Strategies for immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy of papillomaviruses

Clinics in Dermatology

Volumn 15, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 285-297

  Frazer, Ian ^a  

^a PRINCESS ALEXANDRA HOSPITAL   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

1 CHLORO 2,4 DINITROBENZENE; CAPSID PROTEIN; CIMETIDINE; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; INTERFERON; NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY; PLACEBO; VIRUS CAPSID ANTIGEN; VIRUS PROTEIN; VIRUS VACCINE;

ANTIBODY RESPONSE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONDYLOMA; HOST RESISTANCE; HUMAN; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOMODULATION; IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS; IMMUNOTHERAPY; INTRALESIONAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; INTRAMUSCULAR DRUG ADMINISTRATION; LARYNX PAPILLOMATOSIS; NONHUMAN; PAPILLOMA VIRUS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TOPICAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; UTERINE CERVIX CARCINOMA IN SITU; VIRUS CELL INTERACTION; VIRUS INFECTION; WART VIRUS;

EID: 0030982360     PISSN: 0738081X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0738-081X(96)00151-4     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. Matzinger P. Tolerance, danger and the extended family. Ann Rev Immunol 1994;12:991-1045.
2. Nickoloff BJ, Turka LA, Mitra RS, et al. Direct and indirect control of T-cell activation by keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 1995;105:25S-9S.
3. Viola A, Lanzavecchia A. T-cell activation determined by T-cell receptor number and tunable thresholds. Science 1996;273:104-6.
4. Tindle RW, Frazer IH. Immune response to human papillomaviruses and the prospects for human papillomavirus-specific immunisation. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1994;186:217-53.
5. Jenson AB, Sommer S, Payling-Wright C, et al. Human papillomavirus. Frequency and distribution in plantar and common warts. Lab Invest 1982;47:491-7.
6. Carter JJ, Hagensee MB, Kuang Lee S, et al. Use of HPV 1 capsids produced by recombinant vaccinia viruses in an ELISA to detect serum antibodies in people with foot warts. Virology 1994;199:284-91.
7. Kirnbauer R, Hubbert NL, Wheeler CM, et al. A virus-like particle enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detects serum antibodies in a majority of women infected with human papillomavirus type 16. JNCI 1994;86:494-9.
8. Le Cann P, Touze A, Enogat N, et al. Detection of antibodies against human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 virions by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant HPV 16 L1 capsids produced by recombinant baculovirus. J Clin Microbiol 1995;33:1380-2.
9. Wikström A, Van Doornum GJJ, Quint WGV, et al. Identification of human papillomavirus seroconversions. J Gen Virol 1995;76:529-39.
10. Andersson-Ellstróm A, Dillner J, Hagmar B, et al. Comparison of development of serum antibodies to HPV16 and HPV33 and acquisition of cervical HPV DNA among sexually experienced and virginal young girls. Sex Transm Dis 1996;23:234-238.
11. Nonnenmacher B, Hubbert NL, Kirnbauer R, et al. Serologic response to human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) virus-like particles in HPV-16 DNA-positive invasive cervical cancer and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade III patients and controls from Colombia and Spain. J Infect Dis 1995;172:19-24.
12. Lehtinen M, Dillner J, Knekt P, et al. Serologically diagnosed infection with human papillomavirus type 16 and risk for subsequent development of cervical carcinoma: Nested case-control study. Br Med J 1996;312:537-9.
13. Carter JJ, Wipf GC, Hagensee ME, et al. Use of human papillomavirus type 6 capsids to detect antibodies in people with genital warts. J Infect Dis 1995;172:11-8.
14. Heim K, Christensen ND, Hoepfl R, et al. Serum IgG, IgM, and IgA reactivity to human papillomavirus types 11 and 6 virus-like particles in different gynecologic patient groups. J Infect Dis 1995;172:395-402.
15. Greer CE, Wheeler CM, Ladner MB, et al. Human papillomavirus (HPV) type distribution and serological response to HPV type 6 virus-like particles in patients with genital warts. J Clin Microbiol 1995;33:2058-63.
16. Wikström A, Van Doornum GJJ, Kirnbauer R, et al. Prospective study on the development of antibodies against human papillomavirus type 6 among patients with condyloma acuminata or new asymptomatic infection. J Med Virol 1995;46:368-74.
