release methylphenidate, sustained-release dextroamphetamine, and pemoline. Pediatrics 1990;86:226-237
53. Fitzpatrick PA, Klorman R, Brumaghim JT, et al. Effects of sustained release and standard preparations of methylphenidate on attention deficit disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1992;31:226-234
54. Wender PH. Methamphetamine in child psychiatry. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1993;3:iv-vi
55. Bussing R, Levin GM. Methamphetamine and fluoxetine treatment of a child with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1993;3:53-58
56. Pelham WE, Swanson JM, Furman MB, et al. Pemoline effects on children with ADHD: a time-response by dose-response analysis on classroom measures. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995;34:1504-1513
57. Sallee FR, Stiller RL, Perel JM. Pharmacodynamics of pemoline in attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1992;31:244-251
58. Shah MR, Seese LM, Abikoff H, et al. Pemoline for children and adolescents with conduct disorder: a pilot investigation. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1994;4:255-261
59. Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services. Pemoline and Hepatic Failure? Food and Drug Administration Drug Bulletin 1997;27
60. Popper CW. The story of four salts. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1994;4:217-223
61. Elia J, Borcherding BG, Rapoport JL, et al. Methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine treatments of hyperactivity: are there true nonresponders? Psychiatry Res 1991;36:141-155
62. Lipkin PH, Goldstein IJ, Adesman AR. Tics and dyskinesias associated with stimulant treatment in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1994;148:859-861
63. Sverd J, Gadow KD, Paolicelli LM. Methylphenidate treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in boys with Tourette's syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1989;28:574-579
64. Gadow KD, Sverd J, Sprafkin J, et al. Efficacy of methylphenidate for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children with tic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995;52:444-455
65. Riddle MA, Lynch KA, Scahill L, et al. Methylphenidate discontinuation and reinitiation during long-term treatment of children with Tourette's disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a pilot study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1995;5:205-214
66. Krakowski AJ. Amitriptyline in treatment of hyperkinetic children: a double blind study. Psychosomatics 1965;6:355-360
67. Winsberg BG, Bialer I, Kupietz S, et al. Effects of imipramine and dextroamphetamine on behavior of neuropsychiatrically impaired children. Am J Psychiatry 1972;128:1425-1431
68. Rapoport JL, Quinn PO, Bradbard G, et al. Imipramine and methylphenidate treatments of hyperactive boys: a double-blind comparison. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1974;30:789-793
69. Waizer J, Hoffman SP, Polizos P, et al. Outpatient treatment of hyperactive school children with imipramine. Am J Psychiatry 1974;131:587-591
70. Kupietz S, Balka E. Alterations in vigilance performance of children receiving amitriptyline and methylphenidate. Psychopharmacology 1976; 50:29-33
71. Yepes LE, Balka EB, Winsberg BG, et al. Amitriptyline and methylphenidate treatment of behaviorally disordered children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1977;18:39-52
72. Yellin AM, Spring C, Greenberg LM. Effects of imipramine and methylphenidate on behavior of hyperactive children. Research Communications in Psychology, Psychiatry, and Behavior 1978;3:15-25
73. Werry JS, Aman MG, Diamond E. Imipramine and methylphenidate in hyperactive children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1980;21:27-35
74. Garfinkel BD, Wender PH, Sloman L, et al. Tricyclic antidepressants and methylphenidate treatment of attention deficit disorder. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1983;22:343-348
75. Donnelly M, Zametkin AJ, Rapoport JL, et al. Treatment of childhood hyperactivity with desipramine: plasma drug concentration, cardiovascular effects, plasma and urinary catecholamine levels, and clinical response. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1986;39:72-81
76. Gualtieri CT, Evans RW. Motor performance in hyperactive children treated with imipramine. Percept Mot Skills 1988;66:763-769
77. Biederman J, Baldessarini RJ, Wright V, et al. A double-blind placebo controlled study of desipramine in the treatment of ADD, I: efficacy. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1989;28:777-784
