T-type Ca2+ channels and pharmacological blockade: Potential pathophysiological relevance

Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy

Volumn 11, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 723-739

  Ertel, Sylvie I ^a   Ertel, Eric A ^b   Clozel, Jean Paul ^b,c  

^a Sundgau Medical Writers ^*  (France)

^b F HOFFMANN LA ROCHE LTD   (Switzerland)

^c F HOFFMANN LA ROCHE LTD   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Electrophysiology; Hypertension; Hypertrophy; Pathology; Proliferation; T type Ca2+ channels

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; AMIODARONE; ANGIOTENSIN; ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR; BARIUM ION; BEPRIDIL; CALCIUM CHANNEL; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM ION; CINNARIZINE; DIHYDROPYRIDINE DERIVATIVE; DIPHENYLBUTYLPIPERIDINE DERIVATIVE; ENDOTHELIN 1; FELODIPINE; FLUNARIZINE; FLUSPIRILENE; ISOPRENALINE; ISRADIPINE; MIBEFRADIL; NICKEL; NORADRENALIN; OCTANOL; PENFLURIDOL; SOMATOSTATIN; TETRAMETHRIN; TETRANDRINE;

ACTION POTENTIAL; ANGINA PECTORIS; ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CALCIUM CONDUCTANCE; CALCIUM CURRENT; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CHANNEL GATING; DRUG STRUCTURE; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; ENDOCRINE SYSTEM; FIBROBLAST; GLIA CELL; HEART; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART HYPERTROPHY; HEART MUSCLE FIBROSIS; HEART RATE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; NONHUMAN; OSTEOBLAST; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; SMOOTH MUSCLE; VASCULAR RESISTANCE; ANIMAL; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; DRUG EFFECT; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; CALCIUM CHANNELS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; HUMANS;

EID: 0031282933     PISSN: 09203206     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1007706022381     Document Type: Article

References (216)

1. Akaike N, Kanaide H, Kuga T, Nakamura M, Sadoshima J-I, Tomoike J. Low-voltage-activated calcium current in rat aorta smooth muscle cells in primary culture. J Physiol 1989;416:141-160.
2. Akaike N, PG Kostyuk, Ospichuk YV. Dihydropyridine-sensitive low threshold calcium channels in isolated rat hypothalamic neurones. J Physiol (Lond) 1989;412:181-195.
3. 2+ currents. Glia 1996;17:181-194.
4. Alborch E, Salom JB, Torregrosa G. Calcium channels in cerebral arteries. Pharmacol Ther 1995;68:1-34.
5. Alvarez JL, Rubio LS, Vassort G. Facilitation of T-type calcium current in bullfrog atrial cells: Voltage-dependent relief of a G protein inhibitory tone. J Physiol (Lond) 1996; 491:321-334.
6. Alvarez JL, Vassort G. Properties of the low threshold Ca current in single frog atrial cardiomyocytes. A comparison with the high threshold Ca current. J Gen Physiol 1992;100: 519-545.
7. Aoki K, Asano M. Effects of Bay K 8644 and nifedipine on femoral arteries of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Br J Pharmacol 1986;88:221-230.
8. Argibay, JA, Fischmeister R, Hartzell HC. Inactivation, reactivation and pacing dependence of calcium current in frog cardiocytes: Correlation with current density. J Physiol (Lond) 1988;401:201-226.
9. Armstrong CM, Matteson DR. Two distinct populations of calcium channels in a clonal line of pituitary cells. Science 1985;227:65-67.
10. 2+ channels by adhesion to the egg zona pellucida. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:13004-13009.
11. 2+ channel trigger secretion with different efficacies in chromaffin cells. Nature 1994;367:72-76.
12. 2+ channels in guinea pig heart cells. J Physiol 1992; 456:247-265.
13. Barbara JG, Takeda K. Voltage-dependent currents and modulation of calcium channel expression in zona fasciculata cells from rat adrenal gland. J Physiol (Lond) 1995;488:609-622.
14. Barnes S, Haynes LW. Low-voltage-activated calcium channels in human retinoblastoma cells. Brain Res 1992;598: 19-22.
15. 2+ currents in human pancreatic islet beta-cells: Evidence for roles in the generation of action potentials and insulin secretion. Pflugers Arch 1995;431:272-282.
16. + and atrial natriuretic peptide. Am J Physiol 1991;261:F706-F719.
17. 2+ channels by atrial natriuretic peptide in the bovine adrenal glomerulosa cell. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1991;69:1553-1560.
18. Barrett PQ, Liu LP, Lu HK, Fern RJ. Angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone secretion by two distinct mechanisms that modulate low-voltage-activated T-type calcium channels. In: Clozel JP, Nargeot J, Tsien RW, eds. Low-Voltage-Activated T-Type Ca Channels. Chester UK: Adis International, 1997, in press.