17. Fujii T, Matsushima Y, Yajima M, et al. Serum antibody against unfused recombinant E7 protein of human papillomavirus type 16 in cervical cancer patients. Jpn J Cancer Res 1995;86:28-34.
18. Nindl I, Benitez-Bribiesca L, Berumen J, et al. Antibodies against linear and conformational epitopes of the human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins in sera of cervical cancer patients. Arch Virol 1994;137:341-53.
19. Baay MFD, Duk JM, Burger MPM, et al. Antibodies to human papillomavirus type 16 E7 related to clinicopathological data in patients wtih cervical carcinoma. J Clin Pathol 1995;48:410-4.
20. Gaarenstroom KN, Kenter GG, Bonfrer JMG, et al. Prognostic significance of serum antibodies to human papillomavirus-16 E4 and E7 peptides in cervical cancer. Cancer 1994;74:2307-13.
21. Baay MFD, Duk JM, Burger MPM, et al. Follow-up of antibody responses to human papillomavirus type 16 E7 in patients treated for cervical carcinoma. J Med Virol 1995;45:342-7.
22. Lenner P, Dillner J, Wiklund F, et al. Serum antibody responses against human papillomavirus in relation to tumor characteristics, response to treatment, and survival in carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1995;40:201-5.
23. Dillner J, Wiklund F, Lenner P, et al. Antibodies against linear and conformational epitopes of human papillomavirus type 16 that independently associate with incident cervical cancer. Int J Cancer 1995;60:377-82.
24. Dreyfus M, Baldauf J-J, Ritter J, et al. Seric and local antibodies against a synthetic peptide of HPV16. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1995;59:187-91.
25. Christensen ND, Kreider JW. Antibody-mediated neutralization in vivo of infectious papillomaviruses. J Virol 1990;64:3151-6.
26. Zhou J, Sun XY, Stenzel DJ, et al. Expression of vaccinia recombinant HPV 16 L1 and L2 ORF proteins in epithelial cells is sufficient for assembly of HPV virion-like particles. Virology 1991;185:251-7.
27. Rose RC, Bonnez W, Reichman RC, et al. Expression of human papillomavirus type 11 L1 protein in insect cells: In vivo and in vitro assembly of virus-like particles. J Virol 1993;67:1936-44.
28. Kirnbauer R, Taub J, Greenstone H, et al. Efficient self-assembly of human papillomavirus type 16 L1 and L1-L2 into virus-like particles. J Virol 1993;67:6929-36.
29. Jarrett WFH, O'Neil BW, Gaukroger JM, et al. Studies on vaccination against papillomaviruses: A comparison of purified virus, tumour extract and transformed cells in prophylactic vaccination. Vet Rec 1990;126:449-52.
30. Jarrett WFH, O'Neil BW, Gaukroger JM, et al. Studies on vaccination against papillomaviruses: The immunity after infection and vaccination with bovine papillomaviruses of different types. Vet Rec 1990;126:473-5.
31. Bell JA, Sundberg JP, Ghim S, et al. A formalin-inactivated vaccine protects against mucosal papillomavirus infection: A canine model. Pathology 1994;62:194-8.
32. Suzich JA, Ghim SJ, Palmer-Hill FJ, et al. Systemic immunization with papillomavirus L1 protein completely prevents the development of viral mucosal papillomas. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1995;92:11553-7.
33. Jansen KU, Rosolowsky M, Schultz LD, et al. Vaccination with yeast-expressed cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) virus-like particles protects rabbits from CRPV-induced papilloma formation. Vaccine 1995;13:1509-14.
34. Breitburd F, Kirnbauer R, Hubbert NL, et al. Immunization with viruslike particles from cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) can protect against experimental CRPV infection. J Virol 1995;69:3959-63.
35. Donnelly JJ, Martinez D, Jansen KU, et al. Protection against papillomavirus with a polynucleotide vaccine. J Infect Dis 1996;173:314-20.
36. Christensen ND, Reed CA, Cladel NM, et al. Immunization with virus-like particles induces long-term protection of rabbits against challenge with cottontail rabbit papillomavirus. J Virol 1996;70:960-5.