78. Biederman J, Baldessarini RJ, Wright V, et al. A double-blind placebo controlled study of desipramine in the treatment of ADD, II: serum drug levels and cardiovascular findings. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1989;28:903-911
79. Pataki CS, Carlson GA, Kelly KL, et al. Side effects of methylphenidate, desipramine alone and in combination in children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993;32:1065-1072
80. Rapport MD, Carlson GA, Kelly KL, et al. Methylphenidate and desipramine in hospitalized children, II: separate and combined effects on cognitive function. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993;32:333-342
81. Carlson GA, Rapport MD, Kelly KL, et al. Methylphenidate and desipramine in hospitalized children with comorbid behavior and mood disorders: separate and combined effects on behavior and mood. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1995;5:191-204
82. Singer HS, Brown J, Quaskey S, et al. The treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in Tourette's syndrome: a double-blind placebo-controlled study with clonidine and desipramine. Pediatrics 1995;95: 74-81
83. Wilens TE, Biederman J, Mick E, et al. A systematic assessment of tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1994;14:48-50
84. Spencer T, Biederman J, Kerman K, et al. Desipramine treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and tic disorder or Tourette's syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993;32: 354-360
85. Spencer T, Biederman J, Wilens T, et al. Nortriptyline treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and tic disorder or Tourette's syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993;32: 205-210
86. Parraga HC, Kelly DP, Parraga MI, et al. Combined psychostimulant and TCA treatment of Tourette's syndrome and comorbid disorders in children. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1994;4:113-122
87. Spencer T, Biederman J, Wilens T. Tricyclic antidepressant treatment of children with ADHD and tic disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994;33:1203-1204
88. Kuekes ED, Wigg C, Bryant S, et al. Hypertension is a risk in adolescents treated with imipramine. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1992;2: 241-248
89. Abramowicz M. Sudden death in children treated with tricyclic antidepressant. Med Lett Drugs Ther 1990;32:53-54
90. Popper CW, Elliott GR. Sudden death and tricyclic antidepressants: clinical considerations for children. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1990;1: 125-132
91. Riddle MA, Nelson JC, Kleinman CS, et al. Sudden death in children receiving Norpramin®: a review of three reported cases and commentary. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1991;30:104-108
92. Riddle MA, Geller B, Ryan N. Another sudden death in a child treated with desipramine. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993;32:792-797
93. Popper CW, Zimnitzky B. A fifth case of sudden death putatively related to desipramine treatment of a child. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1995;5:283-300
94. Frommer DA, Kulig KW, Marx JA, et al. Tricyclic antidepressant overdose: a review. JAMA 1987;257:521-526
95. Cassidy S, Henry J. Fatal toxicity of antidepressant drugs in overdose. BMJ 1987;295:1021-1024
96. Kapur S, Mieczkowski T, Mann JJ. Antidepressant medications and the relative risk of suicide attempt and suicide. JAMA 1992;268:3441-3445
97. Popper CW. Desipramine deaths may be adrenergic. In: New Research Program and Abstracts of the Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; May 25, 1994; Philadelphia, Pa. Abstract NR478:180
98. Barrickman L, Noyes R, Kuperman S, et al. Treatment of ADHD with fluoxetine: a preliminary trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1991;30:762-767
99. Frankenburg FR, Kando JC. Sertraline treatment of ADHD and Tourette's syndrome. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1994;14:359-360
100. Riddle MA, King RA, Hardin MT, et al. Behavioral side effects of fluoxetine in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1991;1:193-198
101. Rosenberg DR, Johnson K, Sahl R. Evolving mania in an adolescent with low-dose fluoxetine. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1992;2: 299-306
102. Minnery KL, West SA, McConville BJ, et al. Sertraline-induced mania in an adolescent. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1995;5:151-153
103. Tierney E, Joshi PT, Llinas JF, et al. Sertraline for depression in children and adolescents: preliminary clinical experience. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1995;5:13-27