19. Beam KG, Knudson CM. Calcium currents in embryonic and neonatal mammalian skeletal muscle. J Gen Physiol 1988;91: 781-798.
20. Beam KG, Knudson CM. Effects of postnatal development on calcium currents and slow charge movement in mammalian skeletal muscle. J Gen Physiol 1988;91:799-815.
21. Bean BP. Classes of calcium channels in vertebrate cells. Annu Rev Physiol 1989;51:367-384.
22. Bean BP. Two kinds of calcium channels in canine atrial cells. Differences in kinetics, selectivity, and pharmacology. J Gen Physiol 1985;86:1-30.
23. Bean BP, Sturek M, Puga A, Hermsmeyer K. Calcium channels in muscle cells isolated from rat mesenteric arteries: Modulation by dihydropyridine drugs. Circ Res 1986;59: 229-235.
24. 2+ currents in acutely isolated human hippocampal granule cells. J Neurophysiol 1997;77:1526-1537.
25. Bellet M, Sassano P, Guyenne T, Corvol P, Ménard J. Converting-enzyme inhibition buffers the counter-regulatory response to acute administration of nicardipine. Br J Clin Pharmac 1987;24:465-472.
26. Bénardeau A, Ertel EA. Selective block of myocardial T-type calcium channels by mibefradil: A comparison with the 1,4-dihydropyridine amlodipine. In Clozel JP, Nargeot J, Tsien RW, eds. Low-Voltage-Activated T-Type Ca Channels. Chester UK: Adis International, 1997, in press.
27. Benham CD, Hess P, Tsien RW. Two types of calcium channels in single smooth muscle cells from rabbit ear artery studied with whole-cell and single-channel recordings. Circ Res 1987;61:10-16.
28. Berger CL, De Bustros A, Roos BA, Leong SS, Mendelsohn G, Gesell MS, Baylin SB. Human medullary thyroid carcinoma in culture provides a model relating growth dynamics, endocrine cell differentiation, and tumor progression. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984;59:338-343.
29. Best PM, Chen C-C, Xu X. Regulation of the density of T-type calcium current by growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 in atrial myocytes. In: Clozel J-P, Nargeot J, Tsien RW, eds. Low-Voltage-Activated T-Type Ca Channels. Chester, UK: Adis International, 1997, in press.
30. Beuckelmann DJ, Näbauer M, Erdmann E. Characteristics of calcium-current in isolated human ventricular myocytes from patients with terminal heart failure. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1991;23:929-937.
31. Biagi BA, Enyeart JJ. Multiple calcium currents in a thyroid C-cell line biophysical properties and pharmacology. Am J Physiol 1991;260:C1253-C1263.
32. Biagi BA, Mlinar B, Enyeart JJ. Membrane currents in a calcitonin-secreting human C cell line. Am J Physiol 1992; 263:C986-C994.
33. 2+ currents in cardiac cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1995;26 (Suppl. 3):S293-S296.
34. ++ concentrations in single frog atrial cells. Pflugers Arch 1987;408:540-542.
35. Bonvallet R, Rougier O. Existence of two calcium currents recorded at normal calcium concentrations in single frog atrial cells. Cell Calcium 1989;10:499-509.
36. Bossu J-L, Elhamdani A, Feltz A. Voltage-dependent calcium entry in confluent bovine capillary endothelial cells. Fed Eur Biochem Soc 1992;299:239-242.
37. 2+ channels in dendrites of cerebellar Purkinje cells. In: Clozel JP, Nargeot J, Tsien RW, eds. Low-Voltage-Activated T-Type Ca Channels. Chester, UK: Adis International, 1997, in press.
38. Bossu JL, Feltz A, Thomann JM. Depolarization elicits two distinct calcium currents in vertebrate sensory neurones. Pflugers Arch 1985;403:360-368.
39. Brilla CG, Zhou G, Weber KT. Aldosterone-mediated stimulation of collagen synthesis in cultured cardiac fibroblasts. Proc 14th Scientific Meeting, International Society on Hypertension 1992, P23.
40. Bruner CA, Webb RC. Increased vascular reactivity to Bay K 8644 in genetic hypertension. Pharmacology 1990;41: 24-35.
41. Buisson B, Laflamme L, Bottari SP, de Gasparo M, Gallo Payet N, Payet MD. A G protein is involved in the angiotensin AT2 receptor inhibition of the T-type calcium current in non-differentiated NG108-15 cells. J Biol Chem 1995;270: 1670-1674.
42. Carbone E, Lux HD. Kinetics and selectivity of a low-voltage-activated calcium current in chick and rat sensory neurones. J Physiol (Lond) 1987;386:547-570.
43. Carbone E, Lux HD. A low voltage-activated calcium conductance in embryonic chick sensory neurons. Biophys J 1984;46:413-418.
44. Carbone E, Lux HD. A low voltage-activated fully inactivating Ca channel in vertebrate sensory neurones. Nature 1984; 310:501-502.