37. Kirnbauer R, Chandrachud LM, O'Neil BW, et al. Virus-like particles of bovine papillomavirus type 4 in prophylactic and therapeutic immunization. Virology 1996;219: 37-44.
38. Chandrachud LM, Grindlay GJ, McGarvie GM, et al. Vaccination of cattle with the N-terminus of L2 is necessary and sufficient for preventing infection by bovine papillomavirus-4. Virology 1995;211:204-8.
39. Gaukroger JM, Chandrachud LM, O'Neil BW, et al. Vaccination of cattle with BPV-4 L2 elicits the production of virus neutralising antibodies. J Gen Virol 1996;77:1577-1583.
40. Roden RBS, Weissinger EM, Henderson DW, et al. Neutralization of bovine papillomavirus by antibodies to L1 and L2 capsid proteins. J Virol 1994;68:7570-4.
41. Volpers C, Sapp M, Snijders PJF, et al. Conformational and linear epitopes on virus-like particles of human papillomavirus type 33 identified by monoclonal antibodies to the minor capsid protein L2. J Gen Virol 1995;76:2661-7.
42. Kanda T, Teshima H, Katase K, et al. Occurrence of the antibody against human papillomavirus type 16 virion protein L2 in patients with cervical cancer and dysplasia. Intervirology 1995;38:187-91.
43. Christensen ND, Kreider JW, Kan N, et al. The open reading frame L2 of cottontail rabbit papillomavirus contains antibody-inducing neuralising epitopes. Virology 1991;181:572-9.
44. Almeida JD, Goffe AP. Antibody to wart virus in human sera demonstrated by electron microscopy and precipitin tests. Lancet 1965;ii:1205-7.
45. Smith LH, Foster C, Hitchcock ME, et al. Titration of HPV-11 infectivity and antibody neutralization can be measured in vitro. J Invest Dermatol 1995;105:438-44.
46. Rose RC, Reichman RC, Bonnez W. Human papillomavirus (HPV) type II recombinant virus-like particles induce the formation of neutralizing antibodies and detect HPV-specific antibodies in human sera. J Gen Virol 1994; 75:2075-9.
47. Christensen ND, Höpfl R, DiAngelo SL, et al. Assembled baculovirus-expressed human papillomavirus type 11 L1 capsid protein virus-like particles are recognized by neutralizing monoclonal antibodies and induce high titres of neutralizing antibodies. J Gen Virol 1994;75:2271-6.
48. Christensen ND, Kirnbauer R, Schiller JT, et al. Human papillomavirus type 6 and 11 have antigenically distinct strongly immunogenic conformationally dependent neutralizing epitopes. Virology 1994;205:329-35.
49. Majewski S, Jablonska S. Epidermodysplasia verruciformis as a model of human papillomavirus-induced genetic cancer of the skin. Arch Dermatol 1995;131:1312-8.
50. Hines JF, Ghim S, Christensen ND, et al. The expressed L1 proteins of HPV-1, HPV-6, and HPV-11 display type-specific epitopes with native conformation and reactivity with neutralizing and nonneutralizing antibodies. Pathobiology 1994;62:165-71.
51. Heino P, Skyldberg B, Lehtinen M, et al. Human papillomavirus type 16 capsids expose multiple type-restricted and type-common antigenic epitopes. J Gen Virol 1995;76:1141-53.
52. Roden RBS, Hubbert NL, Kirnbauer R, et al. Assessment of the serological relatedness of genital human papillomaviruses by hemagglutination inhibition. J Virol 1996; 70:3298-3301.
53. Volpers C, Unckell F, Schirmacher P, et al. Binding and internalization of human papillomavirus type 33 virus-like particles by eukaryotic cells. J Virol 1995;69:3258-64.
54. Müller M, Gissmann L, Cristiano RJ, et al. Papillomavirus capsid binding and uptake by cells from different tissues and species. J Virol 1995;69:948-54.
55. Christensen ND, Cladel NM, Reed CA. Postattachment neutralization of papillomaviruses by monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. Virology 1995;207:136-42.
56. Roden RBS, Hubbert NL, Kirnbauer R, et al. Papillomavirus L1 capsids agglutinate mouse erythrocytes through a proteinaceous receptors. J Virol 1995;69:5147-51.
57. Fredricks BD, Balkin A, Daniel HW, et al. Transmission of human papillomaviruses from mother to child. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1993;33:30-2.
