Topics in cancer risk assessment

Environmental Health Perspectives

Volumn 105, Issue SUPPL. 1, 1997, Pages 117-126

  Olin, Stephen S ^a   Neumann, David A ^a   Foran, Jeffery A ^a   Scarano, Gino J ^a  

^a ILSI Risk Science Institute   (United States)

Author keywords

Cancer risk assessment; Carcinogenicity testing; Dose response; Extrapolation; Mode of action; Susceptibility; Transgenic animals

Indexed keywords

CANCER RISK; CANCER SUSCEPTIBILITY; CARCINOGEN TESTING; CARCINOGENESIS; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; HUMAN; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0030932046     PISSN: 00916765     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.97105s1117     Document Type: Review

References (144)

1. Covello VT, Mumpower J. Risk analysis and risk management: an historical perspective. Risk Anal 5:103-120 (1985).
2. Center for Risk Analysis. A Historical Perspective on Risk Assessment in the Federal Government. Boston:Harvard School of Public Health, 1994.
3. National Research Council. Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment. Washington:National Academy Press, 1994;29-42.
4. Olin S, Farland W, Park C, Rhomberg L, Scheuplein R, Starr T, Wilson J, eds. Low-Dose Extrapolation of Cancer Risks: Issues and Perspectives. Washington:ILSI Press, 1995;7-19.
5. Paustenbach DJ. The practice of health risk assessment in the United States (1975-1995); how the U.S. and other countries can benefit from that experience. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 1:29-79 (1995).
6. National Research Council. Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process. Washington:National Academy Press, 1983.
7. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment. Fed Regist 51:33992-34003 (1986).
8. National Research Council. Issues in Risk Assessment. Washington:National Academy Press, 1993.
9. National Research Council. Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment. Washington:National Academy Press, 1994.
10. President's Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management: Report. Washington:U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996.
11. U.S. EPA. Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment. EPA/600/P-92/003C. Washington:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1996.
12. Fenner-Crisp PA. Editorial: Urinary bladder carcinogenesis. Food Chem Toxicol 33:699 (1995).
13. 2μ-Globulin: association with chemically induced renal toxicity and neoplasia in the male rat. EPA/625/3-91/019F. Washington:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991;118.
14. 2μ-globulin nephropathy and renal carcinogenesis. In: Low-Dose Extrapolation of Cancer Risks:Issues and Perspectives (Olin S, Farland W, Park C, Rhomberg L, Scheuplein R, Starr T, Wilson J, eds). Washington:ILSI Press, 1995;175-183.
15. 2μ-globulin) nephropathy in renal carcinogenesis. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 16:111-125 (1992).
16. Melnick RL, Kohn MC, Portier CJ. Implications for risk assessment of suggested nongenotoxic mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis. Environ Health Perspect 104(Suppl 1):123-134 (1996).
17. Report of the Rodent Bladder Carcinogenesis Working Group. Food Chem Toxicol 33:699-802 (1995).
18. Gold LS, Slone TH, Manley NB, Bernstein L. Target organs in chronic bioassays of 533 chemical carcinogens. Environ Health Perspect 93:233-246 (1991).
19. Huff J, Cirvello J, Haseman J, Bucher J. Chemicals associated with site-specific neoplasia in 1394 long-term carcinogenesis experiments in laboratory rodents. Environ Health Perspect 93:247-270 (1991).
20. Gold LS, Slone TH, Stern BR, Bernstein L. Comparison of target organs of carcinogenicity for mutagenic and non-mutagenic chemicals. Mutat Res 286:75-100 (1993).
21. Cohen SM. Role of urinary physiology and chemistry in bladder carcinogenesis. Food Chem Toxicol 33:715-730 (1995).
22. Hard GC. Species comparison of the content and composition of urinary proteins. Food Chem Toxicol 33:731-746 (1995).
23. Clayson DB, Fishbein L, Cohen SM. Effects of stones and other physical factors on the induction of rodent bladder cancer. Food Chem Toxicol 33:771-784 (1995).