45. Carbone E, Sher E, Clementi F. Ca currents in human neuroblastoma IMR32 cells: Kinetics, permeability and pharmacology. Pflugers Arch 1990;416:170-179.
46. Chen C, Zhang J, Vincent JD, Israel JM. Two types of voltage-dependent calcium current in rat somatotrophs are reduced by somatostatin. J Physiol (Lond) 1990;425:29-42.
47. Chen CF, Corbley MJ, Roberts TM, Hess P. Voltage-sensitive calcium channels in normal and transformed 3T3 fibroblasts. Science 1988;239:1024-1026.
48. Chesnoy-Marchais D, Fritsch J. Voltage-gated sodium and calcium currents in rat osteoblasts. J Physiol 1988;398:291-311.
49. Chung JM, Huguenard JR, Prince DA. Transient enhancement of low-threshold calcium current in thalamic relay neurons after corticectomy. J Neurophysiol 1993;70:20-27.
50. Cohen CJ, McCarthy RT. Differential effects of dihydropyridines on two populations of Ca channels in anterior pituitary cells. Biophys J 1985;47:513.
51. Cohen CJ, McCarthy RT. Nimodipine block of calcium channels in rat anterior pituitary cells. J Physiol (Lond) 1987; 387:195-225.
52. + and angiotensin II increase T-type Ca channel current. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988;85:2412-2416.
53. Cohen CJ, Spires S, Van Skiver D. Block of T-type Ca channels in guinea pig atrial cells by antiarrhythmic agents and Ca channel antagonists. J Gen Physiol 1992;100:703-728.
54. Coulter DA, Huguenard JR, Prince DA. Characterization of ethosuximide reduction of low-threshold calcium current in thalamic neurons. Ann Neurol 1989;25:582-593.
55. Crunelli V, Leresche N. A role for GABAB receptors in excitation and inhibition of thalamocortical cells. Trends Neurosci 1991;14:16-21.
56. Curtis MJ, Pugsley MK, Walker MJ. Endogenous chemical mediators of ventricular arrhythmias in ischaemic heart disease. Cardiovasc Res 1993;27:703-719.
57. Davalli AM, Biancardi E, Polio A, et al. Dihydropyridine-sensitive and -insensitive voltage-operated calcium channels participate in the control of glucose-induced insulin release from human pancreatic beta cells. J Endocrinol 1996;150: 195-203.
58. de la Peña E, Geijo Barrientos E. Laminar localization, morphology, and physiological properties of pyramidal neurons that have the low-threshold calcium current in the guinea-pig medial frontal cortex. J Neurosci 1996; 16:5301-5311.
59. Dirksen RT, Beam KG. Single calcium channel behavior in native skeletal muscle. J Gen Physiol 1995;105:227-247.
60. Ebata H, Natsume T, Mitsuhashi T, Yaginuma T. Reduced calcium sensitivity of dihydropyridine binding to calcium channels in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 1991;17:234-241.
61. Elliott ME, Goodfriend TL. Inhibition of aldosterone synthesis by atrial natriuretic factor. Proc Fed Am Soc Exp Biol 1986;45:2376-2381.
62. Engler E, Matthias D, Becker CH. Pathomorphological reactions of myocardium and intramural vessels of rats in the course of hypertension induced by depot angiotensin: Autoradiographic, light and electron microscopic investigations. Exp Pathol 1980;18:37-51.
63. Enyeart JJ, Biagi BA, Mlinar B. Preferential block of T-type calcium channels by neuroleptics in neural crest-derived rat and human C cell lines. Mol Pharmacol 1992;42:364-372.
64. Enyeart JJ, Mlinar B, Enyeart JA. T-type calcium channels are required for adrenocorticotropin-stimulated cortisol production by bovine adrenal zona fasciculata cells. Mol Endocrinol 1993;7:1031-1040.
65. Ertel EA. Mibefradil (Ro 40-5967) is a selective blocker of myocardial T-type vs. L-type Ca channels. Biophysical J 1996;70:A315.
66. 2+ channels. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1997;18:37-42.
67. Ertel EA, Smith MM, Leibowitz MD, Cohen CJ. Isolation of myocardial L-type calcium channel gating currents with the spider toxin omega-Aga-IIIA. J Gen Physiol 1994;103: 731-753.
68. Ertel EA, Warren VA, Adams ME, Griffin PR, Cohen CJ, Smith MM. Type III omega-agatoxins: A family of probes for similar binding sites on L- and N-type calcium channels. Biochemistry 1994;33:5098-5108.
69. 2+ channel blocker. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 1997;6:569-582.
70. Estacion M, Mordan LJ. Expression of voltage-gated calcium channels correlates with PDGF-stimulated calcium influx and depends upon cell density in C3H 10T1/2 mouse fibroblasts. Cell Calcium 1993;14:161-171.
71. Fedulova SA, Kostyuk PG, Veselovsky NS. Two types of calcium channels in the somatic membrane of newborn rat dorsal root ganglion neurones. J Physiol 1985;359:431-446.
