Disability and cognitive impairment in the elderly

Disability and Rehabilitation

Volumn 19, Issue 5, 1997, Pages 175-193

  Barberger Gateau, Pascale ^a   Fabrigoule, Colette ^a  

^a INSERM   (France)

Author keywords

Cognitive impairment; Dementia; Disability; Elderly; Epidemiology

Indexed keywords

AGING; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DAILY LIFE ACTIVITY; DISABILITY; FUNCTIONAL DISEASE; HUMAN; INSTITUTIONALIZATION; MENTAL PERFORMANCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

EID: 0030924742     PISSN: 09638288     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/09638289709166525     Document Type: Review

References (173)

1. Foley DJ, Berkman LF, Branch LG, Farmer ME, Wallace RB. Physical functioning. In: Cornoni-Huntley J, Brock DB, Ostfeld AM, Taylor J & Wallace RB (eds) Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly. Resource Data Book. No. 86-2443. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, 1986; 56-94.
2. Wiener J, Hanley R, Clark R, Van Nostrand J. Measuring the activities of daily living: comparisons across national surveys. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences 1990; 45: S229-237.
3. Manton K. Epidemiological, demographic, and social correlates of disability among the elderly. Milbank Quarterly 1989; 67: 13-58.
4. Barberger-Gateau P, Dartigues J-F, Chaslerie A, Gagnon M, Salamon R, Alperovitch A. Conditions de vie et état de santé d'une population âgée au domicile: premiers résultats du projet Paquid. Revue de Gériatrie 1991; 16: 15-21.
5. Hall R, Channing D. Age, pattern of consultation, and functional disability in elderly patients in one general practice. British Medical Journal 1990; 301: 424-428.
6. Nyman JA, Cyphert ST, Russell D, Wallace RB. The ratio of impaired elderly in the community to those in nursing homes in two rural Iowa counties. Medical Care 1989; 27: 920-927.
7. Molaschi M, Ponzetto M, Ferrario E, Scarafiotti C, Fabris F. Health and functional status in elderly patients living in nursing homes. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 1995; 21: 267-276.
8. Robine J, Ritchie K. Healthy life expectancy: evaluation of global indicator of change in population health. British Medical Journal 1991; 302: 457-460.
9. Fries JF. Physical activity, the compression of morbidity, and the health of the elderly. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 1996; 89: 64-68.
10. Brody JA, Schneider EL. Diseases and disorders of aging: an hypothesis. Journal of Chronic Diseases 1986; 39: 871-876.
11. Ritchie K. Is senile dementia 'age-related' or 'ageing-related'? Evidence from meta-analysis of dementia prevalence in the oldest old. Lancet 1995; 346: 931-934.
12. Letenneur L, Commenges D, Dartigues JFD, Barberger-Gateau P. Incidence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in elderly community residents of south-western France. International Journal of Epidemiology 1994; 23: 1256-1261.
13. Letenneur L, Jacqmin H, Barberger-Gateau P, Dartigues JF, Salamon R. Cerebral and functional aging: first results on prevalence and incidence of the PAQUID cohort. Methods of Information in Medicine 1993; 32: 249-251.
14. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd edn. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1980.
15. Crook T, Larrabee GJ. Age-associated memory impairment diagnostic criteria and treatment strategies. Psychopharmacology 1988; 24: 509-514.
16. Koivisto K, Reinikainen KJ, Häninen T et al. Prevalence of age-associated memory impairment in a randomly selected population from eastern Finland. 1995; 45: 741-747.
17. Callahan CM, Hendrie HC, Tierney WM. Documentation and evaluation of cognitive impairment in elderly primary care patients. Annals of Internal Medicine 1995; 122: 422-429.
18. Preston GAN. Dementia in elderly adults: prevalence and institutionalization. Journal of Gerontology 1986; 41: 261-267.
