메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 7, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 841-847

Out of Africa? What do genes tell us?

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CELL NUCLEUS DNA; MITOCHONDRIAL DNA;

EID: 0031446724     PISSN: 0959437X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0959-437X(97)80049-4     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (34)

References (43)
  • 1
    • 0030437326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The African emergence and early Asian dispersals of the genus Homo
    • Larick R, Ciochon RL. The African emergence and early Asian dispersals of the genus Homo. Am Sci. 84:1996;538-551.
    • (1996) Am Sci , vol.84 , pp. 538-551
    • Larick, R.1    Ciochon, R.L.2
  • 2
    • 0030077945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioral influences on the evolution of human genetic diversity
    • Lasker GW, Crews DE. Behavioral influences on the evolution of human genetic diversity. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 5:1996;232-240.
    • (1996) Mol Phylogenet Evol , vol.5 , pp. 232-240
    • Lasker, G.W.1    Crews, D.E.2
  • 5
    • 1642572507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microsatellite variation and the differentiation of modern humans
    • of special interest. The results of this study suggest that effective population sizes played the main role in generating the present distributions of microsatellite alleles and their variation among human populations. Moreover, the existence of strong bottlenecks in the origin of the various human groups seems unlikely.
    • Perez-Lezaun A, Calafell F, Mateu E, Comas D, Ruiz-Pacheco R, Bertranpetit J. Microsatellite variation and the differentiation of modern humans. of special interest Hum Genet. 99:1997;1-7 The results of this study suggest that effective population sizes played the main role in generating the present distributions of microsatellite alleles and their variation among human populations. Moreover, the existence of strong bottlenecks in the origin of the various human groups seems unlikely.
    • (1997) Hum Genet , vol.99 , pp. 1-7
    • Perez-Lezaun, A.1    Calafell, F.2    Mateu, E.3    Comas, D.4    Ruiz-Pacheco, R.5    Bertranpetit, J.6
  • 8
    • 0029798343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sequence diversity of the control region of mitochondrial DNA in Tuscany and its implications for the peopling of Europe
    • Francalacci P, Bertranpetit J, Calafell F, Underhill PA. Sequence diversity of the control region of mitochondrial DNA in Tuscany and its implications for the peopling of Europe. Am J Phys Anthrpol. 100:1996;443-460.
    • (1996) Am J Phys Anthrpol , vol.100 , pp. 443-460
    • Francalacci, P.1    Bertranpetit, J.2    Calafell, F.3    Underhill, P.A.4
  • 9
    • 0031026061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The geographic distribution of human Y chromosome variation
    • of special interest. Unlike most papers dealing with this controversy, the authors take an even-handed approach and discuss alternative explanations for the diversity pattern and haplotype distributions of Y-linked polymorphisms. They also make a clear distinction between hypothesis testing versus hypothesis compatibility.
    • Hammer MF, Spurdle AB, Karafet T, Bonner MR, Wood ET, Novelletto A, Malaspina P, Mitchell RJ, Horai S, Jenkins T, Zegura SL. The geographic distribution of human Y chromosome variation. of special interest Genetics. 145:1997;787-805 Unlike most papers dealing with this controversy, the authors take an even-handed approach and discuss alternative explanations for the diversity pattern and haplotype distributions of Y-linked polymorphisms. They also make a clear distinction between hypothesis testing versus hypothesis compatibility.
    • (1997) Genetics , vol.145 , pp. 787-805
    • Hammer, M.F.1    Spurdle, A.B.2    Karafet, T.3    Bonner, M.R.4    Wood, E.T.5    Novelletto, A.6    Malaspina, P.7    Mitchell, R.J.8    Horai, S.9    Jenkins, T.10    Zegura, S.L.11
  • 10
    • 0001470711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methods and models for understanding human diversity
    • of outstanding interest. A.J. Boyce, Mascie-Taylor C.G.N. Cambridge University Press Cambridge. This paper and the following two references [11,12] make the simple but important point that differences in levels of genetic diversity among various human populations are explained well by differences in long-term effective population sizes. Hence, greater genetic diversity in Africans does not imply that the African population is the oldest modern human population.
    • Harpending HC, Relethford JH, Sherry ST. Methods and models for understanding human diversity. of outstanding interest Boyce AJ, Mascie-Taylor CGN. Molecular Biology and Human Diversity. 1996;283-299 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, This paper and the following two references [11,12] make the simple but important point that differences in levels of genetic diversity among various human populations are explained well by differences in long-term effective population sizes. Hence, greater genetic diversity in Africans does not imply that the African population is the oldest modern human population.