72. Fox AP, Nowycky MC, Tsien RW. Kinetic and pharmacological properties distinguishing three types of calcium currents in chick sensory neurones. J Physiol 1987;394:149-172.
73. Friedman ME, Suarez-Kurtz G, Kaczorowski GJ, Katz GM, Reuben JP. Two calcium currents in a smooth muscle cell line. Am J Physiol 1986;250:H699-H703.
74. Furukawa T, Ito H, Nitta J, et al. Endothelin-I enhances calcium entry through T-type calcium channels in cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. Circ Res 1992;71:1242-1253.
75. Ganitkevich VY, Isenberg G. Contribution of two types of calcium channels to membrane conductance of single myocytes from guinea-pig coronary artery. J Physiol 1990;426: 19-42.
76. Ganten D, Schelling P, Flugel RM, Fischer H. Effect of angiotensin and the angiotensin antagonist P113 on isorenin and cell growth in 3T3 mouse cells. IRCS Journal of Medical Science 1975, volume 3, p 327.
77. García J, Beam KG. Calcium transients associated with the T-type calcium current in myotubes. J Gen Physiol 1994; 104:1113-1128.
78. Gloor P, Fariello RG. Generalized epilepsy: Some of its cellular mechanisms differ from those of focal epilepsy. Trends Neurosci 1988;11:63-68.
79. Gottman K, Dietzel ID, Lux LD, Huck S, Rohrer H. Development of inward currents in chick sensory and automatic neuronal precursor cells in culture. J Neurosci 1988; 8:3722-3732.
80. 2+ channels of human neuroblastoma IMR32 cells by Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) IgGs. Neurosci Lett 1994;181:50-56.
81. Gu X, Olson EC, Spitzer NC. Spontaneous neuronal calcium spikes and waves during early differentiation. J Neurosci 1994; 14:6325-3335.
82. 2+ in developing Xenopus neurons. J Neurosci 1993;13:4936-4948. (Published erratum appears in J Neurosci 1994 14(3 Pt 1) following table of contents.)
83. Guarda E, Katwa LC, Myers PR, Tyagi SC, Weber KT. Effects of endothelins on collagen turnover in cardiac fibroblasts. Cardiovasc Res 1993;27:2130-2134.
84. Guérineau N, Corcuff J-B, Tabarin A, Mollard P. Spontaneous and corticotropin-releasing factor-induced cytosolic calcium transients in corticotrophs. Endocrinology 1991;129: 409-420.
85. Hagiwara N, Irisawa H, Kameyama M. Contribution of two types of calcium currents to the pacemaker potentials of rabbit sino-atrial node cells. J Physiol (Lond) 1988;395:233-253.
86. Hagiwara S, Ozawa S, Sand O. Voltage-clamp analysis of two inward current mechanisms in the egg cell membrane of a starfish. J Gen Physiol 1975;65:617-644.
87. Hermsmeyer K. Differences of calcium channels in vascular muscle in hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1991;4:412S-415S.
88. Hess P. Calcium channels in vertebrate cells. Annu Rev Neurosci 1990;13:337-356.
89. Hille B. Ionic Channels of Excitable Membranes. Sutherland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 1992.
90. Hirano Y, Fozzard HA, January CT. Characteristics of L- and T-type currents in canine cardiac Purkinje cells. Am J Physiol 1989;256:H1478-H1492.
91. Hirata Y, Takagi Y, Fukuda Y, Marumo F. Endothelin is a potent mitogen for rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis 1989;78:225-228.
92. Hockings GI, Grice JE, Crosbie GV, Walters MM, Jackson RV. Altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responsiveness in myotonic dystrophy: In vivo evidence for abnormal dihydropyridine-insensitive transport. J Clin Endocrin Metab 1993;76:1433-1438.
93. Hosford, DA. Models of primary generalized epilepsy. Curr Opin Neurol 1995;8:121-125.
94. Huguenard JR. Low-threshold calcium currents in central nervous system neurons. Annu Rev Physiol 1996;58:329-348.
95. Huguenard JR, Prince DA. Clonazepam suppresses GABAB-mediated inhibition in thalamic relay neurons through effects in nucleus reticularis. J Neurophysiol 1994; 71:2576-2581.
96. Huguenard JR, Prince DA. A novel T-type current underlies prolonged calcium-dependent burst firing in GABAergic neurons of rat RT. J Neurosci 1992;12:3804-3821.
97. 2+ conductance. J Physiol 1991;442:15-29.
98. Ito H, Hirata Y, Hiroe M, et al. Endothelin-1 induces hypertrophy with enhanced expression of muscle-specific genes in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Circ Res 1991;69:209-215.
99. A receptor antagonist blocks cardiac hypertrophy provoked by hemodynamic overload. Circulation 1994;89:2198-2203.
100. Jacob TJC. Identification of a low-threshold T-type calcium channel in bovine ciliary epithelial cells. Am J Physiol 1991; 261:C808-C813.