58. Puranen M, Yliskoski M, Saarikoski S, et al. Vertical transmission of human papillomavirus from infected mothers to their newborn babies and persistence of the virus in childhood. Am Obst Gynecol 1996;174:694-99.
59. Dillner J, Kallings I, Brihmer C, et al. Seropositivity to human papillomavirus type 16, 18 or 33 capsids and to Chlamydia Trachomatis are markers of sexual behavior. J Infect Dis 1996;173:1396-1398.
60. De Roda Husman AM, Walboomers JMM, et al. HPV prevalence in cytomorphologically normal cervical scrapes of pregnant women as determined by PCR: The age-related pattern. J Med Virol 1995;46:97-102.
61. Kennedy L, Buntine DW, O'Connor DT, et al. Human papillomavirus - a male consort study. Med J Aust 1988; 149:309-11.
62. Biberstein H. Versuche uber immunotherapie der warzen und kondylome. Klin Wochenschr 1925;14:638-9.
63. Stephens CB, Arnold GE, Butchko GM, et al. Autogenous vaccine treatment of juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis. Laryngoscope 1979;89:1689-96.
64. Chen L, Mizuno MT, Singhal MC, et al. Induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for a syngeneic tumor expressing the E6 oncoprotein of human papillomavirus type 16. J Immunol 1992;148:2617-21.
65. Moskophidis D, Lechner F, Pircher H, et al. Virus persistence in acutely infected immunocompetent mice by exhaustion of antiviral cytotoxic effector T cells. Nature 1993;362:758-61.
66. Selin LK, Vergilis K, Welsh RM, et al. Reduction of otherwise remarkably stable virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte memory by heterologous viral infections. J Exp Med 1996;183:2489-99.
67. Kägi D, Vignaux F, Ledermann B, et al. Fas and perform pathways as major mechanisms of T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Science 1994;265:528-30.
68. Smith CA, Farrah T, Goodwin RG. The TNF receptor superfamily of cellular and viral proteins: activation, costimulation and death. Cell 1994;76:959-62.
69. Crum CP, Nuovo G, Friedman D, et al. Accumulation of RNA homologous to human papillomavirus type 16 open reading frames in genital precancers. J Virol 1988; 62:84-90.
70. Wettstein FO, Barbosa MS, Nasseri M. Identification of the major cottontail rabbit papillomavirus late RNA cap site and mapping and quantitation of an E2 and minor E6 coding mRNA in papillomas and carcinomas. Virology 1987;159:321-8.
71. Zur Hausen H. Papillomaviruses in human cancer. Appl Pathol 1987;5:19-24.
72. Pater MM, Pater A. Human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 sequences in carcinoma cell lines of the cervix. Virology 1985;145:313-8.
73. Jochmus-Kudielka I, Schneider A, Braun R, et al. Antibodies against the human papillomavirus type 16 early proteins in human sera: Correlation of anti-E7 reactivity with cervical cancer. JNCI 1989;81:1698-704.
74. Selvakumar R, Borenstein LA, Lin Y-L, et al. T-cell response to cottontail rabbit papillomavirus structural proteins in infected rabbits. J Virol 1994;68:4043-8.
75. Selvakumar R, Ahmed R, Wettstein FO. Tumor regression is associated with a specific immune response to the E2 protein of cottontail rabbit papillomavirus. Virology 1995;208:298-302.
76. Selvakumar R, Borenstein LA, Lin Y-L, Ahmed R, et al. Immunization with nonstructural proteins E1 and E2 of cottontail rabbit papillomavirus stimulates regression of virus-induced papillomas. J Virol 1995;69:602-5.
77. McGarvie GM, Grindlay GJ, Chandrachud LM, et al. T-cell responses to BPV-4 E7 during infection and mapping of T-cell epitopes. Virology 1995;206:504-10.
78. Chen L, Thomas EK, Hu S, et al. Human papillomavirus type 16 nucleoprotein E7 is a tumour rejection antigen. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:110-14.
79. Feltkamp MCW, Vreugdenhil GR, Vierboom RPM, et al. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes raised against a subdominant epitope offered as a synthetic peptide eradicate human papillomavirus type 16-induced tumors. Eur J Immunol 1995;25:2638-42.