    • (1996) Molecular Biology and Human Diversity , pp. 283-299
    • Harpending, H.C.1    Relethford, J.H.2    Sherry, S.T.3
  • 11
    • 0028114464 scopus 로고
    • Craniometric variation, genetic theory, and modern human origins
    • Relethford JH, Harpending HC. Craniometric variation, genetic theory, and modern human origins. Am J Phys Anthropol. 95:1994;249-270.
    • (1994) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.95 , pp. 249-270
    • Relethford, J.H.1    Harpending, H.C.2
  • 12
    • 0001399313 scopus 로고
    • Ancient differences in population size can mimic a recent African origin of modern humans
    • Relethford JH, Harpending HC. Ancient differences in population size can mimic a recent African origin of modern humans. Curr Anthropol. 36:1995;667-674.
    • (1995) Curr Anthropol , vol.36 , pp. 667-674
    • Relethford, J.H.1    Harpending, H.C.2
  • 13
    • 0030949513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Archaic African and Asian lineages in the genetic ancestry of modern humans
    • of outstanding interest. This paper presents the most extensive data collected to date upon a nuclear DNA haplotype tree and the spatial distribution of its haplotypes. The results indicate gene flow constrained by isolation by distance, no bottleneck for non-Africans, and the persistence of haplotypes of Asian origin that are older than 200,000 years into current human population. There is no obvious way to reconcile these results with OAR.
    • Harding RM, Fullerton SM, Griffiths RC, Bond J, Cox MJ, Schneider JA, Moulin DS, Clegg JB. Archaic African and Asian lineages in the genetic ancestry of modern humans. of outstanding interest Am J Hum Genet. 60:1997;772-789 This paper presents the most extensive data collected to date upon a nuclear DNA haplotype tree and the spatial distribution of its haplotypes. The results indicate gene flow constrained by isolation by distance, no bottleneck for non-Africans, and the persistence of haplotypes of Asian origin that are older than 200,000 years into current human population. There is no obvious way to reconcile these results with OAR.
    • (1997) Am J Hum Genet , vol.60 , pp. 772-789
    • Harding, R.M.1    Fullerton, S.M.2    Griffiths, R.C.3    Bond, J.4    Cox, M.J.5    Schneider, J.A.6    Moulin, D.S.7    Clegg, J.B.8
  • 16
    • 0031053385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial and nuclear genes present conflicting portraits of human origins
    • of special interest. DNA sequence variation in an X-linked gene and in mtDNA have significant differences that are not consistent with a common demographic history nor with a population bottleneck during the time that human ancestors evolved into modern form.
    • Hey J. Mitochondrial and nuclear genes present conflicting portraits of human origins. of special interest Mol Biol Evol. 14:1997;166-172 DNA sequence variation in an X-linked gene and in mtDNA have significant differences that are not consistent with a common demographic history nor with a population bottleneck during the time that human ancestors evolved into modern form.
    • (1997) Mol Biol Evol , vol.14 , pp. 166-172
    • Hey, J.1
  • 17
    • 0040286756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Y-chromosome-specific restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) - relevance to human evolution and human variation
    • Mitchell RJ. Y-chromosome-specific restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) - relevance to human evolution and human variation. Am J Hum Biol. 8:1996;573-586.
    • (1996) Am J Hum Biol , vol.8 , pp. 573-586
    • Mitchell, R.J.1
  • 19
    • 0003675970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • of outstanding interest. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. This book presents an exhaustive summary of genetic diversity surveys in humans as well as many analyses of these data. The authors are proponents of OAR but the analyses given in this book show that the human genetic distance data fit well an isolation-by-distance model, whereas OAR requires ad hoc admixture events. See [26] for a detailed review of this book.
    • Cavalli-Sforza L, Menozzi P, Piazza A. . of outstanding interest The History and Geography of Human Genes. 1996;Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, This book presents an exhaustive summary of genetic diversity surveys in humans as well as many analyses of these data. The authors are proponents of OAR but the analyses given in this book show that the human genetic distance data fit well an isolation-by-distance model, whereas OAR requires ad hoc admixture events. See [26] for a detailed review of this book.
    • (1996) The History and Geography of Human Genes
    • Cavalli-Sforza, L.1    Menozzi, P.2    Piazza, A.3
  • 20
    • 0030065706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The root of the phylogenetic tree of human populations
    • Nei M, Takezaki N. The root of the phylogenetic tree of human populations. Mol Biol Evol. 13:1996;170-177.
    • (1996) Mol Biol Evol , vol.13 , pp. 170-177
    • Nei, M.1    Takezaki, N.2
  • 21
    • 0001771498 scopus 로고
    • Evolution in Mendelian populations
    • Wright S. Evolution in Mendelian populations. Genetics. 16:1931;97-159.
