When checkpoints fail

Cell

Volumn 88, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 315-321

  Paulovich, Amanda G ^b   Toczyski, David P ^a   Hartwell, Leland H ^a,b  

^a Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

APOPTOSIS; CELL CYCLE; DNA DAMAGE; DNA RECOMBINATION; DNA REPAIR; DNA REPLICATION; GENE MUTATION; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE;

EID: 0030895204     PISSN: 00928674     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81870-X     Document Type: Review

References (82)

1. Allen, J.B., Zhou, Z., Siede, W., Friedberg, E.C., and Elledge, S.J. (1994). The SAD1/RAD53 protein kinase controls multiple Check-points and DNA damage-induced transcription in yeast. Genes Dev. 8, 2401-2428.
2. 2 arrest-dependent immunoglobulin κ light chain gene expression. EMBO J. 14, 1392-1401.
3. Araki, H., Leem, S.-H., Phongdara, A., and Sugino, A. (1995). Dpb11, which interacts with DNA polymerase II(ε) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has a dual role in S-phase progression and at a cell cycle checkpoint. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 11791-11795.
4. Cairns, J., and Davern, C.I. (1966). Effect of 32P decay upon DNA synthesis by a radiation-sensitive strain of Escherichia coli. J. Mol. Biol. 17, 418-427.
5. Clarke, A.R., Purdie, C.A., Harrison, D.J., Morris, R.G., Bird, C.C., Hooper, M.L.,and Wyllie, A.M. (1993). Thymocyte apoptosis induced by p53-dependent and independent pathways. Nature 362, 849-852.
6. Cross, S.M., Sanchez, C.A., Morgan, C.A., Schimke, M.K., Ramel, S., Idzerda, R.L., Raskind, W.H.,and Reid, B.J. (1995).A p53-dependent mouse spindle checkpoint. Science 267, 1353-1356.
7. CIP1/WAF1 undergo normal development, but are defective in G1 checkpoint control. Cell 82, 675-684.
8. D'Urso, G., and Nurse, P. (1995). Checkpoints in the cell cycle of fission yeast. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 5, 12-16.
9. Elledge, S.J. (1996). Cell cycle checkpoints: preventing an identity crisis. Science 274, 1664-1672.
10. Elledge, S.J., Zhou, Z., and Allen, J.B. (1992). Ribonucleotide reductase: regulation, regulation, regulation. Trends Biochem. Sci. 17, 119-123.
11. Fan, S., Smith, M.L., Rivet, D.J., Duba, D., Zhan, Q., Kohn, K.W., Fornace, A.J., and O'Connor, P.M. (1995). Disruption of p53 function sensitizes breast cancer MCF-7 cells to cisplatin and pentoxifylline. Cancer Res. 55, 1649-1654.
12. Friedberg, E.C., Walker, G.C., and Siede, W. (1995). DNA Repair and Mutagenesis (Washington, D.C.: ASM Press).
13. Garvik, B., Carson, M., and Hartwell, L. (1995). Single-stranded DNA arising at telomeres in cdc 13 mutants may constitute a specific signal for the RAD9 checkpoint. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 6128-6138.
14. Hannun, Y.A. (1996). Functions of ceramide in coordinating cellular responses to stress. Science 274, 1855-1859.
15. Hartwell, L.H., and Kastan, M.B. (1994). Cell cycle control and cancer. Science 266, 1821-1828.
16. Hartwell, L.H., and Weinert, T.A. (1989). Checkpoints: controls that ensure the order of cell cycle events. Science 246, 629-634.
17. Hawn, M.T., Umar, A., Carethers, J.M., Marra, G., Kunkel, T.A., Boland, C.R., and Koi, M. (1995). Evidence for a connection between the mismatch repair system and the G2 cell cycle checkpoint. Cancer Res. 55, 3721-3725
18. Hollingsworth, R.E., Ostroff, R.M., Klein, M.B., Niswander, L.A., and Sclafani, R.A. (1992). Molecular genetic studies of the Cdc7 protein kinase and induced mutagenesis in yeast. Genetics 132, 53-62.
19. Hoyt, M.A., Totis, L., and Roberts, B.T. (1991). S. cerevisiae genes required for cell cycle arrest in response to loss of microtubule function. Cell 66, 507-517.
20. 1 arrest. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 4827-4832.