24. DeSesso JM. Anatomical relationships of urinary bladders compared: their potential role in the development of bladder tumors in humans and rats. Food Chem Toxicol 33:705-714 (1995).
25. Burin GJ, Gibb HJ, Hill, RN. Human bladder cancer: evidence for a potential irritation-induced mechanism. Food Chem Toxicol 33:785-795 (1995).
26. Crump KS. An improved procedure for low-dose carcinogenic risk assessment from animal data. J Environ Pathol Toxicol 5:339-348 (1984).
27. Gaylor DW, Kodell RL. Linear interpolation algorithm for low-dose risk assessment of toxic substances. J Environ Pathol Toxicol 4:305-312 (1980).
28. Crump KS, Howe RB. A review of methods for calculating statistical confidence limits in low-dose extrapolation. In: Toxicological Risk Assessment, Vol 1 (Clayson DB, Krewski D, Munro I, eds). Boca Raton, FL:CRC Press, 1985;187-203.
29. Zeise L, Wilson R, Crouch EAC. Dose-response relationships for carcinogens: a review. Environ Health Perspect 73:259-308 (1987).
30. Olin S, Farland W, Park C, Rhomberg L, Scheuplein R, Starr T, Wilson J, eds. Low-Dose Extrapolation of Cancer Risks: Issues and Perspectives. Washington:ILSI Press, 1995;7-19.
31. Lutz WK. Dose-response relationship and low-dose extrapolation in chemical carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 11:1243-1247 (1990).
32. Wilson JD. A usually-unrecognized source of bias in cancer risk estimations. Risk Anal 11:11-12 (1991).
33. Park CN. Letter to the editor: Underestimation of linear models. Risk Anal 10:209-210 (1990).
34. Bailar JC III, Crouch EAC, Shaikh R, Spiegelman D. One-hit models of carcinogenesis: conservative or not? Risk Anal 8:485-497 (1988).
35. Bailar JC III, Crouch EAC, Spiegelman D, Shaikh R. Letter to the editor: Response to Park. Risk Anal 10:211-212 (1990).
36. Finkel A. A quantitative estimate of the variations in human susceptibility to cancer and its implications for risk management. In: Low-Dose Extrapolation of Cancer Risks: Issues and Perspectives (Olin S, Farland W, Park C, Rhomberg L, Scheuplein R, Starr T, Wilson J, eds). Washington:ILSI Press, 1995;297-328.
37. Kodell RL, Park CN. Linear extrapolation in cancer risk assessment. In: Low-Dose Extrapolation of Cancer Risks: Issues and Perspectives (Olin S, Farland W, Park C, Rhomberg L, Scheuplein R, Starr T, Wilson J, eds). Washington:ILSI Press, 1995;87-104.
38. Johannsen FR. Risk assessment of carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic chemicals. Toxicology 20:341-467 (1990).
39. Finley B, Proctor D, Scott P, Harrington N, Paustenbach D, Price P. Recommended distributions for exposure factors frequently used in health risk assessment. Risk Anal 14:533-553 (1994).
40. Haimes YY, Barry T, Lambert JH. When and how can you specify a probability distribution when you don't know much? Risk Anal 14:661-706 (1994).
41. Hattis D, Burmaster DE. Assessment of variability and uncertainty distributions for practical risk analyses. Risk Anal 14:713-730 (1994).
42. Brand KP, Small MJ. Updating uncertainty in an integrated risk assessment: conceptual framework and methods. Risk Anal 15:719-732 (1995).
43. Cronin WJ IV, Oswald EJ, Shelley ML, Fisher JW, Flemming CD. A trichloroethylene risk assessment using a Monte Carlo analysis of parameter uncertainty in conjunction with physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling. Risk Anal 15:555-565 (1995).