101. Janis RA, Triggle DJ. Drugs acting on calcium channels. In: Hurwitz LH, Partridge LD, Leach JK, eds. Calcium Channels: Their Properties, Functions, Regulation and Clinical Relevance. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1991;195-249.
102. 2+ channels in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. In: Clozel JP, Nargeot J, Tsien RW, eds. Low-Voltage-Activated T-Type Ca Channels. Chester, UK: Adis International, 1997, in press.
103. Karam H, Heudes D, Hess P, Gonzales MF, Löffler BM, Clozel M, Clozel JP. Respective role of humoral factors and blood pressure in cardiac remodeling of DOCA hypertensive rats. Cardiovasc Res 1996;31:287-295.
104. Kawano S, DeHaan RL. Low-threshold current is major calcium current in chick ventricular cells. Am J Physiol 1989;256:H1505-H1508.
105. Kelly JM, Gross RA, Macdonald RL. Valproic acid selectively reduces the low-threshold (T) calcium current in rat nodose neurons. Neurosci Lett 1990;116:233-238.
106. Kito M, Maehara M, Watanabe K. Mechanisms of T-type calcium channel blockade by zonisamide. Seizure 1996;5:115-119.
107. Kleiman RB, Houser SR. Outward currents in normal and hypertrophied feline ventricular myocytes. Am J Physiol 1989;256:H1450-H1461.
108. Kostyuk PG, Molokanova EA, Pronchuk NF, Savchenko AN, Verkhratsky AN. Different action of ethosuximide on low- and high-threshold calcium currents in rat sensory neurons. Neuroscience 1992;51:755-758.
109. Kostyuk PG, Pronchuk N, Savchenko A, Verkhratsky A. Calcium currents in aged rat dorsal root ganglion neurones. J Physiol (Lond) 1993;461:467-483.
110. 2+ currents in rat aortic smooth muscle cells in primary culture. Circ Res 1996;79:14-19.
111. 2+ channels in rat aorta smooth muscle cells in primary culture. Circ Res 1990;67:469-480.
112. Lehmann-Horn F, Sipos I, Jurkat-Rott K, et al. Altered calcium currents in human hypokalemic periodic paralysis myotubes expressing mutant L-type calcium channels. In: Dawson DC, Frizell RA, eds. New York, NY: The Rockefeller University Press, 1995;50:101-113. Society of General Physiologists Series: Ion channels and genetic diseases.
113. Li J, Nathan RD. Ionic basis of ryanodine's negative chronotropic effect on S-A node pacemaker cells. Biophys J 1997;72:A49.
114. ++ inward currents by Ro 40-5967 and verapamil: Relation to negative inotropy. Eur J Pharmacol 1991;196:205-207.
115. 1E expression in spermatogenic cells, and their possible relevance to the sperm acrosome reaction. FEBS Lett 1996;388:150-154.
116. Liu Q-Y, Karpinski E, Pang PKT. Tetrandrine inhibits both T and L calcium channel cuurents in ventricular cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1992;20:513-519.
117. Lledo PM, Legendre P, Israel JM, Vincent JD. Dopamine inhibits two characterized voltage-dependent calcium currents in identified rat lactotroph cells. Endocrinology 1990; 127:990-1001.
118. Llinas M, Sugemori M, Lin J-W, Cherksey B. Blocking and isolation of a calcium channel from neurons in mammals and cephalopods utilizing a toxin fraction (FTX) from funnel web spider poison. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989;86:1689-1693.
119. Llinas R, Yarom Y. Specific blockade of the low threshold calcium channel by high molecular weight alcohols. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1986;12:174.
120. Loirand G, Mironneau C, Mironneau J, Pacaud P. Two types of calcium currents in single smooth muscle cells from rat portal vein. J Physiol (Lond) 1989;412:333-349.
121. 2+ channel currents via activation of a G protein, Gi. Am J Physiol 1996; 271:C1340-C1349.
122. 2+ channels by calmodulin-dependent protein-kinase-II. Am J Physiol 1994;267:F183-189.
123. 2+ channels in apical dendrites of rat CA1 pyramidal neurons. J Physiol 1995;487:67-90.
124. 2+ antagonist Ro 40-5967: Consequences on heart rate and cardiac output. Biophys J 1997;72:A256.
125. Mann DL, Kent RL, Cooper G. Load regulation of the properties of adult feline cardiocytes: Growth induction by cellular deformation. Circ Res 1989;64:1079-1090.
126. Marban E, Koretsun Y. Cell calcium, oncogenes, and hypertrophy. Hypertension 1993;15:652-658.
127. Marchetti C, Brown AM. Protein kinase activator 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol inhibits two types of calcium current in GH3 cells. Am J Physiol 1988;54:C206-C210.
128. Marchetti C, Carbone E, Lux HD. Effects of dopamine and noradrenaline on Ca channels of cultured sensory and sympathetic neurons of chick. Pflugers Arch 1986;406:104-111.