21. Kadyk, L.C., and Hartwell, L.H. (1992). Sister Chromatids are preferred over homologs as substrates for recombinational repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 732, 387-402.
22. Kastan, M.B., Zhan, Q., el-Deiry, W.S., Carrier, F., Jacks, T., Walsh, W.V., Plunkett, B.S., Vogelstein, B., and Fornace, A.J., Jr. (1992). A mammalian cell cycle checkpoint pathway utilizing p53 and GADD45 is defective in ataxia-telangiectasia. Cell 71, 587-597.
23. Kato, R., and Ogawa, H. (1994). An essential gene, ESR1, is required for mitotic cell growth, DNA repair and meiotic recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucleic Acids Res. 22, 3104-3112.
24. Keil, R.L.,and Roeder, G.S. (1984).Cis-acting, recombination-stimulating activity in a fragment of the ribosomal DNA of S. cerevisiae. Cell 39, 377-386.
25. Kiser, G.L., and Weinert, T.A. (1996). Distinct roles of yeast MEC and RAD checkpoint genes in transcriptional induction after DNA damage and implications for function. Mol. Biol. Cell 7, 703-718.
26. Kornbluth, S., Smythe, C., and Newport, J.W. (1992). In vitro cell cycle arrest induced by using artificial DNA templates. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12, 3216-3223.
27. Kunz, B.A., Kohalmi, S.E., Kunkel, T.A., Mathews, C.K., Mclntosh, E.M., and Reidy, J.A. (1994). International Commission for Protection Against Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens. Deoxyribo-nucleoside triphosphate levels: a critical factor in the maintenance of genetic stability. Mutation Res. 318, 1-64.
28. Kuzminov, A. (1995a). Instability of inhibited replication forks in E. coli. BioEssays 17, 733-741.
29. Kuzminov, A. (1995b). Collapse and repair of replication forks in Escherichia coli. Mol. Microbiol. 16, 373-384.
30. Larner, J.M., Lee, H., and Hamlin, J.L. (1994). Radiation effects on DNA synthesis in a defined chromosomal replicon. Mol. Cell. Biol. 74, 1901-1908.
31. Lauzé, E., Stoelcker, B., Luca, F.C., Weiss, E., Schutz, A.R., and Winey, M. (1995). Yeast spindle pole body duplication gene MPS1 encodes an essential dual specificity protein kinase. EMBO J. 14, 1655-1663.
32. Li, R., and Murray, A.W. (1991). Feedback control of mitosis in budding yeast. Cell 66, 519-531.
33. Linke, S.P., Clarkin, K.C., Di-Leonardo, A., Tsou, A., and Wahl, G.M. (1996). A reversible, p53-dependent GO/G1 cell cycle arrest induced by ribonucleotide depletion in the absence of detectable DNA damage. Genes Dev. 10, 934-947.
34. Livingstone, L.R., White, A., Sprouse, J., Livanos, E., Jacks, T., and Tlsty, T.D. (1992). Altered cell cycle arrest and gene amplification potential accompany loss of wild-type p53. Cell 70, 923-935.
35. Longhese, M.P., Fraschini, R., Plevani, P., and Lucchini, G. (1996). Yeast pip3/mec3 mutants fail to delay entry into S phase and to slow DNA replication in response to DNA damage, and they define a functional link between Mec3 and DNA primase. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16, 3235-3244.
36. Lowe, S.W., Schmitt, E.M., Smith, S.W., Osborne, B.A., and Jacks, T. (1993) p53 is required for radiation-induced apoptosis in mouse thymocytes. Nature 362, 847-849.
37. Lydall, D., and Weinert, T. (1995). Yeast checkpoint genes in DNA damage processing: implications for repair and arrest. Science 270, 1488-1491.
38. Ma, C., Martin, S., Trask, B., and Hamlin, J.L. (1993). Sister chromatid fusion initiates amplification of the dihydrofolate reductase gene in Chinese hamster cells. Genes Dev. 7, 605-620.
39. Matsumoto, T., Fukui, K., Niwa, O., Sugawara, N., Szostak, J.W., and Yanagida, M. (1987). Identification of healed terminal DNA fragments in linear minichromosomes of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7, 4424-4430.
40. McClintock, B. (1941). The stability of broken ends of chromosomes in Zea mays. Genetics 26, 234-282.
41. Meyn, M.S., Strasfeld, L., and Allen, C. (1994). Testing the role of p53 in the expression of genetic instability and apoptosis in ataxiatelangiectasia. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 66, S141-S149.