80. Chambers MA, Wei Z, Coleman N, Nash AA, et al. "Natural" presentation of human papillomavirus type-16 E7 protein to immunocompetent mice results in antigen-specific sensitization or sustained unresponsiveness. Eur J Immunol 1994;24:738-45.
81. Frazer IH, Leippe DM, Dunn LA, et al. Immunological responses in human papillomavirus 16 E6/E7-transgenic mice to E7 protein correlate with the presence of skin disease. Cancer Res 1995;55:2635-9.
82. Kadish AS, Romney SL, Ledwidge R, et al. Cell-mediated immune responses to E7 peptides of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 are dependent on the HPV type infecting the cervix whereas serological reactivity is not type-specific. J Gen Virol 1994;75:2277-84.
83. Ressing ME, Van Driel WJ, Celis E, et al. Occasional memory cytotoxic T-cell responses of patients with human papillomavirus type 16-positive cervical lesions against a human leukocyte antigen-A*0201-restricted E7-encoded epitope. Cancer Res 1996;56:582-8.
84. Coleman N, Stanley MA. Analysis of HLA-DR expression on keratinocytes in cervical neoplasia. Int J Cancer 1994;56:314-9.
85. Coleman N, Birley HDL, Renton AM, et al. Immunological events in regressing genital warts. Am J Clin Pathol 1994;102:768-74.
86. Ellis JRM, Keating PJ, Baird J, et al. The association of an HPV 16 oncogene variant with HLA-B7 has implications for vaccine design in cervical cancer. Nature Med 1995; 1:464-70.
87. Keating PJ, Cromme FV, Duggan-Keen M, et al. Frequency of down-regulation of individual HLA-A and -B alleles in cervical carcinomas in relation to TAP-1 expression. Br J Cancer 1995;72:405-11.
88. Wank R, Thomssen C. High risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix for women with HLA-DQw3-Nature 1991;352:723-5.
89. Apple RJ, Erlich HA, Klitz W, et al. HLA-DR-DQ associations with cervical carcinoma show papillomavirus-type specificity. Nature Genet 1994;6:157-62.
90. Han R, Breitburd F, Marche PN, et al. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence variation of the antigen-binding domain of DRα and DQα molecules as related to the evolution of papillomavirus-induced warts in rabbits. J Invest Dermatol 1994;103:376-80.
91. Bartholomew JS, Stacey SN, Coles B, et al. Identification of a naturally processed HLA A0201-restricted viral peptide from cells expressing human papillomavirus type 16 E6 oncoprotein. Eur J Immunol 1994;24:3175-9.
92. Ressing ME, Sette A, Brandt RMP, et al. Human CTL epitopes encoded by human papillomavirus type 16 E6 and E7 identified through in vivo and in vitro immunogenicity studies of HLA-A*0201-binding peptides. J Immunol 1995;154:5934-43.
93. Lipford GB, Bauer S, Wagner H, et al. Peptide engineering allows cytotoxic T-cell vaccination against human papilloma virus tumour antigen. E6. Immunology 1995; 84:298-303.
94. Tarpey I, Stacey S, Hickling J, et al. Human cytotoxic T lymphocytes stimulated by endogenously processed human papillomavirus type 11 E7 recognize a peptide containing a HLA-A2 (A*0201) motif. Immunology 1994;81: 222-7.
95. Kast WM, Brandt RMP, Sidney J, et al. Role of HLA-A motifs in identification of potential CTL-epitopes in human papillomavirus type 16 E6 and E7 proteins. J Immunol 1994;152:3904-12.
96. Evans C, Bauer S, Grubert T, et al. HLA-A2-restricted peripheral blood cytolytic T lymphocyte response to HPV type 16 proteins E6 and E7 from patients with neoplastic cervical lesions. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1996;42:151-60.
97. Ossevoort MA, Feltkamp MCW, Van Veen KJH, et al. Dendritic cells as carriers for a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitope-based peptide vaccine in protection against a human papillomavirus type 16-induced tumor. J Immunother 1995;18:86-94.
98. d mice. Scand J Immunol 1995;42: 557-63.
99. Tarpey I, Stacey SN, McIndoe A, et al. Priming in vivo and quantification in vitro of class I MHC-restricted cytotoxic T cells to human papilloma virus type 11 early proteins (E6 and E7) using immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMs). Vaccine 1996;14:230-6.