104. Ryan ND. Heterocyclic antidepressant in children and adolescent. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1990;1:21-31
105. Popper C. Balancing knowledge and judgment: a clinician looks at new developments in child and adolescent psychopharmacology. In: Riddle MA, ed. Special Issue: Pediatric Psychopharmacology, II. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinics of North America 1995;4:483-513
106. Saletu B, Grunberger J, Anderer PK, et al. Pharmacodynamics of venlafaxine evaluated by EEG brain mapping, psychometry, and psychophysiology. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1992;33:589-601
107. Smelitsch HV, Anderer P, Saletu B, et al. Acute effects of the novel antidepressant venlafaxine on cognitive event-related potentials (P300), eye blink rate and mood in healthy subjects. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1993;3:155-166
108. Adler LA, Resnick S, Kunz M, et al. Open-label trial of venlafaxine in adults with ADD. Psychopharmacol Bull 1995;31:785-788
109. Hornig-Rohan M, Amsterdam JD. Venlafaxine vs. stimulant therapy in patients with dual diagnoses of attention deficit disorder and depression [abstract]. Poster 92, Program Book for the annual meeting of the New Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit (NCDEU); May 1995; Boca Raton, Fla
110. Reimherr FW, Hedges DW, Strong RE, et al. An open trial of venlafaxine in adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [abstract]. Poster 81, Program Book for the annual meeting of the New Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit (NCDEU); May 1995; Boca Raton, Fla.
111. Hedges D, Reimherr FW, Rogers A, et al. An open trial of venlafaxine in adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull 1995;31:779-783
112. Findling RL, Schwartz MA, Flannery DJ, et al. Venlafaxine in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an open clinical trial. J Clin Psychiatry 1996;57:184-189
113. Olvera RL, Pliszka SR, Luh J, et al. An open trial of venlafaxine in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1996;6:241-250
114. Pleak RR, Gormly LJ. Effects of venlafaxine treatment for ADHD in a child [letter]. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:1009
115. Wilens TE, Biederman J, Spencer TJ. Venlafaxine for adult ADHD [letter]. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:1099-1100
116. Derivan A, Agular L, Upton GV, et al. A study of venlafaxine in children and adolescents with conduct disorder [abstract]. Presented at the 42nd annual meeting of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; October 1995; New Orleans, La; p 128
117. Casat CD, Pleasants DZ, Van Wyck Fleet J. A double-blind trial of bupropion in children with attention deficit disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull 1987;23:120-122
118. Clay TH, Gualtieri CT, Evans RW, et al. Clinical and neuropsychological effects of the novel antidepressant bupropion. Psychopharmacol Bull 1987;24:143-148
119. Conners CK. Multi-site bupropion clinical trial in children: methods and problems [abstract]. Scientific Proceedings presented at the 41st annual meeting of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; October 1994:6
120. Conners CK, Casat CD, Gualtieri CT, et al. Bupropion hydrochloride in attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996;35:1314-1321
121. Simeon JG, Ferguson HB, Van Wyck Fleet J. Bupropion effects in attention deficit and conduct disorders. Can J Psychiatry 1986;31: 581-585
122. Wolfe KD, Weller EB, Weller RA, et al. Treating children with attention-deficit disorder: a double-blind bupropion trial. Presented at the 40th annual meeting of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; October 1993: San Antonio, Tex
123. Barrickman L, Perry PJ, Allen AJ, et al. Bupropion versus methylphenidate in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995;34:649-657
124. Wender PH, Reimherr FW. Bupropion treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. Am J Psychiatry 1990;147:1018-1020
125. Spencer T, Biederman J, Steingard R, et al. Bupropion exacerbates tics in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and Tourette's syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993;32:211-214
126. Zametkin A, Rapoport JL, Murphy DL, et al. Treatment of hyperactive children with monoamine oxidase inhibitors, I: clinical efficacy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;42:962-966
127. Priest RG, Gimbrett R, Roberts M, et al. Reversible and selective inhibitors of monoamine oxidase A in mental and other disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1995;386(suppl):40-43
