'Keep on taking the tablets': Pharmacological adaptation during long-term drug therapy

British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology

Volumn 44, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 227-238

  Grahame Smith, D G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; LOOP DIURETIC AGENT; ORGANIC NITRATE; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT;

ADAPTATION; ANGINA PECTORIS; AORTA; DESENSITIZATION; DRUG RESISTANCE; DRUG TOLERANCE; HEART FAILURE; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LONG TERM CARE; NERVOUS SYSTEM; NONHUMAN; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RABBIT; REBOUND; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; TACHYPHYLAXIS; WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME; ANIMAL; ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHRONIC DISEASE; DEPRESSION; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY;

ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; ANIMALS; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHRONIC DISEASE; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; DIURETICS; DRUG TOLERANCE; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; HUMANS;

EID: 0031226518     PISSN: 03065251     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.1997.00578.x     Document Type: Review

References (61)

1. Lange RL, Reid MS, Tresch DD, Keelan MH, Bernhard VM, Coolidge G. Nonatheromatous ischemic heart disease following withdrawal from chronic industrial nitroglycerin exposure. Circulation 1972; 46: 666-678.
2. Zelis R, Mason DT. Isosorbide dinitrate. Effect on the vasodilator response to nitroglycerin. JAMA 1975; 234: 166-170.
3. Munzel T, Kurz S, Heitzer T, Harrison DG. New insights into mechanisms underlying nitrate tolerance. Am J Cardiol 1996; 77: 24C-30C.
4. Klemsdal TO, Gjesdal K. Intermittent or continuous transdermal nitroglycerin: still an issue, or is the case closed? Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1996; 10: 5-10.
5. Münzel T, Heitzer T, Kurz S, et al. Dissociation of coronary vascular tolerance and neurohormonal adjustments during long-term nitroglycerin therapy in patients with stable coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 27: 297-303.
6. Needleman P, Johnson EM Jr. Mechanism of tolerance development to organic nitrates. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1973; 184: 709-715.
7. Münzel T, Giaid A, Kurz S, Stewart DJ, Harrison DG. Evidence for a role of endothelin 1 and protein kinase C in nitroglycerin tolerance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 5244-5248.
8. Münzel T, Bassenge E. Long-term angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition with high-dose enalapril retards nitrate tolerance in large epicardial arteries and prevents rebound coronary vasoconstriction in vivo. Circulation 1996; 93: 2052-2058.
9. Thadani U. Nitrate tolerance. How to prevent it or minimize its effect. Postgrad Med 1992; 91: 307-312, 315-318.
10. Brater DC. Diuretic resistance: mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Cardiology 1994; 84 Suppl 2: 57-67.
11. Loon NR, Wilcox CS, Unwin RJ. Mechanism of impaired natriuretic response to furosemide during prolonged therapy. Kidney Int 1989; 36: 682-689.
12. Kaissling B, Stanton BA. Adaptation of distal tubule and collecting duct to increased sodium delivery. I. Ultrastructure. Am J Physiol 1988; 255: F1256-F1268.
13. Ellison DH, Velazquez H, Wright FS. Adaptation of the distal convoluted tubule of the rat. Structural and functional effects of dietary salt intake and chronic diuretic infusion. J Clin Invest 1989; 83: 113-126.
14. Ellison DH. The physiologic basis of diuretic synergism: its role in treating diuretic resistance [see comments]. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114: 886-894.
15. Baker KM, Booz GW, Dostal DE. Cardiac actions of angiotensin II: Role of an intracardiac renin-angiotensin system. Ann Rev Physiol 1992; 54: 227-241.