44. Bogen KT. Methods to approximate joint uncertainty and variability in risk. Risk Anal 15:411-419 (1995).
45. Evans JS, Graham JD, Gray GM, Sielken RL Jr. A distributional approach to characterizing low-dose cancer risk. In: Low-Dose Extrapolation of Cancer Risks: Issues and Perspectives (Olin S, Farland W, Park C, Rhomberg L, Scheuplein R, Starr T, Wilson J, eds). Washington:ILSI Press, 1995:253-274.
46. North DW. Use of expert judgment on cancer dose-response: probabilistic assessment and plans for application to dieldrin. In: Low-Dose Extrapolation of Cancer Risks: Issues and Perspectives (Olin S, Farland W, Park C, Rhomberg L, Scheuplein R, Starr T, Wilson J, eds). Washington:ILSI Press, 1995;275-287.
47. Nilsson, R. Problems in the regulation of carcinogenic chemicals in an international perspective. II. Determination of carcinogenic potency. Rev Int Contam Ambient 10:43-59 (1994).
48. Swenberg JA, Richardson FC, Boucheron JA, Deal FH, Belinsky SA, Charbonneau M, Short BG. High-to low-dose extrapolation: critical determinants involved in the dose response of carcinogenic substances. Environ Health Perspect 76:57-63 (1987).
49. Lutz WK. Dose-response relationships in chemical carcinogenesis: from DNA adducts to tumor incidence. Adv Exp Med Biol 283:151-156 (1991).
50. Marnett LJ, Burcham PC. Endogenous DNA adducts - potential and paradox. Chem Res Toxicol 6:771-785 (1993).
51. Lutz WK, Gaylor D. Significance of DNA adducts at low dose: shortening the time to spontaneous tumor occurrence. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 23:29-34 (1996).
52. Bartsch H, Kadlubar F, O'Neill I, eds. Biomarkers in Human Cancer. Part I. Predisposition and Use in Risk Assessment. Environ Health Perspect 98:3-286 (1992).
53. Bartsch H, Kadlubar F, O'Neill I, eds. Biomarkers in Human Cancer. Part II. Exposure Monitoring and Molecular Dosimetry. Environ Health Perspect 99:5-390 (1992).
54. Bannasch P, Zerban H. Predictive value of hepatic preneoplastic lesions as indicators of carcinogenic response. In: Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis in Risk Identification (Vainio H, Magee PN, McGregor DB, McMichael AJ, eds). IARC Scientific Publications No 116. Lyon:International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1992;389-427.
55. Bentley P, Calder I, Elcombe C, Grasso P, Stringer D, Wiegand H-J. Hepatic peroxisome proliferation in rodents and its significance for humans. Food Chem Toxic 31:857-907 (1993).
56. Cell Proliferation and Chemical Carcinogenesis. Environ Health Perspect 101(Suppl 5):1-302 (1993).
57. Rhomberg L. What constitutes "dose"? (Definitions). In: Low-Dose Extrapolation of Cancer Risks: Issues and Perspectives (Olin S, Farland W, Park C, Rhomberg L, Scheuplein R, Starr T, Wilson J, eds). Washington:ILSI Press, 1995;185-198.
58. Rhomberg L. Use of quantitative modelling in methylene chloride risk assessment. Toxicology 102:95-114 (1995).
59. Crump KS, Hoel DG, Langley CH, Peto R. Fundamental carcinogenic processes and their implications for low dose risk assessment. Cancer Res 16:2973-2979 (1976).
60. Gaylor DW. Relationship between the shape of dose-response curves and background tumor rates. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 16:2-9 (1992).
61. Krewski D, Gaylor DW, Lutz WK. Additivity to background and linear extrapolation. In: Low-Dose Extrapolation of Cancer Risks: Issues and Perspectives (Olin S, Farland W, Park C, Rhomberg L, Scheuplein R, Starr T, Wilson J, eds). Washington:ILSI Press, 1995;105-121.
62. Lutz WK. Endogenous genotoxic agents and processes as a basis of spontaneous carcinogenesis. Mutat Res 238:287-295 (1990).
63. Hoel DG, Kaplan NL, Anderson MW. Implication of nonlinear kinetics on risk estimation in carcinogenesis. Science 219:1032-1037 (1983).
