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Vitamins E and C, beta carotene, and other carotenoids as antioxidants
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Sies H, Stahl W: Vitamins E and C, beta carotene, and other carotenoids as antioxidants. Am J Clin Nutr 1995, 62(suppl):1315S-1321S.
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0029096570
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Vitamin C prevents metal ion-dependent initiation and propagation of lipid peroxidation in human low-density lipoprotein
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Retsky KL, Frei B: Vitamin C prevents metal ion-dependent initiation and propagation of lipid peroxidation in human low-density lipoprotein. Biochim Biophys Acta 1995, 1257:279-287. This report shows the importance of vitamin C inhibiting lipid peroxidation in an in vitro system.
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Retsky, K.L.1
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Preservation of the endogenous antioxidants in low density lipoprotein by ascorbate but not probucol during oxidative modification
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Increased risk of cardiovascular disease at suboptimal plasma concentrations of essential antioxidants: An epidemiological update with special attention to carotene and vitamin C
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Gey KF, Moser UK, Jordan P, Stahelin HB, Eichholzer M, Ludin E: Increased risk of cardiovascular disease at suboptimal plasma concentrations of essential antioxidants: an epidemiological update with special attention to carotene and vitamin C. Am J Clin Nutr 1993, 57(suppl):787S-797S.
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Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease in men
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Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Ascherio A, Giovannucci E, Colditz GA, Willett WC: Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease in men. N Engl J Med 1993, 328:1450-1456.
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Rimm, E.B.1
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0029918290
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Dietary antioxidant vitamins and death from coronary heart disease in post-menopausal women
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Kushi LH, Folsom AR, Prineas RJ, Mink PJ, Wu Y, Bostick RM: Dietary antioxidant vitamins and death from coronary heart disease in post-menopausal women. N Engl J Med 1996, 334:1156-1162. In an important report of the association between dietary antioxidant intake and death from CHD in a large cohort of 34,486 women from the Iowa Women's Study, the authors reported that dietary vitamin E, and not vitamin C, was strongly inversely associated with death from coronary disease.
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N Engl J Med
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Kushi, L.H.1
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Vitamin E and vitamin C supplement use and risk of all-cause and coronary heart disease mortality in older persons: The established populations for epidemiologic studies of the elderly
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Losonczy KG, Harris TB, Havlik RJ: Vitamin E and vitamin C supplement use and risk of all-cause and coronary heart disease mortality in older persons: the established populations for epidemiologic studies of the elderly. Am J Clin Nutr 1996, 64:190-196. This is the most recent, large cohort study of antioxidant intake and CHD mortality. Unlike other cohort studies, the authors were only able to collect data on supplement use and not dietary intake. However, as with the Nurses' and Health Professionals cohorts, these investigators found that vitamin E supplements, and not vitamin C supplements, reduced the risk of coronary disease. For vitamin E. the reduction was similar to previous reports indicating that a daily supplement may reduce risk of CHD by 40%.
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Am J Clin Nutr
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Losonczy, K.G.1
Harris, T.B.2
Havlik, R.J.3
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9
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Dietary antioxidants and carotid artery wall thickness: The ARIC Study
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Kritchevsky SB, Shimakawa T, Tell GS, Dennis B, Carpenter M, Eckfeldt JH, Peacher-Ryan H, Heiss G: Dietary antioxidants and carotid artery wall thickness: the ARIC Study. Circulation 1995. 92:2142-2150. Using an intermediate marker of CHD, the authors measured the association between dietary antioxidants and carotid artery wall thickness and found that carotene intake was associated with reduced thickening of the carotid arteries. The strong inverse association was found in smokers and nonsmokers.
