Fouling of heat exchangers in the dairy industry

Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 407-424

  Visser, J ^a,b   Jeurnink, Th J M ^a  

^a NIZO FOOD RESEARCH   (Netherlands)

^b NONE   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Calcium phosphate; Fouling; Milk; Plate heat exchangers; Whey proteins

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM COMPOUNDS; DAIRY PRODUCTS; DEPOSITION; DIFFUSION IN SOLIDS; FOOD PROCESSING; FOULING; PARTICLES (PARTICULATE MATTER); PH EFFECTS; PROTEINS; SCALE (DEPOSITS); THERMAL EFFECTS;

CALCIUM PHOSPHATE; PLATE HEAT EXCHANGERS; WHEY PROTEINS;

HEAT EXCHANGERS;

EID: 0031146675     PISSN: 08941777     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0894-1777(96)00142-2     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Nordman-Montelius, M., Some Studies of Fouling Phenomena on Non-Heated Food Contact Surfaces. PhD Thesis, Lund Univ., Lund, Sweden, 1988.
2. Anon., Fouling and Cleaning in Pressure Driven Membrane Processes. International Dairy Federation, Special Issue No. 950, 184 p., 1995.
3. Chaudagne, D., Fouling Costs in the Field of Heat Exchange Equipment in the French Market. In Fouling Mechanisms: Theoretical and Practical Aspects, M. Bohnet, T. R. Bott, A. J. Karabelas, P. A. Pilavachi, R. Séméria, and R. Vidil, Eds., pp. 21-25, Editions Européennes Thermique et Industrie, Paris, France, 1991.
4. Delplace, F., Leuliet, J. C., and Tissier, J. P., Fouling Experiments of a Plate Heat Exchanger by Whey Protein Solutions. In Fouling and Cleaning in Food Processing, pp. 1-8, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, 1994.
5. Fryer, P., Belmar-Beiny, M. T., and Schreier, P. J. R., Fouling and Cleaning in Milk Processing. In Heat Induced Changes in Milk, P. F. Fox, Ed., pp. 364-395, International Dairy Federation, Brussels, 1995.
6. de Jong, P., Bouman, S., and van der Linden, H. J. L. J., Fouling of Heat Treatment Equipment in Relation to Denaturation of β-Lactoglobulin. J. Soc. Dairy Technol. 45, 3-8, 1992.
7. Jeurnink, T. J. M., Milk Fouling in Heat Exchangers. PhD Thesis, Univ. Wageningen, The Netherlands, 1996.
8. Lalande, M., René, F., and Tissier, J. P., Fouling and Its Control in Heat Exchangers in the Dairy Industry. Biofouling 1, 233-250, 1989.
9. Belmar-Beiny, M. T., and Fryer, P. J., Preliminary Stages of Fouling from Whey Protein Solutions. J. Dairy Res. 60, 467-483, 1993.
10. Toyoda, J., Schreier, P. J. R., and Fryer, P. J., A Computational Model for Reaction Fouling from Whey Protein Solution. Fouling and Cleaning in Food Processing, pp. 191-196, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, 1994.
11. Visser, J., and Jeurnink, T. J. M., Aanpassing proces en apparatuur vermindert vervuiling warmtewisselaars aanzienlijk, Voedingsmiddelentechnologie 29(5), 11-13, 1996.
12. Burton, H., Deposits from Whole Milk in Heat Treatment Plant: A Review and Discussion. J. Dairy Res. 34, 137-143, 1967.
13. Bouman, S., Lund, D. B., Driessen, F. M., and Schmidt, D. G., Growth of Thermoresistant Streptococci and Deposition of Milk Constituents on Plates of Heat Exchangers during Long Operating Times. J. Food Prot. 45, 806, 1992.
14. Visser, J., Lindell, A., and Paulsson, M. A., Heat Induced Depositions of Milk Components onto a Rotating Disk. In Heat Treatments & Alternative Methods, Proceedings of the IDF Symposium, Vienna, Austria, pp. 83-108, International Dairy Federation, Brussels, Belgium, September 1995.
15. Paterson, R. and Fryer, P. J., A Reaction Engineering Approach to the Analysis of Fouling. Chem. Eng. Sci. 43, 1714-1717, 1988.
16. Grandison, A. S., UHT Processing of Milk: Seasonal Variation in Deposit Formation in Heat Exchangers. J. Soc. Dairy Technol. 41, 43-49; 117-119, 1988.