    • (1931) Genetics , vol.16 , pp. 97-159
    • Wright, S.1
  • 22
    • 0001024012 scopus 로고
    • Isolation by distance
    • Wright S. Isolation by distance. Genetics. 28:1943;114-138.
    • (1943) Genetics , vol.28 , pp. 114-138
    • Wright, S.1
  • 23
    • 0016241532 scopus 로고
    • Genic variation within and between the three major races of man, Caucasoids, Negroids, and Mongoloids
    • Nei M, Roychoudhury AK. Genic variation within and between the three major races of man, Caucasoids, Negroids, and Mongoloids. Am J Hum Genet. 26:1974;421-443.
    • (1974) Am J Hum Genet , vol.26 , pp. 421-443
    • Nei, M.1    Roychoudhury, A.K.2
  • 24
    • 0002032372 scopus 로고
    • Genetic relationship and evolution of human races
    • Nei M, Roychoudhury AK. Genetic relationship and evolution of human races. Evol Biol. 14:1982;1-59.
    • (1982) Evol Biol , vol.14 , pp. 1-59
    • Nei, M.1    Roychoudhury, A.K.2
  • 26
    • 0002373604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The paradox of human population genetics at the end of the twentieth century
    • of outstanding interest. A lengthy and detailed review of [19], which should be read first. The authors examine many of the unstated but implicit assumptions in that book, the most important being the myth of the primitive isolate.
    • Terrell JE, Stewart PJ. The paradox of human population genetics at the end of the twentieth century. of outstanding interest Rev Anthropol. 25:1996;13-33 A lengthy and detailed review of [19], which should be read first. The authors examine many of the unstated but implicit assumptions in that book, the most important being the myth of the primitive isolate.
    • (1996) Rev Anthropol , vol.25 , pp. 13-33
    • Terrell, J.E.1    Stewart, P.J.2
  • 27
    • 0023163377 scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution
    • Cann RL, Stoneking M, Wilson AC. Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution. Nature. 325:1987;31-36.
    • (1987) Nature , vol.325 , pp. 31-36
    • Cann, R.L.1    Stoneking, M.2    Wilson, A.C.3
  • 29
    • 0001795206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent African origin of human mitochondrial DNA: Review of the evidence and current status of the hypothesis
    • P. Donnelly, Tavaré S. New York: Springer
    • Stoneking M. Recent African origin of human mitochondrial DNA: review of the evidence and current status of the hypothesis. Donnelly P, Tavaré S. Progress in Population Genetics and Human Evolution. 1997;1-13 Springer, New York.
    • (1997) Progress in Population Genetics and Human Evolution , pp. 1-13
    • Stoneking, M.1
  • 30
    • 0030452291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human evolution and the mitochondrial genome
    • of outstanding interest. These two papers [29,30] are recent reviews by two of the principal proponents of OAR. The conclusions are strongly different from those presented in this review, so these reviews should also be read to obtain a fuller perspective of this controversy.
    • Stoneking M, Soodyall H. Human evolution and the mitochondrial genome. of outstanding interest Curr Opin Genet Dev. 6:1996;731-736 These two papers [29,30] are recent reviews by two of the principal proponents of OAR. The conclusions are strongly different from those presented in this review, so these reviews should also be read to obtain a fuller perspective of this controversy.
    • (1996) Curr Opin Genet Dev , vol.6 , pp. 731-736
    • Stoneking, M.1    Soodyall, H.2
  • 31
    • 2642591650 scopus 로고
    • African origin of human mitochondrial DNA reexamined
    • Maddison DR. African origin of human mitochondrial DNA reexamined. Syst Zool. 40:1991;355-363.
    • (1991) Syst Zool , vol.40 , pp. 355-363
    • Maddison, D.R.1
  • 32
    • 0026521195 scopus 로고
    • Human origins and analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences
    • Templeton AR. Human origins and analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences. Science. 255:1992;7-37.
    • (1992) Science , vol.255 , pp. 7-37
    • Templeton, A.R.1
  • 33
    • 84981893447 scopus 로고
    • Eve: Hypothesis compatibility versus hypothesis testing
    • Templeton AR. Eve: hypothesis compatibility versus hypothesis testing. Am Anthropol. 96:1994;141-147.
    • (1994) Am Anthropol , vol.96 , pp. 141-147
    • Templeton, A.R.1
  • 36
    • 0029058158 scopus 로고
    • Separating population structure from population history: A cladistic analysis of the geographical distribution of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in the Tiger Salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum
    • Templeton AR, Routman E, Phillips C. Separating population structure from population history: a cladistic analysis of the geographical distribution of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in the Tiger Salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum. Genetics. 140:1995;767-782.