129. 2+ currents in shark ventricular myocytes. Am J Physiol 1995;269: H1695-H1703.
130. McCarthy RT, Cohen CJ. Nimodipine block of calcium channels in rat vascular smooth muscle cell lines. Exceptionally high-affinity binding in A7r5 and A10 cells. J Gen Physiol 1989;94:669-92.
131. McCarthy RT, Isales C, Rasmussen H. T-type calcium channels in adrenal glomerulosa cells: GTP-dependent modulation by angiotensin II. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90: 3260-3264.
132. McCobb DP, Best PM, Beam KG. Development alters the expression of calcium currents in chick limb motoneurons. Neuron 1989;2:1633-1643.
133. 2+ in dog coronary arterial vascular muscle cells by Ro 40-5967. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1994;24:1-7. (Published erratum appears in J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1995 25:679.)
134. 2+ channels by Ro 40-5967. Circ Res 1994;75:144-148.
135. Mitra R, Morad M. Two types of calcium channels in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986;83: 5340-5344.
136. 2+ current. J Gen Physiol 1993;102:217-237.
137. Muntinga HJ, van der Vring JA, Niemeyer MG, et al. Effect of mibefradil on left ventricular diastolic function in patients with congestive heart failure. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1996;27:652-656.
138. Nilius B, Hess P, Lansman JB, Tsien RW. A novel type of cardiac calcium channel in ventricular cells. Nature 1985; 316:443-446.
139. Noble D. The surprising heart: A review of recent progress in cardiac electrophysiology. J Physiol 1984;353:1-50.
140. Nowycky MC, Fox AP, Tsien RW. Three types of neuronal calcium channel with different calcium sensitivity. Nature 1985;316:440-443.
141. 2+ current is expressed in hypertrophied adult feline left ventricular myocytes. Circ Res 1993;73:777-782.
142. Nuss HB, Houser SR. Voltage dependence of contraction and calcium current in severely hypertrophied feline ventricular myocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1991;3:717-726.
143. Nyborg NCB, Mulvany MJ. Lack of effect of antihypertensive treatment with felodipine on cardiovascular structure of young spontaneously hypertensive rats. Cardiovasc Res 1985;19:528-536.
144. 2+ channels in resistance arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats. Circ Res 1993;73:1090-1099.
145. Osaka T, Joyner RW. Developmental changes in calcium currents of rabbit ventricular cells. Circ Res 1991;68:788-796.
146. Ouadid H, Séguin J, Richard S, Chaptal PA, Nargeot J. Properties and modulation of Ca channels in adult human atrial cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1991;23:41-54.
147. Pacaud P, Loirand G, Mironneau C, Mironneau J. Opposing effects of noradrenaline on the two classes of voltage-dependent calcium channels of single vascular smooth muscle cells in short-term primary culture. Pflugers Arch 1987;410: 557-559.
148. 2+ ionic currents in glomerulosa cells from human adrenal glands. Endocrinology 1994; 134:2589-2598.
149. Portegies MC, Schmitt R, Kraaij CJ, et al. Lack of negative inotropic effects of the new calcium antagonist Ro 40-5967 in patients with stable angina pectoris. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1991;18:746-751.
150. Quignard JF, Frapier JM, Harricane MC, Albat B, Nargeot J, Richard S. Voltage-gated calcium channel currents in human coronary myocytes. Regulation by cyclic GMP and nitric oxide. J Clin Invest 1997;99:185-193.
151. Rampe D, Triggle DJ. New synthetic ligands for L-type voltage-gated calcium channels. Prog Drug Rex 1993;40:191-238.
152. 2+ channels in cerebellar granule cells. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1993;19:1478.
153. Reuveny E, Twombly DA, Narahashi T. Chlordiazepoxide block of two types of calcium channels in neuroblastoma cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993;264:22-28.
154. 2+-currents in cultivated aortic myocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1992; 1160:95-104.
155. ++-current modulated differentially by physiological stimuli. Am J Physiol 1990;258: H1872-H1881.
156. Ritchie AK. Estrogen increases low voltage-activated calcium current density in GH3 anterior pituitary cells. Endocrinology 1993;132:1621-1629.
157. Rivet M, Cognard C, Rideau Y, Duport G, Raymond G. Calcium currents in normal and dystrophic human skeletal muscle cells in culture. Cell Calcium 1990;11:507-514.
158. Rohwedel J, Maltsev V, Bober E, Arnold H-H, Hescheler J, Wobus AM. Muscle cell differentiation of embryonic stem cells reflects myogenesis in vivo: Developmentally regulated expression of myogenic determination genes and functional expression of ionic currents. Der Biol 1994;164:87-101.
159. + channel antagonists in guinea pig pancreatic alpha-2 cells. J Gen Physiol 1988;91:243-254.