19. Campbell AJ, Cosh LMN, Reinken J, Allan BC. Dementia in old age and the need for services. Age and Ageing 1983; 12: 11-16.
20. Kay DWK, Beamish P, Roth M. Old age mental disorders in Newcastle upon Tyne. Part I: a study of prevalence. British Journal of Psychiatry 1964; 110: 146-158.
21. Adolfsson R, Gottfries CG, Nyström L, Winblad B. Prevalence of dementia disorders in institutionalized Swedish old people. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1981; 63: 225-244.
22. Woods RT. Activities of daily living in dementia. In: Gottfries CG, Levy R, Clincke G & Tritsmans L (eds) Diagnostic and Therapeutic Assessments in Alzheimer's Disease. Wrightson Biomedical Publishing Ltd, 1991; 71-84.
23. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd end, rev. (DSM-III-R). Washington, DC: APA; 1987.
24. World Health Organization (WHO). International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps - a manual relating to the consequences of disease. Geneva: WHO, 1980.
25. Lawton MP. The functional assessment of elderly people. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1971; 19: 465-581.
26. Katz S, Stroud MW. Functional assessment in geriatrics. A review of progress and directions. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1989; 37: 267-271.
27. Minaire P. Disease, illness and health: theoretical models of the disablement process. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1992; 70: 373-379.
28. Pfeiffer E. Multidimensional Functional Assessment: the OARS methodology. Durham, NC: Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development. Duke University. 1975.
29. Branch LG, Meyers AR. Assessing physical function in the elderly. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine 1987; 3: 29-51.
30. Campbell LA, Thompson BL, Evaluating elderly patients: a critique of comprehensive functional assessment tools. Nurse Practitioner 1990; 15: 11-18.
31. Katz S, Downs TD, Cash HR, Grotz RC. Progress in development of the index of ADL. Gerontologist 1970; 10: 20-30.
32. Fillenbaum GG. Screening the elderly: a brief instrumental activities of daily living measure. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1985; 33: 698-706.
33. George LK, Fillenbaum GG. OARS methodology. A decade of experience in geriatric assessment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1985; 33: 607-615.
34. Lawton MP, Broody EM. Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist 1969; 9: 179-186.
35. Katz S. Assessing self maintenance: activities of daily living, mobility and instrumental activities of daily living. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1983; 31: 721-727.
36. Badley EM. The genesis of handicap: definition, models of disablement, and role of external factors. Disability and Rehabilitation 1995; 17: 53-62.
37. Spector WD, Katz S, Murphy JB, Fulton JP. The hierarchical relationship between activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living. Journal of Chronic Diseases 1987; 40: 481-489.
38. Kempen GIJM, Suurmeijer TPBM. The development of a hierarchical polychotomous ADL-IADL scale for noninstitutionalised elders. Gerontologist 1990; 30: 497-502.
39. Norstrom T, Thorslund M. The structure of IADL and ADL measures: some findings from a Swedish study. Age and Ageing 1991; 20: 23-28.
40. Asberg KH, Sonn V. The cumulative structure of personal and instrumental ADL. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 1988; 21: 171-177.
41. Nagi SZ. An epidemiology of disability among adults in the United States. Milbank Memorial Foundation Quarterly Health and Society 1976; 54: 439-468.
42. Mahurin RK, De Bettignies BH, Pirozzolo FJ. Structured assessment of independent living skills: preliminary report of a performance measure of functional abilities in dementia. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences 1991; 46: P58-66.
43. Ritchie K, Ledesert B. The measurement of incapacity in the severely demented elderly: the validation of a behavioural assessment scale. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 1991; 6: 217-226.
44. Magaziner J. Bassett SS, Hebel JR, Gruber-Baldini A. Use of proxies to measure health and functional status in epidemiologic studies of community-dwelling women aged 65 years and older. American Journal of Epidemiology 1996; 143: 283-292.