    • (1995) Genetics , vol.140 , pp. 767-782
    • Templeton, A.R.1    Routman, E.2    Phillips, C.3
  • 38
    • 0010642489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nested clade analyses of phylogeographic data: Testing hypotheses about gene flow and population history
    • of special interest
    • Templeton AR. Nested clade analyses of phylogeographic data: testing hypotheses about gene flow and population history. of special interest Mol Ecol. 1997; In this paper, I address the question of whether or not geographical analyses of haplotype trees can indeed separate out the roles of recurrent gene flow from historical events such as range expansion by applying the statistical methodology given in [36] to several data sets with either strong prior evidence for range expansion or no evidence for such expansions. The results show that the statistical approach works very well.
    • (1997) Mol Ecol
    • Templeton, A.R.1
  • 39
    • 85044815939 scopus 로고
    • The Eve hypothesis: A genetic critique and reanalysis
    • Templeton AR. The Eve hypothesis: a genetic critique and reanalysis. Am Anthropol. 95:1993;51-72.
    • (1993) Am Anthropol , vol.95 , pp. 51-72
    • Templeton, A.R.1
  • 40
    • 0002395510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing the out-of-Africa replacement hypothesis with mitochondrial DNA data
    • of outstanding interest. G.A. Clark, Willermet C. Aldine de Gruyter New York Here, I present a detailed geographical analysis of the human mtDNA haplotype tree, including an explicit incorporation into the analysis of the uncertainty that exists in estimating the haplotype tree. The results confirm an earlier analysis by showing that the dominant pattern in recent human evolution has been isolation by distance, thereby falsifying both the replacement and admixture components of OAR but they confirm a significant range expansion across Europe, thereby showing that some local replacements may have occurred.
    • Templeton AR. Testing the out-of-Africa replacement hypothesis with mitochondrial DNA data. of outstanding interest Clark GA, Willermet C. Conceptual Issues in Modern Human Origins Research. 1997;329-360 Aldine de Gruyter, New York, Here, I present a detailed geographical analysis of the human mtDNA haplotype tree, including an explicit incorporation into the analysis of the uncertainty that exists in estimating the haplotype tree. The results confirm an earlier analysis by showing that the dominant pattern in recent human evolution has been isolation by distance, thereby falsifying both the replacement and admixture components of OAR but they confirm a significant range expansion across Europe, thereby showing that some local replacements may have occurred.
    • (1997) Conceptual Issues in Modern Human Origins Research , pp. 329-360
    • Templeton, A.R.1
  • 41
  • 42
    • 0031470484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neandertal DNA sequences and the origin of modern humans
    • of outstanding interest. The sequencing of a portion of mtDNA from a Neandertal fossil opens up a new and exciting phase of studies on recent human evolution. The sample size of 1, however, means that all conclusions about Neandertal populations should be regarded as tentative. The results are suggestive of a replacement of Neandertals in Europe, a result consistent with the analysis in [40] but which does not imply the global replacement required by OAR.
    • Krings M, Stone A, Schmitz RW, Krainitzki H, Stoneking M, Pääbo S. Neandertal DNA sequences and the origin of modern humans. of outstanding interest Cell. 90:1997;19-30 The sequencing of a portion of mtDNA from a Neandertal fossil opens up a new and exciting phase of studies on recent human evolution. The sample size of 1, however, means that all conclusions about Neandertal populations should be regarded as tentative. The results are suggestive of a replacement of Neandertals in Europe, a result consistent with the analysis in [40] but which does not imply the global replacement required by OAR.
    • (1997) Cell , vol.90 , pp. 19-30
    • Krings, M.1    Stone, A.2    Schmitz, R.W.3    Krainitzki, H.4    Stoneking, M.5    Pääbo, S.6
  • 43
    • 0003855751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • of outstanding interest. Simon & Schuster New York Wolpoff has been the principal advocate of the trellis model in the anthropological community and this book summarizes many of the fossil arguments for the trellis model. It is also discusses the implications of the trellis and candelabra models for racism.
    • Wolpoff M, Caspari R. . of outstanding interest Race and Human Evolution. 1997;Simon & Schuster, New York, Wolpoff has been the principal advocate of the trellis model in the anthropological community and this book summarizes many of the fossil arguments for the trellis model. It is also discusses the implications of the trellis and candelabra models for racism.
    • (1997) Race and Human Evolution
    • Wolpoff, M.1    Caspari, R.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.