Prostaglandin H synthases, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and colon cancer

FASEB Journal

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 234-247

  Levy, Gerald N ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

apoptosis; cancer chemoprevention; cyclooxygenase; prostaglandin synthase

Indexed keywords

5 BROMO 2 (4 FLUOROPHENYL) 3 (4 METHYLSULFONYLPHENYL)THIOPHENE; 6 (2,4 DIFLUOROPHENYLTHIO) 5 METHANESULFONAMIDO 1 INDANONE; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ARACHIDONATE LIPOXYGENASE; CELL CYCLE PROTEIN; CYTOCHROME P450; FLOSULIDE; INDOMETACIN; KETOPROFEN; N (2 CYCLOHEXYLOXY 4 NITROPHENYL)METHANESULFONAMIDE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PHENYLBUTAZONE; PIROXICAM; PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHASE; PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHASE INHIBITOR; PROTEIN P53; REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE OXIDASE; SULINDAC; UNSPECIFIC MONOOXYGENASE;

ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ARACHIDONIC ACID METABOLISM; CANCER PREVENTION; CELL CYCLE; COLON ADENOMA; COLON CANCER; COLON POLYPOSIS; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG TARGETING; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITION; REVIEW; TUMOR REGRESSION; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 0030894288     PISSN: 08926638     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.11.4.9068612     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. Kune, G. A., Kune, S., and Watson, L. F. (1988) Colorectal cancer risk, chronic illnesses, operations, and medications: case control results from the Melbourne Colorectal Cancer Study. Cancer Res. 48, 4399-4304
2. Rosenberg, L., Palmer, J. R., Zauber, A. G., Warshauer, M. E., Stolley, P. D., and Shapiro, S. (1991) A hypothesis: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reduce the incidence of large-bowel cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 83, 355-358
3. Thun, M. J., Namboodiri, M. M., and Heath, C. W. (1991) Aspirin use and reduced risk of fatal colon cancer. New Engl. J. Med. 325, 1593-1596
4. Peleg, I. I., Maiboch, H. T., Brown, S. H., and Wilcox, C. M. (1994) Aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and the risk of subsequent colorectal cancer. Arch. Int. Med. 154, 394-399
5. Suh, O., Mettlin, C., and Petrelli, N. J. (1993) Aspirin use, cancer, and polyps of the large bowel. Cancer 72, 1171-1177
6. Gridley, G., McLoughlin, J. K., Ekbom, A., Klareskog, L., Adami, H. O., Hacker, D. G. Hoover, R., and Fraumeni, J. R., Jr. (1993) Incidence of cancer among patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 85, 307-311
7. Schreinemacher, D. M., and Everson, R. B. (1994) Aspirin use and lung, colon, and breast cancer incidence in a prospective study. Epidemiology 5, 138-146
8. Paganini-Hill, A., Chao, A., Ross, R. K., and Henderson, B. E. (1989) Aspirin use and chronic disease: a cohort study of the elderly. Br. Med. J. 229, 1247-1250
9. Herschman, H. R. (1994) Regulation of prostaglandin synthase-1 and prostaglandin synthase-2. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 13, 241-256
10. Peleg, I. I., Lubin, M. F., Cotsonis, G. A., Clark, W. S., and Wilcox, C. M. (1996) Long-term use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and other chemopreventors and risk of subsequent colorectal neoplasia. Digest. Dis. Sci. 41, 1319-1326.
11. Thun, M. J., Namboodiri, M. M., Calle, E. E., Flanders, W. D., and Heath, G. W. (1993) Aspirin use and the risk of fatal cancer. Cancer Res. 53, 1322-1327
12. Rubio, C. A. (1984) Antitumoral activity of indomethacin on esophageal tumors. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 72, 705-707
13. Takahashi, M., Furukawa, F., Toyoda, K., Sato, H., Hasegawa, R., Imaida, K., and Hayashi, Y. (1990) Effects of various prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors on pancreatic carcinogenesis in hamsters after initiation with N-nitrosobis-(2-oxopropyl)amine. Carcinogenesis 11, 393-395
14. Murasaki, G., Zenser, T. V., Davis, B. B., and Cohen, S. M. (1984) Inhibition by aspirin of N-(4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl)-formamide-induced bladder carcinogenesis and enhancement of forestomach carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 5, 53-55
15. Carter, C. A., Ip, M. M., and Ip, C. (1989) A comparison of the effects of the prostaglaandm synthesis inhibitors indomethacin and carprofen on 7, 12 dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mamamry tumorigenesis in rats fed different amounts of essential fatty acid. Carcinogenesis 10, 1369-1374