160. Rossier MF, Burnay MM, Capponi AM. Distinct functions of T and L-type calcium channels during activation of aldosterone production in adrenal glomerulosa cells. In: Clozel JP, Nargeot J, Tsien RW, eds. Chester, UK: Adis International, 1997, in press. Low-Voltage-activated T-type Ca Channels.
161. Rossier MF, Python CP, Capponi AM, Schlegel W, Kwan CY, Valloton MB. Blocking T-type calcium channels with tetrandrine inhibits steroidogenesis in bovine adrenal glomerulosa cells. Endocrinology 1993;132:1035-1043.
162. Rougier O, Vassort G, Gamier D, Gargouil YM, Coraboeuf E. Existence and role of a slow inward current during the frog atrial action potential. Pflugers Arch 1969;308: 91-110.
163. Rousseau MF, Hayashida W, van Eyll C, et al. Hemodynamic and cardiac effects of the selective T-type and L-type calcium channel blocking agent mibefradil in patients with varying degrees of left ventricular systolic dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:972-979.
164. Sah DW. Human fetal central neurons in culture: Voltage- and ligand-gated currents. J Neurophysiol 1995;74:1889-1899.
165. Sayer KJ, Brown AM, Schwindt PC, Crill WE. Calcium currents in acutely isolated human neocoitical neurons. J Neurophysiol 1993;69:1596-1606.
166. Schmitt R, Clozel JP, Iberg N, Buhler FR. Mibefradil prevents neointima formation after vascular injury in rats. Possible role of the blockade of the T-type voltage-operated calcium channel. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995;15: 1161-1165.
167. Schmitt R, Kleinbloesem CH, Belz GG, et al. Hemodynamic and humoral effects of the novel calcium antagonist Ro 40-5967 in patients with hypertension. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992;52:314-323.
168. Schmitt R, Kleinbloesem CH, Osterrieder W. Ro 40-5967, a calcium antagonist of a new generation? Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1989;36(Suppl.):A336.
169. 2+ current amplitudes correlate with lethal increases in blood pressure J Vasc Res 1994;31: 359-360.
170. Sen L, Bialecki RA, Smith E, Smith TW, Colucci WS. Cholesterol increases the L-type voltage-sensitive calcium channel current in arterial smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 1992;71: 1008-1014.
171. 2+ channels are abnormal in genetically determined cardiomyopathic hamster hearts. Circ Res 1994;75:149-155.
172. Shiomi H, Yamano S, Shono M, Aono T. Characteristics of calcium ion influx induced by human follicular fluid in individual human sperm. Arch Androl 1996;37:79-86.
173. 2+ currents in single myocytes from human mesenteric arteries: Evidence for a physiological role of L-type channels. J Physiol (Lond) 1992;457:455-475.
174. Smirnov SV, Zholos AV, Shuba MF. Potential-dependent inward currents in single isolated smooth muscle cells of the rat ileum. J Physiol (Lond) 1992;454:549-571.
175. rd. Basic mechanisms of generalized absence seizures. Ann Neurol 1995;37:146-157.
176. Spitzer NC, deBaca RC, Allen KA, Holliday J. Calcium dependence of differentiation of GARA immunoreactivity in spinal neurons. J Comp Neurol 1993;337:168-175.
177. Steriade M, Llinas RR. The functional states of the thalamus and the associated neuronal interplay. Physiol Rev 1988;68 649-742.
178. Stoll M, Steckelings UM, Paul M, Bottari SP, Metzger R, Unger T. The angiotensin AT2-receptor mediates inhibition of cell proliferation in coronary endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 1995;95:651-657.
179. Suzuki S, Kawakami K, Nishimura S, Watanabe Y, Yagi K, Seino M, Miyamoto K. Zonisamide blocks T-type calcium channel in cultured neurons of rat cerebral cortex. Epilepsy Res 1992;12:21-27.
180. Suzuki S, Rogawski MA. T-type calcium channels mediate the transition between tonic and phasic firing in thalamic neurons. Pror Natl Acad Sci USA 1989;86:7228-7232.
181. Takahashi K, Akaike N. Calcium antagonist effects on low-threshold (T-type) calcium current in rat isolated hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1990; 256:169-175.
182. Takahashi K, Wakamori M, Akaike N. Hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells of rats have four voltage-dependent calcium conductances. Neurosci Lett 1989;104:229-234.
183. 2+)i in human GH-secreting adenoma cells. Am J Physiol 1996;271:E801-E807.
184. Tang C-M, Presser F, Morad M. Amiloride selectively blocks the low threshold (T) calcium channel. Science 1988; 240:213-215.
185. Traub RD, Miles R, Jefferys JGR. Synaptic and intrinsic conductances shape picrotoxin-induced synchronized after discharges in the guinea-pig hippocampal slice. J Physiol 1993;461:525-547.
186. Tsakiridou E, Bertollini L, de Curds M, Avanzini G, Pape HC. Selective increase in T-type calcium conductance of reticular thalamic neurons in a rat model of absence epilepsy. J Neurosci 1995;15:3110-3117.