17. Tissier, J. P., Influence of Some Parameters on Milk Pasteurizer Soiling in a Plate Heat Exchanger. In Fouling Mechanisms: Theoretical and Practical Aspects, M. Bohnet, T. R. Bott, A. J. Karabelas, P. A. Pilavachi, R. Séméria, and R. Vidil, Eds., pp. 239-246, Editions Européennes Thermique et Industrie, Paris, France, 1991.
18. Zhu, P. Z., and Aoki, T., Effect of Alkaline Earth Metals on the Crosslinking of Casein by Micellar Calcium Phosphate. J. Dairy Sci. 78, 1665-1672, 1995.
19. Jeurnink, T. J. M., and de Kruif, C. G., Calcium Concentration in Milk in Relation to Heat Stability and Fouling. Neth. Milk Dairy J. 49, 151-165, 1995.
20. Visser, J., A New Casein Micelle Model and Its Consequences for pH and Temperature Effects on the Properties of Milk. In Protein Interactions, H. Visser, Ed., pp. 135-165, VCH Verlag, Weinheim, Germany, 1992.
21. Eigel, W. N., et al., Nomenclature of Proteins of Cow's Milk: Fifth Revision. J. Dairy Sci. 67, 1599-1631, 1984.
22. Papiz, M. Z., Sawyer, L., Eliopoulos, E. E., North, A. C. T., Findlay, J. B. C., Sivapredadarao, R., Jones, T. A., Newcomer, M. E., and Kraulis, P. J., The Structure of β-LG and Its Similarity to Plasma Retinol-Binding Protein. Nature 324, 383-385, 1986.
23. Pessen, H., Purcell, J. M., and Farrell, H. M., Protein Relaxation Rates of Water in Dilute Solutions of β-Lactoglobulin. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 828, 1-12, 1985.
24. Swaisgood, H. E., Chemistry of Milk Protein. In Developments in Dairy Chemistry, P. F. Fox, Ed., Vol. 1, Applied Science, London, UK, 1982.
25. Harwalkar, V. R., and Kalab, M., Microstructure of Isoelectric Precipitates from β-Lactoglobulin Solutions Heated at Various pH Values. Milchwissenschaft 40, 665-668, 1985.
26. Fukuzaki, S., Urano, H., and Nagata, K., Adsorption of Protein onto Stainless-Steel Surfaces. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 80, 6-11, 1995.
27. Paulsson, M. A., Thermal Denaturation and Gelation of Whey Proteins and Their Adsorption at the Air/Water Interface. PhD Thesis, Univ. Lund, Lund, Sweden, 1990.
28. de Wit, J., Structure and Functional Behaviour of Whey Proteins. Neth. Milk Dairy J. 35, 47-64, 1981.
29. Tanford, C., Bunville, L. G., and Nozaki, Y., The Reversible Transformation of β-Lactoglobulin at pH 7.5. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 81, 4032-4036, 1959.
30. Dunnill, P. and Green, D. W., Sulphydryl groups and the N R conformational change in β-Lactoglobulin. J. Mol. Biol. 15, 147-151, 1965.
31. Pantaloni, D., Etude du mechanisme d'aggregation thermique dela β-lactoglobulin. C. R. 259, 1775-1778, 1964.
32. Anema, S. G., McKenna, A. B., Reaction Kinetics of Thermal Denaturation of Whey Proteins in Heated Reconstituted Whole Milk, J. Agric. Food Chem. 44, 422-428, 1996.
33. Roefs, S. P. F. M., and de Kruif, C. G., A Model for the Denaturation and Aggregation of β-Lactoglobulin. Eur. J. Biochem. 226, 883-889, 1994.
34. Roefs, S. P. F. M., Zwavelbruggen en aggregatie van wei-eiwitten. Voedingsmiddelentechnologie 28(25), 13-16, 1995.
35. Jeurnink, T. J. M., Verheul, M., Cohen Stuart, M., and de Kruif, C. G., Deposition of Heated Whey Proteins on a Chromium Oxide Surface. Colloids Surf. B. 6, 291-307, 1996.
36. Jeurnink, T. J. M., Walstra, P., and de Kruif, C. G., Mechanisms of Fouling in Dairy Processing. Neth. Milk Dairy J. 50, 407-426, 1996.
37. Gotham, S. M., Mechanisms of Protein Fouling of Heat Ex changers, PhD Thesis, Univ. Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, 1990.
38. Diaz, M. C., Oria, R., Sala, F. J., and Calvo, M., Lipid Binding by β-LG of Cow Milk. Milchwissenschaft 42, 357-358, 1987.