42. Mummenbrauer, T., Janus, F., Müller, B., Wiesmüller, L., Deppert, W., and Grosse, F. (1996). p53 protein exhibits 3′-to-5′ exonuclease activity. Cell 85, 1089-1099.
43. Murray, A.W. (1995). The genetics of cell cycle checkpoints. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 5, 5-11.
44. Naegeli, H. (1994). Roadblocks and detours during DNA replication: mechanisms of mutagenesis in mammalian cells. BioEssays 16, 557-564.
45. + gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae tethers cell division to cell size and is a cyclin homolog. EMBO J. 7, 4335-4346.
46. Navas, T.A., Zhou, Z., and Elledge, S.J. (1995). DNA polymerase ε links the DNA replication machinery to the S phase checkpoint. Cell 80, 29-39.
47. Nelson, W.G., and Kastan, M.B. (1994). DNA strand breaks: the DNA template alterations that trigger p53-dependent DNA damage response pathways. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 1815-1823.
48. 1, in mammalian fibroblasts. Science 259, 1908-1912.
49. Painter, R.B., and Young, B.R. (1980). Radiosensitivity in ataxia-telangiectasia: a new explanation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77, 7315-7317.
50. Paulovich, A.G., and Hartwell, L.H. (1995). A checkpoint regulates the rate of progression through S phase in S. cerevisiae in response to DNA damage. Cell 82, 841-847.
51. Paulovich, A.G., Margulies, R.U., Garvik, B.M., and Hartwell, L.H. (1997). RAD9, RAD17, and RAD24 are required for S phase regulation in S. cerevisiae in response to DNA damage. Genetics, in press.
52. Petes, T.D., and Newlon, C.S. (1974). Structure of DNA in DNA replication mutants of yeast. Nature 257, 637-639.
53. Powell, S.N., DeFrank, J.S., Connell, P., Eogan, M., Preffer, F., Dombkowski, D., Tang, W., and Friend, S. (1995). Differential sensitivity of p53(-) and p53(+) cells to caffeine-induced radiosensitization and override of G2 delay. Cancer Res. 55, 1643-1648.
54. Quelle, D.E., Ashmun, R.A., Shurtleff, S.A., Kato, J.Y., Bar-Sagi, D., Roussel, M.F., and Sherr, C.J. (1993). Overexpression of mouse D-type cyclins accelerates G1 phase in rodent fibroblasts. Genes Dev. 7, 1559-1571.
55. Raghuraman, M.K., Brewer, B.J., and Fangman, W.L. (1994). Activation of a yeast replication origin near a double-stranded DNA break. Genes Dev. 8, 554-562.
56. Resnitzky, D., Gossen, M., Bujard, H., and Reed, S.I. (1994). Acceleration of the G1/S phase transition by expression of cyclins D1 and E with an inducible system. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 1669-1679.
57. Russell, K.J., Wiens, L.W., Demers, G.W., Galloway, D.A., Pion, S.E., and Groudine, M. (1995). Abrogation of the G2 checkpoint results in differential radiosensitization of G1 checkpoint-deficient and G1 checkpoint-competent cells. Cancer Res. 55, 1639-1642.
58. Roberts, B.T., Farr, K.A., and Hoyt, M.A. (1994).The Saccharomyces cerevisiae checkpoint gene BUB1 encodes a novel protein kinase. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 8282-8291.
59. Sandeil, L.L., and Zakian, V.A. (1993). Loss of a yeast telomere: arrest, recovery, and chromosome loss. Cell 75, 729-739.
60. Savitsky, K., Bar-Shira, A., Gilad, S., Rotman, G., Ziv, Y., Vanagaite, L., Tagle, D.A., Smith, S., Uziel, T., Sfez, S., et al. (1995). A single ataxia telangiectasia gene with a product similar to PI-3 kinase. Science 268, 1749-1753.
61. Siede, W., Friedberg, A.S., and Friedberg, E.C. (1993). RAD9-dependent G1 arrest defines a second checkpoint for damaged DNA in the cell cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 7985-7989.
62. Siede, W., Friedberg, A.S., Dianova, I., and Friedberg, E.C. (1994). Characterization of G1 checkpoint control in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae following exposure to DNA-damaging agents. Genetics 138, 271-281.