45. Rubenstein LZ, Schairer C, Wieland GD, Kane R. Systematic biases in functional status assessment of elderly adults: effects of different data sources. Journal of Gerontology 1984; 39: 686-691.
46. Magaziner J, Simonsick EM, Kashner TM, Hebel JR. Patient-proxy response comparability on measures of patient health and functional status. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1988; 41: 1065-1074.
47. Gurland BJ, Golden RR, Teresi JA, Challop J. The SHORT-CARE: an efficient instrument for the assessment of depression, dementia, and disability. Journal of Gerontology 1984; 39: 166-169.
48. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. 'Mini-Mental State'. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinicians. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1975; 12: 189-198.
49. Pfeiffer E. A short portable mental status questionnaire for the assessment of organic brain deficits in elderly patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1975; 23: 433-441.
50. Kahn RL, Goldfarb AI, Pollack M, Peck A. Brief objective measures for the determination of mental status in the aged. American Journal of Psychiatry 1960; 117: 326-328.
51. Katzman R, Brown T, Fuld P, Peck A, Schechter R, Schimmel H. Validation of a short orientation-memory-concentration test of cognitive impairment. American Journal of Psychiatry 1983; 140: 734-739.
52. Colsher PL, Wallace RB. Epidemiological considerations in studies of cognitive function in the elderly: methodology and non-dementing acquired dysfunction. Epidemiologic Review 1991; 13: 1-27.
53. Tombaugh TN, McIntyre NJ. The Mini-Mental State Examination: a comprehensive review. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1992; 40: 922-935.
54. McKahn G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, Stadlan M. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1984; 34: 939-944.
55. Fratiglioni L. Epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease and current possibilities for prevention. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 1996 (Suppl. 165): 33-40.
56. Berg LB. Clinical Dementia Rating. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1988; 24: 637-639.
57. Reisberg B, Ferry SH, DeLeon MJ, Crook T. The Global Deterioration Scale for Assessment of primary degenerative dementia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1982; 139: 1136-1139.
58. Galasko D, Corey-Bloom J, Thai LJ. Monitoring progression in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1991; 39: 1991.
59. Spinnler H, Della Sala S. The role of clinical neuropsychology in the neurological diagnosis of Alzheimer's type. Journal of Neurology 1988; 235: 259-271.
60. Dartigues JF, Commenges D, Letenneur L et al. Cognitive predictors of dementia in elderly community residents. Neuroepidemiology 1997; 16: 29-39.
61. Roth M, Tym E, Mountjoy CQ et al. CAMDEX. A standardised instrument for the diagnosis of mental disorder in the elderly with special reference to the early detection of dementia. British Journal of Psychiatry 1986; 149: 698-709.
62. Morris JC, Heyman A, Mohs RC et al. The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD). Part I. Clinical and neuropsychological assessment of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1989; 39: 1159-1165.
63. Martin A, Brouwers P, Lalonde F et al. Towards a behavioral typology of alzheimers patients. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 1986; 8: 594-610.
64. Joanette Y, Poissant A, Valdois S. Neuropsychological dissociations in dementia of the Alzheimer type: a multiple single case study. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsvchology 1989; 11: 91.
65. Grafman J. Heterogeneous disappearance of knowledge in Alzheimer's disease. In: Boller F, Focette F, Khachatwiian Z et al. (eds) Heterogeneity of Alzheimer's Disease. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992; 24-32.
66. Schaie KW. The Seattle Longitudinal Study: a twenty-one year exploration of psychometric intelligence in adulthood. In: Schaie KW (ed) Longitudinal Studies of Adult Psychological Development. New York: Guilford Press, 1983; 64-135.
67. Jacqmin-Gadda H, Fabrigoule C, Commenges D, Dartigues JF. A five-year longitudinal study of Mini-Mental State Examination in normal aging. American Journal of Epidemiology (In press).