16. Blaufarb IS, Sonnenblick EH. The renin-angiotensin system in left ventricular remodeling. Am J Cardiol 1996; 77: 8C-16C.
17. Dzau VJ. Vascular renin-angiotensin system and vascular protection. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1993; 22 Suppl 5: S1-S9.
18. Raman VK, Lee YA, Lindpaintner K. The cardiac renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and hypertensive cardiac hypertrophy. Am J Cardiol 1995; 76: 18D-23D.
19. Kang PM, Nakouzi A, Simpson T, Scheuer J, Buttrick PM. Role of endogenous renin-angiotensin system in c-fos activation and PKC-epsilon translocation in adult rat hearts. Am J Physiol 1996; 270: H2177-H2183.
20. Iwai N, Shimoike H, Kinoshita M. Cardiac renin-angiotensin system in the hypertrophied heart. Circulation 1995; 92: 2690-2696.
21. Brilla CG, Matsubara L, Weber KT. Advanced hypertensive heart disease in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Lisinopril-mediated regression of myocardial fibrosis. Hypertension 1996; 28: 269-275.
22. Ishiye M, Umemura K, Uematsu T, Nakashima M. Effects of losartan, an angiotensin II antagonist, on the development of cardiac hypertrophy due to volume overload. Biol Pharm Bull 1995; 18: 700-704.
23. Urata H, Nishimura H, Ganten D. Mechanisms of angiotensin II formation in humans. Eur Heart J 1995; 16 Suppl N: 79-85.
24. Dahlof B. Effect of angiotensin II blockade on cardiac hypertrophy and remodelling: a review. J Hum Hypertens 1995; 9 Suppl 5: S37-S44.
25. Rozich JD, Barnes MA, Schmid PG, Zile MR, McDermott PJ, Cooper G 4th. Load effects on gene expression during cardiac hypertrophy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1995; 27: 485-499.
26. Kim S, Ohta K, Hamaguchi A, Yukimura T, Miura K, Iwao H. Angiotensin II induces cardiac phenotypic modulation and remodeling in vivo in rats. Hypertension 1995; 25: 1252-1259.
27. Lindpaintner K, Lu W, Neidermajer N, et al. Selective activation of cardiac angiotensinogen gene expression in post-infarction ventricular remodeling in the rat. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1993; 25: 133-143.
28. Kent RL, McDermott PJ. Passive load and angiotensin II evoke differential responses of gene expression and protein synthesis in cardiac myocytes. Circ Res 1996; 78: 829-838.
29. Dzau VJ. Molecular biology of angiotensin II biosynthesis and receptors. Can J Cardiol 1995; 11 Suppl F: 21F-26F.
30. Gelder M, Gath D, Mayou R, Cowen P (eds) Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, Oxford University Press, 1996.
31. Meltzer HY, Lowy M, Robertson A, Goodnick P, Perline R. Effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan on serum cortisol levels in major affective disorders. III. Effect of antidepressants and lithium carbonate. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984; 41: 391-397.
32. Meltzer HY. Serotonergic function in the affective disorders: the effect of antidepressants and lithium on the 5-hydroxytryptophan-induced increase in serum cortisol. Ann NY Acad sci 1984; 430: 115-137.
33. Siever LJ, Uhde TW, Jimerson DC, et al. Clinical studies of monoamine receptors in the affective disorders and receptor changes with antidepressant treatment. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1983; 7: 249-261.
34. Glue PW, Cowen PJ, Nutt DJ, Kolakowska T, Grahame Smith DG. The effect of lithium on 5-HT-mediated neuroendocrine responses and platelet S-HT receptors. Psychopharmacology Berl 1986; 90: 398-402.
35. Price LH, Charney DS, Heninger GR. Effects of trazodone treatment on serotonergic function in depressed patients. Psychiatry Res, 1988; 24: 165-175.
36. Price LH, Charney DS, Delgado PL, Anderson GM, Heninger GR. Effects of desipramine and fluvoxamine treatment on the prolactin response to tryptophan. Serotonergic function and the mechanism of antidepressant action. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46: 625-631.
37. Price LH, Charney DS, Delgado PL, Heninger GR. Lithium and serotonin function: implications for the serotonin hypothesis of depression. Psychopharmacology 1990; 100: 3-12.