63. Siede, W., Nusspaumer, G.,Portillo, V., Rodriguez, R.,and Friedberg, E.C. (1996). Cloning and characterization Of RAD17, a gene controlling cell cycle responses to DNA damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucleic Acids Res. 24, 1669-1675.
64. Stewart, N., Hicks, G.G., Paraskevas, F., and Mowat, M. (1995). Evidence for a second cell cycle block at G2/M by p53. Oncogene 10, 109-115.
65. Sugimoto, K., Shimomura, T., Hashimoto, K., Araki, H., Sugino, A., and Matsumoto, K. (1996). Rfc5, a small subunit of replication factor C complex, couples DNA replication and mitosis in budding yeast. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 7048-7052.
66. Vallen, E.A., and Cross, F. (1995). Mutations in RAD27 define a potential link between G1 cyclins and DNA replication. Mol. Cell. Biol. 75, 4291-4302.
67. Voelkel-Meiman, K., Keil, R.L, and Roeder, G.S. (1987). Recombination-stimulating sequences in yeast ribosomal DNA correspond to sequences regulating transcription by RNA polymerase I. Cell 48, 1071-1079.
68. Weinert, T.A., and Hartwell, L.H. (1988). The RAD9 gene controls the cell cycle response to DNA damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Science 241, 317-322.
69. Weinert, T.A., and Hartwell, L.H. (1990). Characterization of RAD9 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and evidence that its function acts posttranslationally in cell cycle arrest after DNA damage. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10, 6554-6564.
70. Weinert, T.A., and Hartwell, L.H. (1993). Cell cycle arrest of cdc mutants and specificity of the RAD9 checkpoint. Genetics 134, 63-80.
71. Weinert, T.A., Kiser, G.L., and Hartwell, L.H. (1994). Mitotic check-point genes in budding yeast and the dependence of mitosis on DNA replication and repair. Genes Dev. 8, 652-655.
72. Weiss, E., and Winey, M. (1996). The Saccharomyces cerevisiae spindle pole body duplication gene MPS1 is part of a mitotic check-point. J. Cell Biol. 132, 111-123.
73. Wilkie, A.O.M., Lamb, J., Harris, P.C., Finney, R.D., and Higgs, D.R. (1990). Atruncated human chromosome 16 associated with a thalassaemia is stabilized by addition of telomeric repeat (TTAGGG)n. Nature 346, 868-871.
74. Winey, M., Goetsch, L., Baum, P., and Byers, B. (1991). MPS1 and MPS2: novel yeast genes defining distinct steps of spindle pole body duplication. J. Cell Biol. 114, 745-754.
75. Witkin, E.M. (1991). RecA protein in the SOS response: milestones and mysteries. Biochimie 73, 133-141.
76. Wyllie, F.S., Haughton, M.F., Bond, J.A., Rowson, J.M., Jones, C.J., and Wynford-Thomas, D. (1996). S phase cell-cycle arrest following DNA damage is independent of the p53/p21 (WAF1) signaling pathway. Oncogene 12, 1077-1082.
77. Yamamoto, A., Guacci, V., and Koshland, D. (1996). Pds 1p is required for faithful execution of anaphase in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Biol. 733, 85-97.
78. Yarbro, J.W. (1992). Mechanism of action of hydroxyurea. Semin. Oncol. 19(3), 1-10.
79. Yin, Y., Tainsky, M.A., Bischoff, F.Z., Strong, L.C., and Wahl, G.M. (1992). Wild-type p53 restores cell cycle control and inhibits gene amplification in cells with mutant p53 alleles. Cell 70, 937-948.
80. Zampetti-Bosseler, F., and Scott, D. (1981) Cell death, chromosome damage and mitotic delay in normal human, ataxia telangiectasia and retinoblastoma fibroblasts after x-irradiation. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 39, 547-558.
81. Zheng, P., Fay, D.S., Burton, J., Xiao, H., Pinkham, J.L., and Stern, D.F. (1993). SPK1 is an essential S-phase-specific gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that encodes a nuclear serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 5829-5842.
82. Zhou, P., Jiang, W., Weghorst, C.M., and Weinstein, I.B. (1996). Overexpression of cyclin D1 enhances gene amplification. Cancer Res. 56, 36-39.