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Circulation
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Kritchevsky, S.B.1
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0029046349
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Serial coronary angiographic evidence that antioxidant vitamin intake reduces progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis
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Hodis HN, Mack WJ, LaBree L, Cashin-Hemphill L, Sevanian A, Johnson R, Azen SP: Serial coronary angiographic evidence that antioxidant vitamin intake reduces progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis. JAMA 1995, 273:1849-1854. In this unique study of serial coronary angiographies, there was a strong inverse association between vitamin E supplement use and the slowing of atherosclerosis progression.
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JAMA
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Hodis, H.N.1
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Actions of carotenoids in biological systems
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Krinsky NI: Actions of carotenoids in biological systems. Ann Rev Nutr 1993, 13:561-587.
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Krinsky, N.I.1
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Antioxidants in adipose tissue and risk of myocardial infarction: The EURAMIC Study
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Kardinaal AF, Kok FJ, Ringstad J, Gomez-Aracena J, Mazaev VP, Kohlmeier L, Martin BC, Aro A, Kark JD, Delgado Rodriguez M, et al.: Antioxidants in adipose tissue and risk of myocardial infarction: the EURAMIC Study. Lancet 1993, 342:1379-1384.
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Kardinaal, A.F.1
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Kohlmeier, L.6
Martin, B.C.7
Aro, A.8
Kark, J.D.9
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Serum antioxidants and myocardial infarction: Are low levels of carotenoids and alpha-tocopherol risk factors for myocardial infarction?
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Street DA, Comstock GW, Salkeld RM, Schuep W, Klag MJ: Serum antioxidants and myocardial infarction: are low levels of carotenoids and alpha-tocopherol risk factors for myocardial infarction? Circulation 1994, 90:1154-1161.
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Street, D.A.1
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Fruit, vegetables, and cancer prevention: A review of the epidemiologic evidence
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Block G, Patterson B, Subar A: Fruit, vegetables, and cancer prevention: a review of the epidemiologic evidence. Nutr Cancer 1992, 18:1-29.
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The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers
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The Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group: The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N Engl J Med 1994, 330:1029-1035.
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Effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of angina pectoris: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial
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Rapola JM, Virtamo J, Haukka JK, Heinonen OP, Albanes D, Taylor PR, Huttunen JK: Effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of angina pectoris: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. JAMA 1996, 275:693-698. In this follow-up to the original ATBC report, the authors focused on the impact of the intervention of vitamin E (50 mg/d) or β-carotene (20 mg/d) and risk of angina pectoris in a large, randomized, double-blind clinical trial of 29,133 male smokers from Finland. As with the main analysis, the authors found no benefit for β-carotene supplements and only a minor, nonsignificant benefit of low-dose vitamin E supplementation.
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JAMA
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Rapola, J.M.1
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Mortality associated with low plasma concentration of beta carotene and the effect of oral supplementation
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Greenberg ER, Baron JA, Karagas MR, Stukel TA, Nierenberg DW, Stevens MM, Mandel JS, Haile RW: Mortality associated with low plasma concentration of beta carotene and the effect of oral supplementation. JAMA 1996, 275:699-703. In a clinical trial designed to examine the effects of β-carotene and nonmelanoma skin cancer, the authors were able to compare baseline plasma carotenoid levels with subsequent risk of death from CHD. Similar to previous studies, the authors found that individuals with higher baseline carotenoids levels had lower risk of death from coronary disease.
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JAMA
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Greenberg, E.R.1
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Mandel, J.S.7
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Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease
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Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, Balmes J, Cullen MR, Glass A, Keogh JP, Meyskens Jr FL, Valanis B, Williams Jr JH, Barnhart S, Hammar S: Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1996, 334:1150-1155. In a large-scale clinical trial of 18,314 smokers and asbestos workers, those assigned to a β-carotene intervention (30 mg/d) had an increased risk of dying from cardiovascular disease during the 4 years of follow-up. This trial was stopped prematurely because the β-carotene supplement also significantly increased the risk of lung cancer.