128. Trott GE, Elliger TJ, Nissen G. Moclobemide: first experiences in children and adolescents. In: Stefanis CN, Rabavilas AD, Soldatos CR, eds. Psychiatry: A World Perspective, vol. I (Proceedings of the VIII World Congress of Psychiatry, Athens, October 1989). New York, NY: Excerpta Medical; 1990:1096-1099
129. Trott GE, Menzel M, Friese HJ. Effectiveness and tolerance of the selective MAO-A inhibitor moclobemide in children with hyperkinetic syndrome. Z Kinder Jugenpsychiatr 1991;19:248-253
130. Trott GE, Friese HJ, Menzel M, et al. Use of moclobemide in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1992;106:S134-S136
131. Feigin A, Kurlan R, McDermott MP, et al. A controlled trial of deprenyl in children with Tourette's syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Neurology 1996;46:965-968
132. Jankovic J. Deprenyl in attention deficit associated with Tourette's syndrome. Arch Neurol 1993;50:286-288
133. Wood DR, Reimherr FW, Wender PH. The use of L-deprenyl in the treatment of attention deficit disorder, residual type [abstract]. Presented at the annual meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology; December 1982; San Juan, Puerto Rico
134. Silva RR, Munoz DM, Alpert M. Carbamazepine use in children and adolescents with features of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996;35:352-358
135. Garcia Belmonte MA, Pugliese AE. Tratamiento del syndrome de hiperquinesia infantil con carbamacepina. El Dia Medico 1970: 759-760
136. Groh C, Rosenmayr F, Birnbaumer N. Psychotrope wirkung von carambazepin bei nicht-epileptischen kindern. Med Mschr 1971;25: 329
137. Puente RM, Barriga F, Morales MT. Estudio doble-ciego con carbamazepina en un grupo de escolares con dano cerebral: comunicacion preliminar. Med Rev Mex 1973;53:97-101
138. Hunt RD, Minderaa RB, Cohen DJ. Clonidine benefits children with attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity: report of a double-blind placebo-crossover therapeutic trial. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1985; 24:617-629
139. Hunt RD, Minderaa RB, Cohen DJ. The therapeutic effects of clonidine in attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity: a comparison with placebo and methylphenidate. Psychopharmacol Bull 1986;22: 229-236
140. Hunt RD. Treatment effects of oral and transdermal clonidine in relation to methylphenidate: an open pilot study in ADHD. Psychopharmacol Bull 1987;23:111-114
141. Jaselskis CA, Cook EH, Fletcher K, et al. Clonidine treatment of hyperactive and impulsive children with autistic disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1992;12:322-327
142. Comings DE, Comings BG, Tacket T, et al. The clonidine patch and behavior problems [letter]. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1990;29:667-668
143. Kemph JP, DeVane CL, Levin GM, et al. Treatment of aggressive children with clonidine: results of an open pilot study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993;32:557-581
144. Schvehla TJ, Mandoki MW, Summer GS. Clonidine therapy for comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder: preliminary findings in a children's inpatient unit. South Med J 1994; 87:692-695
145. Ceseña M, Lee DO, Cebollero AM, et al. Behavioral symptoms of pediatric HIV-1 encephalopathy successfully treated with clonidine. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995;34:302-306
146. Hunt RD, Capper L, O'Connell P. Clonidine in child and adolescent psychiatry. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1990;1:87-102
147. Steingard R, Biederman J, Spencer T, et al. Comparison of clonidine response in treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with and without comorbid tic disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993;32:350-355
148. Lichter DG, Jackson LA. Predictors of clonidine response in Tourette syndrome: implications and inferences. J Child Neurol 1996;11:93-97
149. Chandran KSK. ECG and clonidine [letter]. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994;33:1351
150. Hunt RD. Treatment effects of clonidine and methylphenidate [abstract]. Presented at the 36th annual meeting of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; October 1989; New York, NY
151. Fenichel RR. Combining methylphenidate and clonidine: the role of post-marketing surveillance. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1995; 5:155-156
152. Popper CW. Combining methylphenidate and clonidine: pharmacologic questions and news reports about sudden death. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1995;5:157-166
153. Swanson JM, Flockhart D, Udrea D, et al. Clonidine in the treatment of ADHD: questions about safety and efficacy. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1995;5:301-304