68. Cerella J. Information-processing rates in the elderly. Psychological Bulletin 1985; 98: 67-83.
69. Salthouse TA. The aging of working memory. Neuropsychology 1994; 8: 535-543.
70. Kaufman AS, Reynolds CR, McLean JE. Age and WAIS-R intelligence in a national sample of adults in the 20- to 74-year age average: a cross-sectional analysis with educational level controlled. Intelligence 1989; 13: 235-253.
71. Albert MS, Kaplan EF. Organic implications of neuropsychological deficits in the elderly. In: Poon LW, Fozard J, Cermak L, Arenberg D & Thompson LW (eds) New Directions in Memory and Aging: Proceedings of the George A. Talland Memorial Conference. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1980; 403-432.
72. Ritchie K, Leibovici D, Ledesert B, Touchon J. A typology of subclinical senescent cognitive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry 1996; 168: 470-476.
73. Teresi JA, Golden RR, Gurland BJ, Wilder DE, Bennett RG. Construct validity of indicator scales developed from the comprehensive interview schedule. Journal of Gerontology 1984; 39: 147-157.
74. Kuriansky J, Gurland B. The performance test of activities of daily living. International Journal of Aging and Human Development 1976; 7: 343-352.
75. Pfeffer RI, Kurosaki TT, Harrah CH, Chance JM, Filos S. Measurement of functional activities in older adults in the community. Journal of Gerontology 1982; 37: 323-329.
76. Wilson LA, Grant K, Witney PM, Kerridge DF. Mental status of elderly hospital patients related to occupational therapist's assessment of activities of daily living. Gerontologia Clinica 1973; 15: 197-202.
77. Scherr PA, Albert MS, Funkenstein HH et al. correlates of cognitive function in an elderly community population. American Journal of Epidemiology 1988; 128: 1084-1101.
78. Kay DWK, Holding TA, Jones B, Littler S. Dependency in old age: a comparison of mental and physical factors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 1991; 6: 833-844.
79. Barberger-Gateau P, Chaslerie A, Dartigues JF, Commenges D, Gagnon M, Salamon R. Health measures correlates in a French elderly community population: the PAQUID study. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences 1992; 47: S88-95.
80. Winograd CH. Mental status tests and capacity for self care. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1984; 32: 49-55.
81. Reed BR, Jagust WJ, Seab JP. Mental status as a predictor of daily function in progressive dementia. Gerontologist 1989; 29: 804-807.
82. Skurla E, Rogers JC, Sunderland T. Direct assessment of activities of daily living in Alzheimer's disease. A controlled study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1988; 36: 97-103.
83. Galanos AN, Fillenbaum GG, Cohen HJ, Burchett BM. The comprehensive assessment of community dwelling elderly: why functional status is not enough. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 1994; 6: 343-352.
84. Barberger-Gateau P, Commenges D, Gagnon M, Letenneur L, Sauvel C, Dartigues JF. Instrumental activities of daily living as a screening tool for cognitive impairment and dementia in elderly community dwellers. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1992; 40: 1129-1134.
85. Kay DWK, Henderson AS, Scott R, Wilson J, Rickwood D, Grayson DA. Dementia and depression among the elderly living in the Hobart community: the effect of the diagnostic criteria on the prevalence rates. Psychological Medicine 1985; 15: 771-788.
86. Livingston G, Hawkins A, Graham N, Blizard B, Mann A. The Gospel Oak Study: prevalence rates of dementia, depression and activity limitation among elderly residents in Inner London. Psychological Medicine 1990; 20: 137-146.
87. Fuhrer R, Antonucci TC, Gagnon M, Dartigues J-F, Barberger-Gateau P, Alperovitch A. Depressive symptomatology and cognitive functioning: an epidemiological survey in an elderly community sample in France. Psychological Medicine 1992; 22: 159-172.
88. Alexopoulos GS, Vrontou C, Kakuma T et al. Disability in geriatric depression. American Journal of Psychiatry 1996; 153: 877-885.