39. Puyol, P., Perez, M. D., Peiro, J. M., and Calvo, M., Effect of Binding of Retinol and Palmitic Acid to Bovine β-LG on Its Resistance to Thermal Denaturation. J. Dairy Sci. 77, 1494-1502, 1994.
40. Boye, J. I., Ismail, A. A., and Alli, I., Effects of Physicochemical Factors on the Secondary Structure of β-Lactoglobulin. J. Dairy Res. 63, 97-109, 1996.
41. Paulsson, M. A., and Visser, J., Heat-Induced Interactions of Milk Proteins Studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry. In Protein Interactions, H. Visser, Ed., pp. 117-134, VCH Verlag, Weinheim, Germany, 1992.
42. Roscoe, S. G., Fuller, K. L., and Robitaille, G., An Electrochemical Study of the Effect of Temperature on the Adsorption Behaviour of β-Lactoglobulin. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 160, 243-251, 1993.
43. Liedberg, B., Invarsson, B., Hegg, P.-O., and Lundström, I., On the Adsorption of β-Lactoglobulin on Hydrophilic Gold Surfaces: Studies by Infrared Reflection-Adsorption Spectroscopy and Ellipsometry. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 114, 386-397, 1986.
44. Kim, J. C., and Lund, D. B., Adsorption of β-Lactoglobulin onto Stainless Steel Surfaces. In Fouling and Cleaning in Food Processing, H. G. Kessler and D. B. Lund, Eds., pp. 187-199, Prien, Germany, 1989.
45. Mackie, A. R., Mingins, J., and Dann, R., Preliminary Studies of β-Lactoglobulin Adsorbed on Polystyrene Latex. In Food Polymers, Gels and Colloids, E. Dickinson, Ed., Special Publications No. 82, p. 96, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK, 1991.
46. Elofsson, U. M., Paulsson, M. A., Sellers, P., and Arnebrant, T., Adsorption During Heat Treatment Related to the Thermal Unfolding/Aggregation of β-Lactoglobulin A and B. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 183, 408-415, 1996.
47. Arnebrant, T., Ivarsson, B., Larsson, K., Lundström, I., and Nylander, T., Bilayer Formation at Adsorption of Proteins from Aqueous Solutions on Metal Surfaces. Prog. Colloid & Polym. Sci. 70, 62-66, 1985.
48. Delsing, B. M. A., and Hiddink, J., Fouling of Heat Transfer Studies by Dairy Liquids. Neth. Milk Dairy J. 37, 139-148, 1983.
49. Xiong, Y. L., Influence of pH and Ionic Environment on Thermal Aggregation of Whey Proteins. J. Agric. Food Chem. 40, 380-384, 1992.
50. Hegg, P.-O., Castberg, H. B., and Lundh, G., Fouling of Whey Proteins on Stainless Steel at Different Temperatures. J. Dairy Res. 52, 213-218, 1985.
51. Schraml, J. E., and Kessler, H. G., Effects of Concentration on Fouling of Hot Surfaces. In Fouling and Cleaning in Food Processing, p. 17, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, 1994.
52. van Dijk, H. J. M., On the Structure of Casein Micelles. In Food Colloids and Polymers: Stability and Mechanical Properties, E. Dickinson and P. Walstra, Eds., pp. 165-166, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK, 1993.
53. Holt, C., The Biological Function of Casein. In Yearbook Hannah Research Institute, pp. 60-68, Hannah Research Institute, Ayr, Scotland, 1994.
54. Dalgleish, D. G., The Behaviour of Minerals in Heated Milk. Bull. Int. Dairy Fed. 238, 31-34, 1989.
55. Oppenheim, F., Offner, G. D., and Troxler, R. F., Phosphoproteins in the Parotid Saliva from the Subhuman Primate Macaca fascicularis. J. Biol. Chem. 257, 9271-9282, 1982.
56. Parker, T. G., and Home, D., Factors Influencing the Stability of Milk Dialysate. J. Dairy Res. 47, 337-342, 1980.
57. Bott, T. R., Crystallisation Fouling: Basic Science and Models. In Fouling Science and Technology, L. F. Melo, T. R. Bott, and C. A. Bernardo, Eds., pp. 251-260, Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1988.