64. Krewski D, Murdoch DJ, Withey JR. The application of pharmacokinetic data in carcinogenic risk assessment. In: Pharmacokinetics in Risk Assessment. Drinking Water and Health Vol 8. Washington:National Academy Press, 1987;441-468.
65. Ames BN, Gold LS. Too many rodent carcinogens: mitogenesis increases mutagenesis. Science 249:970-971 (1990).
66. Cohen SM, Ellwein LB. Cell proliferation in carcinogenesis. Science 249:1007-1011 (1990).
67. Chen C, Farland W. Incorporating cell proliferation in quantitative cancer risk assessment: approaches, issues, and uncertainties. In: Chemically Induced Cell Proliferation: Implications for Risk Assessment (Butterworth BE, Slaga TJ, Farland W, McClain M, eds). New York:Wiley-Liss, 1991;481-499.
68. Hoel DG, Portier CJ. Nonlinearity of dose-response functions for carcinogenicity. Environ Health Perspect 102(Suppl 1):109-113 (1994).
69. Abelson PH. Editorial: Risk assessments of low-level exposures. Science 265:1507 (1994).
70. Calabrese EJ, ed. Biological Effects of Low Level Exposures: Dose-Response Relationships. Boca Raton, FL:Lewis Publishers, 1994.
71. Kitchin KT, Brown JL. Dose-response relationship for rat liver DNA damage caused by 49 rodent carcinogens. Toxicology 88:31-49 (1994).
72. BELLE Newslett, Vols 1-4. Amherst, MA:University of Massachusetts School of Public Health, 1992-1996.
73. Goldman M. Cancer risk of low-level exposure. Science 271:1821-1822 (1996); and subsequent letters to the editor: Science 272:631-633, 273:562-564 (1996).
74. Goldman M. Cancer risk of low-level exposure. Science 271:1821-1822 (1996); and subsequent letters to the editor: Science 272:631-633, 273:562-564 (1996).
75. Goldman M. Cancer risk of low-level exposure. Science 271:1821-1822 (1996); and subsequent letters to the editor: Science 272:631-633, 273:562-564 (1996).
76. Purchase IFH. Current knowledge of mechanisms of carcinogenesis: genotoxins vs. nongenotoxins. Human Exp Toxicol 13:17-28 (1994).
77. McClain RM. The use of mechanistic data in cancer risk assessment: case example - sulfonamides. In: Low-Dose Extrapolation of Cancer Risks: Issues and Perspectives (Olin S, Farland W, Park C, Rhomberg L, Scheuplein R, Starr T, Wilson J, eds). Washington:ILSI Press, 1995:163-173.
78. Cohen SM. Cell proliferation in the bladder and implication for cancer risk assessment. Toxicology 102:149-159 (1995).
79. Olin S, Farland W, Park C, Rhomberg L, Scheuplein R, Starr T, Wilson J, eds. Low-Dose Extrapolation of Cancer Risks: Issues and Perspectives. Washington:ILSI Press, 1995;15-17, 45-60.
80. Purchase IFH, Auton TR Thresholds in chemical carcinogenesis. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 22:199-205 (1995).
81. Russo IH, Russo J. Mammary gland neoplasia in long-term rodent studies. Environ Health Perspect 104(9):938-967 (1996).
82. Neumann DA, Crisp TM, Olin SS. Commentary: Mammary gland neoplasia. Environ Health Perspect 104(9):912-914 (1996).
83. Olin S, Farland W, Park C, Rhomberg L, Scheuplein R, Starr T, Wilson J, eds. Low-Dose Extrapolation of Cancer Risks: Issues and Perspectives. Washington:ILSI Press, 1995;4-5, 21-43.
84. Moolgavkar S, Venzon D. Two-event models for carcinogenesis: incidence curves for childhood and adult tumors. Math Biosci 47:55-77 (1979).
85. Moolgavkar SH, Knudson AG Jr. Mutation and cancer: a model for human carcinogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 66:1037-1052 (1981).