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N Engl J Med
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Intestinal absorption, serum clearance, and interactions between lutein and beta-carotene when administered to human adults in separate or combined oral doses
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Kostic D, White WS, Olson JA: Intestinal absorption, serum clearance, and interactions between lutein and beta-carotene when administered to human adults in separate or combined oral doses. Am J Clin Nutr 1995, 62:604-610. This interesting experimental study suggests that large doses of β-carotene may hinder the absorption of lutein, another common carotenoid found in the diet.
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Am J Clin Nutr
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Kostic, D.1
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Effect of β-carotene supplementation on the concentrations and distribution of carotenoids, vitamin E, vitamin A, and cholesterol in plasma lipoprotein and non-lipoprotein fractions in healthy older women
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Ribaya-Mercado JD, Ordovas JM, Russell RM: Effect of β-carotene supplementation on the concentrations and distribution of carotenoids, vitamin E, vitamin A, and cholesterol in plasma lipoprotein and non-lipoprotein fractions in healthy older women. Am Coll Nutr 1995, 14:614-620. The results from this study are in conflict with the previous study, because the β-carotene supplementation in this experimental study did not affect the distribution or absorption of other carotenoids in the plasma.
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Am Coll Nutr
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Princen HMG, van Poppel G, Vogelezang C, Buytenhek R, Kok FJ: Supplementation with vitamin E but not beta-carotene in vivo protects low density lipoprotein from lipid peroxidation in vitro: effect of cigarette smoking. Arterioscler Thromb 1992, 12:554-562.
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Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB: Epidemiologic evidence for vitamin E in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1995, 62(suppl):1365S-1369S. This report is a more detailed review of the epidemiologic evidence specifically for vitamin E. In this review we discuss many of the earlier studies as well as outline in detail results from recent observational studies.
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Knekt P, Reunanen A, Jarvinen R, Seppanen R, Heliovaara M, Aromaa A: Antioxidant vitamin intake and coronary mortality in a longitudinal population study. Am J Epidemiol 1994, 139:1180-1189.
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A prospective study of vitamin E consumption and risk of coronary disease in women
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Stampfer MJ, Hennekens CH, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Rosner B, Willett WC: A prospective study of vitamin E consumption and risk of coronary disease in women. N Engl J Med 1993, 328:1444-1449.
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Stampfer, M.J.1
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Azen SP, Qian D, Mack WJ, Sevanian A, Selzer RH, Liu C-R, Liu C-H, Hodis HN: Effect of supplementary antioxidant vitamin intake on carotid arterial wall intima-media thickness in a controlled clinical trial of cholesterol lowering. Circulation 1996, 94:2369-2372. Similar to Hodis er al. (JAMA 1995, 273:1849-1854), the authors used an intermediary marker of coronary disease and found that those on vitamin E supplements had less carotid artery wall intima-media thickness than those not taking supplements.
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Azen, S.P.1
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Randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary disease: Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study (CHAOS)
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Stephens NJ, Parsons A, Schofield PM, Kelly F, Cheeseman K, Mitchinson MJ, Brown MJ: Randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary disease: Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study (CHAOS). Lancet 1996, 347:781-786. In the only published large-scale clinical trial of secondary prevention using vitamin E supplements, this carefully designed study found a strong inverse association between vitamin E supplementation (400 to 800 IU/d) and lower risk of secondary nonfatal myocardial infarction; however, during the 1.5-year follow-up, there was no reduction in fatal myocardial infarction among those taking vitamin E supplements.
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Assessment of the safety of high-dose, short-term supplementation with vitamin E in healthy older adults
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Meydani SN, Meydani M, Rall LC, Morrow F, Blumber JB: Assessment of the safety of high-dose, short-term supplementation with vitamin E in healthy older adults. Am J Clin Nutr 1994, 60:704-709.
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Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Rosner B, Cook NR, Belanger C, Lamotte F, Graziano JM, Ridker PM, et al.: Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with β-carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1996, 334:1145-1149.
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