187. Tseng G-N, Boyden PA. Different effects of intracellular Ca and protein kinase C on cardiac T and L Ca currents. Am J Physiol 1991;261:H364-H379.
188. 2+ currents in single canine Purkinje cells. Circ Res 1989;65:1735-1750.
189. Tsunoo A, Yoshii M, Narahashi T. Differential block of two calcium channels in neuroblastoma cells. Biophys J 1985;47: 433.
190. 2+ channels. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1988; 337:690-692.
191. 2+ conductances in human neuroblastoma NB69 cells cultured in defined serum-free and astrocyte-conditioned media. Glia 1997;20:70-78.
192. Vacher E, Richer C, Fornes P, Clozel JP, Giudicelli JF. Mibefradil, a selective calcium T-channel blocker in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1996;27:686-694.
193. Veniant M, Gray GA, Heudes D, Ménard J, Clozel JP. Structural changes and cyclic GMP content of the aorta after calcium antagonism or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in renovascular hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 1995; 13:731-737.
194. Villarreal FJ, Kim NN, Ungab GD, Printz MP, Dillmann WH. Identification of functional angiotensin II receptors on rat cardiac fibroblasts. Circulation 1993;88:2849-2861.
195. ++ current in smooth muscle cells. FASEB J 1988;2:2497-2504.
196. Wang R, Karpinski E, Pang KT. Two types of calcium channels in isolated smooth muscle cells from rat tail artery. Am J Physiol 1989;256:H1361-H1368.
197. 2+ influx via T-type channels modulates PDGF-induced replication of mouse fibroblasts. Am J Physiol 1993;265:C1239-C1246.
198. Weber KT, Brilla CG. Pathological hypertrophy and cardiac interstitium: Fibrosis and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Circulation 1991;83:1849-1865.
199. Wilde DW, Furspan PB, Szocik JF. Calcium current in smooth muscle cells from normotensive and genetically hypertensive rats. Hypertension 1994;24:739-746.
200. 2+ currents in human colonic smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol 1995;269:G378-G385.
201. Xiong Z, Sperelakis N, Noffsinger A, Fenoglio-Preiser C. Changes in calcium channel current densities in rat colonic muscle cells during development and aging. Am J Physiol 1993;265:C617-C625.
202. Xu X, Best PM. Increase in T-type calcium current in atrial myocytes from adult rats with growth hormone-secreting tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87:4655-4659.
203. Xu X, Best PM. Postnatal changes in T-type calcium current density in rat atrial myocytes. J Physiol (Lond) 1992;454: 657-672.
204. Yaari Y, Hamon B, Lux HD. Development of two types of calcium channels in cultured mammalian hippocampal neurons. Science 1987;235:680-682.
205. Yamashita N, Matsunaga H, Shibuya K, Teramoto A, Takakura K, Ogata E. Two types of calcium channels and hormone secretion in human pituitary tumor cells. Am J Physiol 1988;255:E137-E145.
206. Yanagisawa M, Kurihara H, Kimura S, et al. A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells. Nature 1988;322:411-415.
207. Yatani A, Seidel CL, Allen J, Brown AM. Whole-cell and single-channel calcium currents of isolated smooth muscle cells from saphenous vein. Circ Res 1987;60:523-533.
208. Ye JH, Akaike N. Calcium currents in pyramidal neurons acutely dissociated from the rat frontal cortex: A study by the nystatin perforated patch technique. Brain Res 1993; 606:111-117.
209. Yokokawa K, Kohno M, Murakawa K, Yasunari K, Takeda T. Effect of endothelin-1 on cytosolic calcium ions in cultured human endothelial cells. J Hypertens 1990;8:843-849.
210. Yokoyama M, Henry PD. Sensitization of isolated canine coronary arteries to calcium ions after exposure to cholesterol. Circ Res 1979;45:479-486.
211. Young RC, Smith LH, McLaren MD. T-type and L-type calcium currents in freshly dispersed human uterine smooth muscle cells. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;169:785-792.
212. Zamponi GW, Bourinet E, Snutch TP. Nickel block of a family of neuronal Ca channels: Subtype and subunit-dependent action at multiple sites. J Membr Biol 1996;151:77-90.
213. 2+ channels and their possible counterparts in mammalian CNS Neurons. Neuropharmacology 1993;32:1075-1088.
214. Zhou Z, Lipsius SL. T-type calcium current in latent pacemaker cells isolated from cat right atrium. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1994;26:1211-1219.
215. Zhu Y, Zboran EL, Ikeda SR. Phenotype-specific expression of T-type calcium channels in neurons of the major pelvic ganglion of the adult male rat. J Physiol (Lond) 1995;489: 363-375.
216. Zygmunt AC, Maylie J. Stimulation-dependent facilitation of the high threshold calcium current in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes. J Physiol (Lond) 1990;428:653-671.