86. Moolgavkar SH, Luebeck EG. Two-event model for carcinogenesis: biological, mathematical, and statistical considerations. Risk Anal 10:323-341 (1990).
87. Kopp-Schneider A, Portier CJ. Distinguishing between models of carcinogenesis: the role of clonal expansion. Fundam Appl Toxicol 17:601-613 (1991).
88. Greenfield R, Ellwein L, Cohen S. A general probabilistic model of carcinogenesis: analysis of experimental urinary bladder cancer. Carcinogenesis 5:437-445 (1984).
89. Ellwein LB, Cohen SM. Comparative analyses of the timing and magnitude of genotoxic and nongenotoxic cellular effects in urinary bladder carcinogenesis. In: Biologically Based Methods for Cancer Risk Assessment (Travis CC, ed). London:Plenum Press, 1989;181-192.
90. 01 study. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 104:79-93 (1990).
91. Cohen SM, Ellwein LB. Biological theory of carcinogenesis: implications for risk assessment. In: Low-Dose Extrapolation of Cancer Risks: Issues and Perspectives (Olin S, Farland W, Park C, Rhomberg L, Scheuplein R, Starr T, Wilson J, eds). Washington:ILSI Press, 1995:145-161.
92. Moolgavkar SH, Luebeck EG, Krewski D, Zielinski JM. Radon, cigarette smoke, and lung cancer: a re-analysis of the Colorado Plateau uranium miners' data. Epidemiology 4:204-217 (1993).
93. Kopp-Schneider A, Portier CJ. Birth and death/differentiation rates of papillomas in mouse skin. Carcinogenesis 13:973-978 (1992).
94. 01 data using SAS NLIN. Risk Anal 15:233-245 (1995).
95. Ehrenberg L, Scalia-Tomba G. Mathematical models for the initiating and promotive action of carcinogens. In: Statistical Methods in Toxicology (Hothorn L, ed). Berlin:Springer Verlag, 1991;65-78.
96. Kopp-Schneider A, Portier CJ. A stem cell model for carcinogenesis. Math Biosci 120:211-232 (1994).
97. Kopp-Schneider A, Portier CJ, Sherman CD. The exact formula for tumor incidence in the two-stage model. Risk Anal 14:1079-1080 (1994).
98. Zheng Q. On the exact hazard and survival functions of the MVK stochastic carcinogenesis model. Risk Anal 14:1081-1084 (1994).
99. Clewell HJ III, Quinn DW, Andersen ME, Conolly RB. An improved approximation to the exact solution of the two-stage clonal growth model of cancer. Risk Anal 15:467-473 (1995).
100. Cox LA Jr. The exact analysis of the multistage model explaining dose-response concavity. Risk Anal 15:359-368 (1995).
101. Crump KS. Editorial: Limitations of biological models of carcinogenesis for low-dose extrapolation. Risk Anal 14:883-886 (1994).
102. Moolgavkar SH. Editorial: Biological models of carcinogenesis and quantitative cancer risk assessment. Risk Anal 14:879-882 (1994).
103. Mendelsohn ML. Estimating the mutational component in multistage models of carcinogenesis. In: Low-Dose Extrapolation of Cancer Risks: Issues and Perspectives (Olin S, Farland W, Park C, Rhomberg L, Scheuplein R, Starr T, Wilson J, eds). Washington:ILSI Press, 1995;135-144.
104. Portier CJ. Quantitative models for cancer dose-response relationships: parameter estimation. In: Low-Dose Extrapolation of Cancer Risks: Issues and Perspectives (Olin S, Farland W, Park C, Rhomberg L, Scheuplein R, Starr T, Wilson J, eds). Washington:ILSI Press, 1995;123-134.
105. Gaylor DW, Zheng Q. Risk assessment of nongenotoxic carcinogens based upon cell proliferation/death rates in rodents. Risk Anal 16:221-225 (1996).
106. Guzelian PS, Henry CJ, Olin SS, eds. Similarities and Differences Between Children and Adults: Implications for Risk Assessment. Washington:ILSI Press, 1992.