89. Lichtenberg PA, Ross T, Millis SR, Manning CA. The relationship between depression and cognition in older adults: a cross-validation study. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences 1995; 50B: P25-P32.
90. Berkman LF, Berkman CS, Kasl S et al. Depressive symptoms in relation to physical health and functioning in the elderly. American Journal of Epidemiology 1986; 124: 372-388.
91. Griffiths RA, Good WR, Watson NP, O'Donnell HF, Fell PJ, Shakespeare JM. Depression, dementia and disability in the elderly. British Journal of Psychiatry 1987; 150: 482-493.
92. Pearson JL, Teri L, Reifler BV, Raskind MA. Functional status and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's patients with and without depression. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1989; 37: 1117-1121.
93. Forsell Y, Jorm AF, Winblad B. Association of age, cognitive dysfunction, and disability with major depressive symptoms in an elderly sample. American Journal of Psychiatry 1994; 151: 1600-1604.
94. Dufouil C, Fuhrer R, Dartigues JF, Alperovitch A. Longitudinal analysis of the association between depressive symptomatology and cognitive deterioration. American Journal of Epidemiology 1996; 144: 634-641.
95. Livingston-Bruce M, Seeman TE, Merrill SS, Blazer DG. The impact of depressive symptomatology on physical disability: MacArthur studies of successful aging. American Journal of Public Health 1994; 84: 1796-1799.
96. Pinsky JL, Leaverton PE, Stokes J. Predictors of good function: the Framingham Study. Journal of Chronic Diseases 1987; 40: 159S-167S.
97. Dealberto MJ, Gagnon M, Barberger-Gateau P, Dartigues JF, Alperovitch A. Influence du niveau d'étude sur un test de dépistage de la démence, le Mini-Mental State Examination. Revue d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique 1992; 40: 93-101.
98. Jorm A, Scott R, Henderson A, Kay D. Educational level differences on the Mini-Mental State: the role of test bias. Psychological Medicine 1988; 18: 727-731.
99. Victor CR. Inequalities in health in later life. Age and Ageing 1989; 18: 387-391.
100. Cassou B, Derriennic F, Iwatsubo Y, Amphoux M. Physical disability after retirement and occupational risk factors during working life: a cross sectional epidemiological study in the Paris area. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 1992; 46: 506-511.
101. Dartigues JF, Gagnon M, Letenneur L et al. Principal lifetime occupation and cognitive impairment in a French elderly cohort (PAQUID). American Journal of Epidemiology 1992; 135: 981-988.
102. Nejjari C, Tessier JF, Dartigues JF, Barberger-Gateau P, Letenneur L, Salamon R. The relationship between dyspnoea and main lifetime occupation in elderly community dwellers. International Journal of Epidemiology 1993; 22: 848-854.
103. Barberger-Gateau P, Nejjari C, Tessier J-F, Dartigues JF. Assessment of disability and handicap associated with dyspnoea in elderly subjects. Disability and Rehabilitation 1995; 17: 83-89.
104. Bassett SS, Folstein MF. Cognitive impairment and functional disability in the absence of psychiatric diagnosis. Psychological Medicine 1991; 21: 77-84.
105. Vetter NJ, Lewis PA, Ford D. The relationship between symptoms of chronic disease and dependence. International Disability Studies 1990; 12: 22-27.
106. Nickel JT, Chirikos TN. Functional disability of elderly patients with long term coronary heart disease: a sex stratified analysis. Journal of Gerontology 11990; 45: S60-S68.
107. Pinsky JL, Branch LG, Jette AM et al. Framingham disability study: relationship of disability to cardiovascular risk factors among persons free of diagnosed cardiovascular disease. American Journal of Epidemiology 1985; 122: 644-656.
108. Keil JE, Gazes PC, Sutherland SE, Rust PF, Branch LG, Tyroler HA. Predictors of physical disability in elderly Blacks and Whites of the Charleston Heart Study. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1989; 42: 521-529.