154. Wilens TE, Biederman J, Spencer T. Clonidine for sleep disturbances associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994;33:424-426
155. Hunt RD, Arnsten AFT, Asbell MD. An open trial of guanfacine in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995;34:50-54
156. Horrigan JP, Barnhill LJ. Guanfacine and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [abstract]. Scientific Proceedings presented at the 41st annual meeting of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: October 1994:45
157. Chappell PB, Riddle MA, Scahill L, et al. Guanfacine treatment of comorbid ADHD and Tourette's syndrome: preliminary clinical experience. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995;34:1140-1146
158. Mattes JA. Propranolol for adults with temper outbursts and residual attention deficit disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1986;6:299-302
159. Ratey J, Greenberg M, Lindem K. Combination of treatments for attention deficit disorders in adults. J Nerv Ment Dis 1991;176:699-701
160. Buitelaar JK, van der Gaag RJ, Swaab-Barneveld H, et al. Pindolol and methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: clinical efficacy and side-effects. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1996;37:587-595
161. Gittelman R. Childhood disorders. In: Klein D, Quitkin F, Rifkin A, et al, eds. Drug Treatment of Adult and Child Psychiatric Disorders. New York, NY: Williams & Wilkins; 1980
162. Sallee FR, Sethuraman G, Rock CM. Effects of pimozide on cognition in children with Tourette syndrome: interaction with comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1994;90:4-9
163. Aman MG, Kern RA, McGhee DE, et al. Fenfluramine and methylphenidate in children with mental retardation and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: clinical and side effects. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993;32:851-859
164. Aman MG, Kern RA, McGhee DE, et al. Fenfluramine and methylphenidate in children with mental retardation and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: laboratory effects. J Autism Dev Disord 1993;23: 491-506
165. Donnelly M, Rapoport JL, Potter WZ, et al. Fenfluramine and dextroamphetamine treatment of childhood hyperactivity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:205-212
166. Gammon GD, Brown TE. Fluoxetine and methylphenidate in combination for treatment of ADD and comorbid depressive disorders. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1993;3:1-10
167. Findling RL. Open-label treatment of comorbid depression and attentional disorders with co-administration of serotonin reuptake inhibitors and psychostimulants in children, adolescents, and adults. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1996;6:165-175
168. Greenhill LL, Rieder RO, Wender PH, et al. Lithium carbonate in the treatment of hyperactive children. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1973;28: 636-640
169. Whitehead PL, Clark LD. Effect of lithium carbonate, placebo, and thioridazine on hyperactive children. Am J Psychiatry 1970;127: 824-825
170. Jensen PS, Elliott GR. Why don't antidepressants seem to work for depressed adolescents? (Special Section) J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1992;2:7-45
171. Emslie G. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of fluoxetine in depressed children and adolescents [abstract]. Presented at the symposium on SSRIs in Children and Adolescents. Program Book of the 35th Annual Meeting of the New Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit (NCDEU); May 31-June 3, 1995; Orlando, Fla; p 26
172. Simeon JC, Dinicola VF, Ferguson HB, et al. Adolescent depression: a placebo-controlled fluoxetine treatment study and follow-up. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1990;14:791-795
173. Livingston RL, Dykman RA, Ackerman PT. Psychiatric comorbidity and response to two doses of methylphenidate in children with attention deficit disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1992;2: 115-122
174. DuPaul GJ, Barkley RA, McMurray MB. Response of children with ADHD to methylphenidate: interaction with internalizing symptoms. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994;33:894-903
175. Tannock T, Ickowicz A, Schachar R. Differential effects of methylphenidate on working memory in ADHD children with and without comorbid anxiety. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995;34: 886-896
176. Urman R, Ickowicz A, Fulford P, et al. An exaggerated cardiovascular response to methylphenidate in ADHD children with anxiety. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1995;5:29-37