107. Silverman DT, Hartge P, Morrison AS, Devesa SS. Epidemiology of bladder cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin N Am 6:1-30 (1992).
108. Brain JD, Beck BD, Warren AJ, Shaikh RA. Variations in susceptibility to inhaled pollutants. Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988.
109. Brewerton DA. HLA-B27 and the inheritance of susceptibility to rheumatic disease. Arthritis Rheum 19:656-668 (1976).
110. Carlquist JF, Menlove RL, Murray MB, O'Connell JB, Anderson JL. HLA class II (DR and DQ) antigen associations in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: validation study and meta-analysis of published HLA association studies. Circulation 83:515-522 (1991).
111. Hadden JW, Smith DL. Immunopharmacology: immunomodulation and immunotherapy. J Am Med Assoc 268:2964-2969 (1992).
112. Chapin RE, Morrissey RE, Gulati DK, Hope E, Barnes LH, Russell SA, Kennedy SR. Are mouse strains differentially susceptible to the reproductive toxicity of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether? A study of three strains. Fundam Appl Toxicol 21(1):8-14 (1993).
113. Sexton K, Anderson YB, eds. Equity in Environmental Health: Research Issues and Needs. Toxicol Ind Health 9:679-959 (1993).
114. Overfield T. Biologic Variation in Health and Illness: Race, Age, and Sex Differences. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL:CRC Press, 1995.
115. Rao GN, Haseman JK, Grumbein S, Crawford DD, Eustis SL. Growth, body weight, survival, and tumor trends in F344/N rats during an eleven year period. Toxicol Pathol 18:61-70 (1990).
116. Turturro A, Hart R. Dietary alteration in the rate of cancer and aging. Exp Gerontol 27:583-592 (1992).
117. Keenan KP, Soper KA, Hertzog PR, Gumprecht LA, Smith PF, Mattson BA, Ballam GC, Clark RL. Diet, overfeeding, and moderate dietary restriction in control Sprague-Dawley rats: II. Effects on age-related proliferative and degenerative lesions. Toxicol Pathol 23:287-302 (1995).
118. Keenan KP, Soper KA, Smith PF, Ballam GC, Clark RL. Diet, overfeeding, and moderate dietary restriction in control Sprague-Dawley rats: I. Effects on spontaneous neoplasms. Toxicol Pathol 23:269-286 (1995).
119. Hart RW, Turturro A. Dietary restriction: an update. In: Dietary Restriction: Implications for the Design and Interpretation of Toxicity and Carcinogenicity Studies (Hart RW, Neumann DA, Robertson RT, eds). Washington:ILSI Press, 1995;1-12.
120. Haseman JK, Rao GN. Effects of corn oil, time-related changes, and inter-laboratory variability on tumor occurrence in control Fischer 344 (F344/N) rats. Toxicol Pathol 20:52-60 (1992).
121. Haseman JK, Bourbina J, Eustis SL. Effect of individual housing and other environmental design factors on tumor incidence in B6C3F1 mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 23:44-52 (1994).
122. Keenan KP, Smith PF, Hertzog P, Soper KA, Ballam GC, Clark RL. The effects of overfeeding and dietary restriction on Sprague-Dawley rat survival and early pathology biomarkers of aging. Toxicol Pathol 22:300-315 (1994).
123. Keenan KP, Soper KA. The effects of ad libitum overfeeding and moderate dietary restriction on Sprague-Dawley rat survival, spontaneous carcinogenesis, chronic disease, and the toxicologic response to pharmaceuticals. In: Dietary Restriction: Implications for the Design and Interpretation of Toxicity and Carcinogenicity Studies (Hart RW, Neumann DA, Robertson RT, eds). Washington:ILSI Press, 1995;99-126.
124. Weindruch R, Walford RL. The Retardation of Aging and Disease by Dietary Restriction. Springfield:Charles C Thomas, 1988.