109. Freels S, Cohen D, Eisdorfer C et al. Functional status and clinical findings in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Gerontology : Medical Sciences 1992; 47: M177-M182.
110. Chyou P-H, White LR, Yano K et al. Pulmonary function measures as predictors and correlates of cognitive functioning in later life. American Journal of Epidemiology 1996; 143: 750-756.
111. Branch LG. Health practices and incident disability among the elderly. American Journal of Public health 1985; 75: 1436-1439.
112. Guralnik JM, Kaplan GA. Predictors of health aging: prospective evidence from the Alameda County Study. American Journal of Public Health 1989; 79: 703-708.
113. Graves AB, Van Duijn CM, Chandra V et al. Alcohol and tobacco consumption as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a collaborative re-analysis of case-control studies. International Journal of Epidemiology 1991; 20 (Suppl. 2): S48-S57.
114. Letenneur L, Dartigues JF, Commenges D, Barberger-Gateau P, Tessier JF, Orgogozo JM. Tobacco consumption and cognitive impairment in elderly people. A population-based study. Annals of Epidemiology 1994; 4: 449-454.
115. Pradignac A, Schlienger JL, Velten M, Mejean L. Relationships between macronutrient intake, handicaps, and cognitive impairments in free living elderly people. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 1995; 7: 67-74.
116. Letenneur L, Dartigues JF, Orgogozo JM. Wine consumption in the elderly. Annals of Internal Medicine 1993; 118: 317-318.
117. Colsher PL, Wallace RB. Elderly men with histories of heavy drinking: correlates and consequences. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 1990; 51: 528-535.
118. Kretchmer N, Beard JL, Carlson S. The role of nutrition in the development of normal cognition. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1996; 63: 997S-1001S.
119. Abalan F. Alzheimer's disease and malnutrition: a new etiological hypothesis. Medical Hypotheses 1984; 15: 385-393.
120. Ortega RM, Rodriguez-Manas L, Andres P et al. Functional and psychic deterioration in elderly people may be aggravated by folate deficiency. Journal of Nutrition 1996; 126: 1992-1999.
121. Nickols-Richardson SM, Johnson MA, Poon LW, Martin P. Mental health and number of illnesses are predictors of nutritional risk in elderly persons. Experimental Aging Research 1996; 22: 141-154.
122. Manandhar MC. Functional ability and nutritional status of free-living elderly. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 1995; 54: 667-691.
123. Harris T, Kovar MG, Suzman R, Kleinman JC, Feldman JJ. Longitudinal study of physical ability in the oldest-old. American Journal of Public Health 1989; 79: 698-702.
124. Ensrud KE, Nevitt MC, Yunis C et al. Correlates of impaired function in older women. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1994; 42: 481-489.
125. Jagger C, Clarke M, Cook AJ. Mental and physical health of elderly people: five-year follow-up of a total population. Age and Ageing 1989; 18: 77-82.
126. Palmore EB, Nowlin JB, Wang HS. Predictors of function among the old-old: a 10-year follow-up. Journal of Gerontology 1985; 40: 244-250.
127. Roos NP, Havens B. Predictors of successful aging: a twelve-year study of Manitoba elderly. American Journal of Public Health 1991; 81: 63-68.
128. Sauvel C, Barberger-Gateau P, Dequae L, Letenneur L, Dartigues JF. Facteurs associés à l'évolution à l'évolution à un an de l'autonomie fonctionnelle des personnes âgées vivant à leur domicile. Revue d'Epidémiologie et Santé Publique 1994; 42: 13-23.
129. Greiner PA, Snowdon DA, Schmitt FA. The loss of independence in activities of daily living: the role of low normal cognitive function in elderly nuns. American Journal of Public Health 1996; 86: 62-66.
130. Tondat-Carter L, Olsen-Oliveira D, Duponte J, Lynch SV. The relationship of cognitive skills performance to activities of daily living in stroke patients. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 1988; 42: 449-455.