100. Londoño LP, Chatfield S, Tindle RW, et al. Immunisation of mice using Salmonella typhimurium expressing human papillomavirus type 16 E7 epitopes inserted into hepatitis B virus core antigen. Vaccine 1996;14:545-52.
101. Tindle RW. Current Opinions in Immunology 8 1996;8: 643-50.
102. Borysiewicz LK, Fiander A, Nimako M, et al. A recombinant vaccinia virus encoding human papillomavirus types 16 and 18, E6 and E7 proteins as immunotherapy for cervical cancer. Lancet 1996;347:1523-7.
103. Vance JC, Davis D. Interferon alpha-2b injections used as an adjuvant therapy to carbon dioxide laser vaporization of recalcitrant ano-genital condylomata acuminata. J Invest Dermatol 1990;95:146S-8S.
104. Friedman-Kien AE, Eron LJ, Conant M, et al. Natural Interferon alfa for treatment of condylomata acuminata. JAMA 1988;259:533-8.
105. Eron LJ, Judson F, Tucker S, et al. Interferon therapy for condylomata acuminata. N Engl J Med 1986;315:1059-64.
106. Dunham AM, McCartney JC, McCance DJ, et al. Effect of perilesional injection of alpha-interferon on cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and associated human papillomavirus infection. J R Soc Med 1990;83:490-2.
107. Syed TA, Lundin S, Cheema KM, et al. Human leucocyte interferon-α in cream, for the treatment of genital warts in Asian women: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Clin Invest 1994;72:870-3.
108. Reichman RC, Oakes D, Bonnez W, et al. Treatment of condylomata acuminatum with three different interferons administered intralesionally. Ann Int Med 1988;108: 675-9.
109. Panici PB, Scambia G, Baiocchi G, et al. Randomised clinical trial comparing systemic interferon with diather-mocoagulation in primary multiple and widespread ano-genital condyloma. Obstet Gynecol 1989;74:393-7.
110. Reichman RC, Oakes D, Bonnez W, et al. Treatment of condyloma acuminatum with three different interferon-alpha preparations administered parenterally: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Infect Dis 1990;162:1270-6.
111. Hogan PG, Frazer IH, International study group. A randomised placebo controlled study of interferon alpha2a as treatment for recurrent genital warts. JAMA 1991;265: 2684-7.
112. Condylomata International Collaborative Study Group. Recurrent condylomata acuminata treated with recombinant interferon alpha-2a. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1993;73:223-6.
113. Venuti A, Badaracco G, Marcante ML. Detection and typing of human papillomavirus by single hybridization. J Virol Methods 1995;51:115-24.
114. Byrne MA, Muller BR, Taylor-Robinson D, et al. The effect of interferon on human papillomaviruses associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1986;93:1136-44.
115. Yliskoski M, Cantell K, Syrjanen K, et al. Topical treatment with human leukocyte interferon of HPV 16 infections associated with cervical and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasias. Gynecol Oncol 1990;36:353-7.
116. Yliskoski M, Syrjanen K, Syrjanen S, et al. Systemic alpha-interferon (Wellferon) treatment of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) type 6, 11, 16, and 18 infections: double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gynecol Oncol 1991;43:55-60.
117. Healy GB, Gelber RD, Trowbridge AL, et al. Treatment of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis with human leukocyte interferon: Results of a multicenter randomized clinical trial. N Engl J Med 1988;319:401-7.
118. Leventhal BG, Kashima HK, Week PW. Randomised surgical adjuvant therapy trial of interferon alfa-n1 in recurrent papillomatosis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1988;114:1163-9.
119. Leventhal BG, Kashima HK, Mounts P, et al. Long-term response of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis to treatment with lymphoblastoid interferon alfa-N1. Papilloma Study Group. N Engl J Med 1991;325:613-7.
120. Bernstein DI, Miller RL, Harrison CJ. Adjuvant effects of imiquimod on a herpes simplex virus type 2 glycoprotein vaccine in guinea pigs. J Infect Dis 1993;167:731-5.
121. Yilmaz E, Alpsoy E, Basaran E. Cimetidine therapy for warts: A placebo-controlled, double-blind study. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;34:1005-7.