125. Roe FJC, Lee PN, Conybeare G, Tobin G, Kelly D, Prentice D, Matler B. Risk of premature death and cancer predicted by body weight in early life. Hum Exp Toxicol 10:285-288 (1991).
126. Rao GN. Carcinogenesis and diet restriction. Environ Health Perspect 101:219-220 (1993).
127. Roe FJ, Lee PN, Conybeare G, Kelly D, Matter B, Prentice D, Tobin G. The Biosure Study: influence of composition of diet and food consumption on longevity, degenerative diseases and neoplasia in Wistar rats studied for up to 30 months post weaning. Food Chem Toxicol 33(Suppl 1):1S-100S (1995).
128. Fishbein, L, ed. Biological Effects of Dietary Restriction. Berlin:Springer-Verlag, 1991.
129. Hart RW, Neumann DA, Robertson RT, eds. Dietary Restriction: Implications for the Design and Interpretation of Toxicity and Carcinogenicity Studies. Washington:ILSI Press, 1995.
130. Ruggeri BA, Klurfeld DM, Kritchevsky D. Biochemical alterations in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary tumors from rats subjected to caloric restriction. Biochem Biophys Acta 929:239-246 (1987).
131. Duffy PH, Feuers RJ, Leakey JA, Turturro A, Hart RW. Effect of chronic caloric restriction on physiological variables related to energy metabolism in the male Fischer 344 rat. Mech Aging Dev 48:117-133 (1989).
132. Feuers RJ, Duffy PH, Leakey JA, Turturro A, Mittelstaedt RA, Hart RW. Effect of chronic caloric restriction on hepatic enzymes of intermediary metabolism in the male Fischer 344 rat. Mech Aging Dev 48:179-189 (1989).
133. Tennant RW, French JE, Spalding JW. Identifying chemical carcinogens and assessing potential risk in short-term bioassays using transgenic mouse models. Environ Health Perspect 103:942-950 (1995).
134. Goldsworthy TL, Recio L, Brown K, Donehower LA, Mirsalis JC, Tennant RW, Purchase IFH. Transgenic animals in toxicology. Fundam Appl Toxicol 22:8-19 (1994).
135. Leder A, Kuo A, Cardiff RD, Sinn E, Leder P. v-Ha-ras transgene abrogates the initiation step in mouse skin tumorigenesis: effects of phorbol esters and retinoic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:9178-9182 (1990).
136. Adams JM, Cory S. Transgenic models of tumor development. Science 254:1161-1167 (1991).
137. Hollstein M, Sidransky D, Vogelstein B, Harris CC. p53 mutations in human cancers. Science 253:49-53 (1991).
138. Donehower LA, Harvey M, Slagle BL, McArthur MJ, Montgomery CAJ, Butel JS, Bradley A. Mice deficient for p53 are developmentally normal but susceptible to spontaneous tumors. Nature 356:215-221 (1992).
139. Harvey M, McArthur MJ, Montgomery Jr, CA, Butel JS, Bradley A, Donehower LA. Spontaneous and carcinogen-induced tumorigenesis in p53-deficient mice. Nat Genet 5:225-229 (1993).
140. Ashby J, Paton D. Chemicals for evaluating the sensitivity and specificity of reduced/transgenic rodent cancer bioassay protocols. Mutat Res 331:27-38 (1995).
141. U.S. FFDA. International Conference on Harmonization; Draft Guideline on Testing for Carcinogenicity of Pharmaceuticals. Fed Regist 61:43297-43300 (1996).
142. Gu H, Marth JD, Orban PC, Mossmann H, Rajewsky K. Deletion of a DNA polymerase β gene segment in T cells using cell type-specific gene targeting. Science 265:103-106 (1994).
143. Merlino G. Transgenic mice as models for tumorigenesis. Can Invest 12:203-213 (1994).
144. Harvey M, McArthur MJ, Montgomery CAJ, Bradley A, Donehower LA. Genetic background alters the spectrum of tumors that develop in p53-deficient mice. FASEB J 7:938-943 (1993b).