131. Barberger-Gateau P, Dartigues JF, Letenneur L. Four instrumental activities of daily living score as a predictor of one-year incident dementia. Age and Ageing 1993; 22: 457-463.
132. Fabrigoule C, Letenneur L, Dartigues JF, Zarrouk M, Commenges D, Barberger-Gateau P. Social and leisure activities and risk of dementia: a prospective longitudinal study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1995; 43: 485-490.
133. Fillenbaum GG, Hughes DC, Heyman A, George LK, Blazer DG. Relationship of health and demographic characteristics to Mini-Mental State Examination score among community residents. Psychological Medicine 1988; 18: 719-726.
134. Murden RA, McRae TD, Kaner S, Bucknam ME. Mini-mental State Exam scores vary with education in Blacks and Whites. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1991; 39: 149-55.
135. Blessed G, Tomlinson B, Roth M. The association between quantitative measures of dementia and of senile change in the cerebral grey matter of elderly subjects. British Journal of Psychiatry 1968; 114: 797-811.
136. Ritchie K, Fuhrer R. A comparative study of the performance of screening tests for senile dementia using receiver operating characteristics analysis. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1992; 6: 627-637.
137. Grand A, Grosclaude P, Bocquet H, Pous J, Albarede JL. Disability, psychosocial factors and mortality and among the elderly in a rural French population. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1990; 43: 773-782.
138. Chirikos TN, Nestel G. Longitudinal analysis of functional disabilities in older men. Journal of Gerontology 1985; 40: 426-433.
139. Tsuji I, Minami Y, Keyl P et al. The predictive power of self-rated health, activities of daily living, and ambulatory activity for cause-specific mortality among the elderly: a three year follow-up in urban Japan. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1994; 42: 153-156.
140. Manton KG. A longitudinal study of functional change and mortality in the United States. Journal of Gerontology 1988; 43: S153-S161.
141. Koyano W, Shibata H, Nakazato K, Haga H, Suyama Y, Matsuzaki T. Mortality in relation to the instrumental activities of daily living: one year follow up in a Japanese urban community. Journal of Gerontology 1989; 44: S107-S109.
142. Ho SC. Health and social predictors of mortality in an elderly Chinese cohort. American Journal of Epidemiology 1991; 133: 907-921.
143. Kaplan G, Barell V, Lusky A. Subjective state of health and survival in elderly adults. Journal of Gerontology 1988; 43: S114-S120.
144. Liu IY, Lacroix AZ, White LR, Kittner SJ, Wolf PA. Cognitive impairment and mortality: a study of possible confounders. American Journal of Epidemiology 1990; 132: 136-143.
145. Deeg DJH, Hofman A, Van Zonneveld RJ. The association between change in cognitive function and longevity in Dutch elderly. American Journal of Epidemiology 1990; 132: 973-982.
146. Berr C, Dartigues JF, Alpérovitch A. Cognitive performance and three-year mortality in the PAQUID elderly study. Revue d'Epidemiologie et de Santé Publique 1994; 42: 277-284.
147. Gale CR, Martyn CN, Cooper C. Cognitive impairment and mortality in a cohort of elderly people. British Medical Journal 1996; 312: 608-611.
148. Campbell AJ, Diep C, Reinken J, McCos HL. Factors predicting mortality in a total population sample of the elderly. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 1985; 39: 337-42.
149. Colvez A, Robine J-M, Jouan-Flahault C. Risque et facteur de risque d'incapacité aux âges élevés. Revue d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique 1987; 35: 257-269.
150. Heinemann GD. Negative health outcomes among the elderly. Research on Aging 1985; 7: 363-382.
151. Reuben DB, Siu AL, Kimpau S. The predictive validity of self-report and performance-based measures of function and health. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences 1992; 47: M106-M110.