58. Lalande, M., Tissier, J. P., and Corrieu, G., Fouling of Heat Transfer Surfaces Related to β-Lactoglobulin Denaturation during Heat Processing of Milk. Biotechnol. Prog. 1, 131-139, 1985.
59. Brulé, G., Real del Sol, E., Fauquant, J., and Fiaud, C., Mineral Salts Stability in Aqueous Phase of Milk: Influence of Heat Treatment. J. Dairy Sci. 61, 1225-1232, 1978.
60. van Kemenade, M. J. J. M., Influence of Casein on Precipitation of Calcium Phosphates. PhD Thesis, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands, 1988.
61. Feenstra, T. P., and de Bruyn, P. L., Formation of Calcium Phosphates in Moderately Super Saturated Solutions. J. Phys. Chem. 83, 475-479, 1979.
62. Termine, J. D., and Posner, A. S., Calcium Phosphate Formation in vitro I: Factors Affecting Initial Phase Separation. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 140, 307-317, 1970.
63. Brečević, L., and Furedi-Milhofer, H., Precipitation of Calcium Phosphate from Electrolyte Solutions V: The Influence of Cit rate Ions. Calcif. Tissue Int. 28, 131-136, 1979.
64. Garcia-Ramos, J. V., and Carmona, P., The Effect of Some Homopolymers on the Crystallisation of Calcium Phosphates. J. Cryst. Growth 57, 336-342, 1982.
65. Hansen, N. M., Felix, R., Bisaz, S., and Fleisch, H., Aggregation of Hydroxyapatite Crystals. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 451, 549-559, 1976.
66. Reynolds, E. C., Riley, P. F., and Storey, E., Phosphoprotein Inhibition of Hydroxyapatite Dissolution. Calcif. Tissue Int. 34, 52-56, 1982.
67. Gordon, K. P., Hankinson, D. J., and Carver, C. E., Deposition of Milk Solids on Heated Surfaces. J. Dairy Sci. 51, 520-526, 1968.
68. Belmar-Beiny, M. T., Gotham, S. M., Paterson, W. R., Fryer, P. J., and Pritchard, A. M., The Effect of Reynolds Number and Fluid Temperature in Whey Protein Fouling. J. Food Eng. 19, 119-139, 1993.
69. Changani, S. D., Belmar-Beiny, M. T., and Fryer, P. J., Chemical and Engineering Factors Associated with Fouling and Cleaning in Milk Processing. Exp. Thermal Fluid Sci. 14, 392-406, 1997.
70. 2-Aridified Milk. J. Dairy Res. 62, 641-644, 1995.
71. Burton, H., Deposits from Whole Milk in Heat Treatment Plant: A Review and Discussion. J. Dairy Res. 35, 317-330, 1968.
72. Thom, R., Über die Bildung von Milchansatz in Plattenerhitzern. Milchwissenschaft 30, 84-90, 1975.
73. Jeurnink, T. J. M., Fouling of Heat Exchangers by Fresh and Reconstituted Milk and the Influence of Air Bubbles. Milchwissenschaft 50, 189-193, 1995.
74. Yoon, J., and Lund, D. B., Magnetic Treatment of Milk and Surface Treatment of Plate Heat Exchangers: Effects on Milk Fouling. J. Food Sci. 59, 964-969, 1994.
75. Boulangé-Petermann, L., Doren, A., Baroux, B., and Bellon-Fontaine, M.-N., Zeta Potential Measurements on Passive Metals. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 171, 179-186, 1995.
76. Mantel, M., and Wightman, J. P., Influence of the Surface Chemistry on the Wettability of Stainless Steel. Seventh Annual Meeting and Symposium on Particle Adhesion, Orlando, FL, pp. 77-79, February 20-23, 1994.
77. Yang, J., McGuire, J., and Kolbe, E., Use of the Equilibrium Contact Angle as an Index of Contact Surface Cleanliness. J. Food Prot. 54, 879-884, 1991.
78. Dalgleish, D. G., Interactions between Milk Fat and Milk Proteins: The Effect of Heat on the Nature of the Complexes Formed. Presented at the IDF Seminar: Protein- and Fat Globule Modifications by Heat Treatment, Homogenization and Other Technological Means for High Quality Dairy Products, Munich, August 25-28, 1992.
79. Jeurnink, T. J. M., Effect of Proteolysis in Milk on Fouling in Heat Exchangers. Neth. Milk Dairy J. 45, 23-32, 1991.