38. Cowen PJ, McCance SL, Cohen PR, Julier DL. Lithium increases 5-HT-mediated neuroendocrine responses in tricyclic resistant depression. Psychopharmacology Berl 1989; 99: 230-232.
39. Sargent P, Williamson DJ, Cowen PJ. Brain 5-HT neurotransmission during paroxetine treatment. Br J Psychol 1997; (in press).
40. 1A receptor sensitivity. Psychopharmacology 1997; (in press).
41. Bailey CH, Alberini C, Ghirardi M, Kandel ER. Molecular and structural changes underlying long-term memory storage in Aplysia. In Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Neurotransmitter Release, eds Stjarne L, Greengard P, Griller SE, Hokfelt TGM, Ottoson DR, New York: Raven Press, 1994; 529-544.
42. Bliss TV, Lomo T. Long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in the dentate area of the anaesthetized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path. J Physiol Lond 1973; 232: 331-356.
43. Bliss TV, Collingridge GL. A synaptic model of memory: long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Nature 1993; 361: 31-39.
44. Hebb DO. The organisation of behaviour: a neuropsychological study Wiley, 1949.
45. Edwards FA. Anatomy and electrophysiology of fast central synapses lead to a structural model for long-term potentiation. Physiol Rev 1995; 75: 759-787.
46. Lipton SA, Kater SB. Neurotransmitter regulation of neuronal outgrowth, plasticity and survival. Trends Neurosci 1989; 12: 265-270.
47. Geinisman Y, Morrell F, deToledo Morrell L. Remodeling of synaptic architecture during hippocampal 'kindling'. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 3260-3264.
48. Lindvall O, Kokaia Z, Elmer E, Bengzon J, Kokaia M. Neurotrophins in kindling epilepsy: neuronal protection or induction of sprouting and epileptogenesis? In Life and death in the nervous system, eds Ibanez CF, Hokfelt T, Olson I, Fuxe K, Jornvall H, Ottoson D, Wenner-Gren International Series, 1995; 67: 417-438.
49. Nibuya M, Morinobu S, Duman RS. Regulation of BDNF and trkB mRNA in rat brain by chronic electroconvulsive seizure and antidepressant drug treatments. J Neurosci 1995; 15: 7539-7547.
50. Rosenzweig MR. Aspects of the search for neural mechanisms of memory. Ann Rev Psychol 1996; 47: 1-32.
51. Raisman G, Field PM. Synapse formation in the adult brain after lesions and after transplantation of embryonic tissue. J Exp Biol 1990; 153: 277-287.
52. Duman RS, Heninger GR, Nestler EJ. Molecular psychiatry. Adaptations of receptor-coupled signal transduction pathways underlying stress- and drug-induced neural plasticity. J Nerv Ment Dis 1994; 182: 692-700.
53. Tilakaratne N, Yang ZL, Friedman E. Chronic fluoxetine or desmethylimipramine treatment alters 5-HT2 receptor mediated c-fos gene expression. Eur J Pharmacol - Molecular Pharmacology Section 1995; 290: 263-266.
54. Emerit MB, Riad M, Hamon M. Trophic Effects of Neurotransmitters During Brain Maturation. Biol Neonate 1992; 62: 193-201.
55. Whitaker-Azmitia PM, Druse M, Walker P, Lauder JM. Serotonin as a developmental signal. Behav Brain Res 1996; 73: 19-29.
56. Nishi M, Whitaker-Azmitia PM, Azmitia EC. Enhanced synaptophysin immunoreactivity in rat hippocampal culture by 5-HT1A agonist, S100b, and corticosteroid receptor agonists. Synapse 1996; 23: 1-9.
57. Seguela P, Watkins KC, Descarries L. Ultrastructural relationships of serotonin axon terminals in the cerebral cortex of the adult rat J Comp Neurol 1989; 289: 129-142.
58. Hyman SE, Nestler EJ. Initiation and adaptation: a paradigm for understanding psychotropic drug action. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153: 151-162.
59. Grahame-Smith DG. Serotonin in affective disorders. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1992; 6 Suppl 4: 5-13.
60. Berridge MJ, Downes CP, Hanley MR. Neural and developmental actions of lithium: a unifying hypothesis. Cell 1989; 59: 411-419.
61. Wang H, Grahame-Smith DG. The effects of rubidium, caesium and quinine on 5-HT-mediated behaviour in rat and mouse-3. Quinine. Neuropharmacolgy 1992; 31: 425-431.