152. Deeg D, Zonneveld R, Van der Mass P, Habbema J. Medical and social predictors of longevity in the elderly: total predictive value and interdependence. Social Sciences in Medicine 1989; 29: 1271-1280.
153. Cooper B, Bickel H, Schäufele M. Early development and progression of dementing illness in the elderly: a general-practice based study. Psychological Medicine 1996; 26: 411-419.
154. Manton K, Stallard E. Cross-sectional estimates of active life expectancy for the U.S. elderly and oldest-old population. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences 1991; 46: S170-182.
155. Barberger-Gateau P, Grolier L, Maurice S, Borde C, Salamon R, Galley P. L'hospitalisation en court-séjour des personnes âgées: premier pas vers l'entrée en institution? Revue d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique 1990; 38: 323-332.
156. Davis JW, Shapiro MF, Kane RL. Level of care and complications among geriatric patients discharged from the medical service of a teaching hospital. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1984; 32: 427-430.
157. Lamont CT, Sampson S, Matthias R, Kane R. The outcome of hospitalization for acute illness in the elderly. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1983; 31: 282-288.
158. Branch LG, Jette AM. A prospective study of long term care institutionalization among the aged. American Journal of Public Health 1982; 72: 1373-1379.
159. Williams ME, Hornberber JC. A quantitative method of identifying older persons at risk for increasing long term care services. Journal of Chronic Diseases 1984; 37: 705-711.
160. Nikolaus T, Bach M, Wittmann-Jennewein C, Specht-Leible N, Oster P, Schlierf G. Quantifying functional ability to predict health-care use of elderly persons. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 1995; 7: 258-260.
161. Spector WD. Cognitive impairment and disruptive behaviors among community-based elderly persons: implications for targeting long-term care. Gerontologist 1991; 31: 51-59.
162. Kasper JD. Cognitive impairment among functionally limited elderly people in the community: future considerations for long-term care policy. Milbank Quarterly 1990; 68: 81-109.
163. Black JS, Kapoor W. Health promotion and disease prevention in older people. Our current state of ignorance. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1990; 38: 168-172.
164. Fried LP, Bush TL. Morbidity as a focus of preventive health care in the elderly. Epidemiologic Reviews 1988; 10: 48-64.
165. Dartigues JF, Letenneur L, Fabrigoule C, Commenges D, Barberger-Gateau P, Orgogozo JM. Predictors of dementia in elderly community residents. In: Iqbal K, Mortimer JA, Winblad B & Wisniewski HM (eds) Research Advances in Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders. Chichester: John Wiley, 1995; 23-30.
166. Gauthier S, Montplaisir J, Petit D et al. Outcome variables in presymptomatic individuals at higher risk of developing Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders 1996; 10 (Suppl. 1): 19-21.
167. Davis KL, Powchik P. Tacrine Lancet 1995; 345: 625-630.
168. Gräsel E. Non-pharmacological intervention strategies on aging process: empirical data on mental training in 'normal' older people and patients with mental impairment. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 1994 (Suppl. 4): 91-98.
169. Rubenstein LV, Calkins DR, Young RT et al. Improving patient function: a randomized trial of functional disability screening. Annals of Internal Medicine 1989; 11: 836-842.
170. Van Rossum E, Frederiks CMA, Philipsen H, Portengen K, Wiskerke J, Knipschild P. Effects of preventive home visits to elderly people. British Medical Journal 1993; 307: 27-32.
171. Stuck AE, Aronow HU, Steiner A et al. A trial of annual in-home comprehensive geriatric assessments for elderly people living in the community. New England Journal of Medicine 1995; 333: 1184-1189.
172. Stuck AE, Siu AL, Wieland GD, Adams J, Rubenstein LZ. Comprehensive geriatric assessment: a meta-analysis of controlled trials. Lancet 1993; 342: 1032-1036.
173. Drachman DA. If we live long enough, will we all be demented? Neurology 1994; 44: 1563-1565.