16. Rao, K. V. N., Detrisac, C. J., Steele, V. E., Hawk, E. T., Kellof, G. J., and McCormick, D. L. (1996) Differential activity of aspirin, ketoprofen and sulindac as cancer chemopreventive agents in the mouse urinary bladder. Carcinogenesis 17, 1435-1438
17. Klan, R., Knispel, H. H., and Meier, T. (1993) Acetylsalicylic acid inhibition of N-butyl-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine-induced bladder carcinogenesis in rats. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 119, 482-485
18. Pollard, M., and Luckert, P. H. (1980) Indomethacin treatment of rats with dimethylhydrazine-induced intestinal tumors. Cancer Treat. Rep. 64, 1323-1327
19. Narisawa, T., Sato, M., Tani, M., Kudo, T., Takahashi, T., and Goto, A. (1981) Inhibition of development of methylnitrosourea-induced rat colon tumors by indomethacin treatment. Cancer Res. 41, 1954-1957
20. Metzger, U., Meier, J., Uhlschmid, G., and Weihe, H. (1984) Influence of various prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors on DMH-induced rat colon cancer. Dis. Colon Rectum 27, 366-369
21. Reddy, B. S., Marayama, H., and Kellof, G. (1987) Dose-related inhibition of colon carcinogenesis by prioxicam, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, during different stages of rat colon tumor development. Cancer Res. 47, 5340-5346
22. Moorghen, M., Ince, P., Finney, K., Sunter, J. P., Appleton, D. R., and Watson, A. J. (1988) A protective effect of sulindac against chemically-induced primary colonic tumors in mice. J. Pathol. 156, 341-347
23. Craven, P. A., and DeRubertis, F. R. (1992) Effects of aspirin on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colonic carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 13, 541-546
24. Waddell, W. R., and Loughry, R. W. (1983) Sulindac for polyposis of the colon. J. Surg. Oncol. 24, 83-87
25. Rigau, J., Piqué, J. M., Rubio, E., Planas, R., Tarrech, J. M., and Bordas, J. M. (1991) Effects of long-term sulindac therapy on colonic polyposis. Ann. Int. Med. 115, 952-954
26. Giardiello, F. M., Hamilton, S. R., Krush, A. J., Piantadosi, S., Hylind, L. M., Celano, P., Booker, S. V., Robinson, C. R., and Offerhaus, G. J. (1993) Treatment of colonic and rectal adenomas with sulindac in familial adenomatous polyposis. N. Engl. J. Med. 328, 1313-1316
27. Nugent, K. P., Farmer, K. C., Spigelman, A. D., Williams, C. B., and Phillips, R. K. (1993) Randomized control trial of the effect of sulindac on duodenal and rectal polyposis and cell proliferation in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Br. J. Surg. 80, 1618-1619
28. Eberhart, C. E., Coffey, R. J., Radhika, A., Giardiello, K. M., Ferrenbach, S., and Dubois, R. N. (1994) Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase 2 gene expression in human colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas. Gastroenterology 107, 1183-1188
29. Bennett, A., Del Tacca, M., Stamford, I. F., and Zebro, T. (1977) Prostaglandins from tumors of the large bowel. Br. J. Surg. 35, 882-884
30. Hubbard, W. C., Alley, M. C., McLemore, T. L., and Boyd, M. R. (1988) Profiles of prostaglandin biosynthesis in sixteen established cell lines derived from human lung, colon, prostate, and ovarian tumors. Cancer Res. 48, 4770-4775
31. 2 and liver and lung metastases in colorectal cancer. Dis. Colon Rectum 33, 840-845
32. Nugent, K. P., Spigelman, A. D., and Philips, R. K. S. (1996) Tissue prostaglandin levels in familial adenomatous polyposis patients treated with sulindac. Dis. Colon Rectum 39, 659-662
33. Ladenheim, J., Garcia, G., Titzer, D., Herzenberg, H., Lavori, P., Edson, R., and Omary, M. B. (1995) Effects of sulindac on sporadic colonic polyps. Gastroenterology 108, 1083-1087
34. Jacoby, R. F., Marshall, D. J., Newton, M. A., Novakovic, K., Tutsch, K., Cole, C. E., Lubet, R. A., Kelloff, G. J., Verma, A., Moser, A. R., and Dove, W. F. (1996) Chemoprevention of spontaneous intestinal adeomas in the Apc Min mouse model by the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug piroxicam. Cancer Res. 56, 710-714
35. Boolbol, S. K., Dannenberg, A. J., Chadburg, A., Martucci, C., Guo, X.-J., Ramonetti, J. T., Abreu-Goris, M., Newmark, H. L., Lipkin, M. L., DeCosse, J. J., and Bertagnolli, M. M. (1996) Cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression and tumor formation are blocked by sulindac in a murine model of familial adenomatous polyposis. Cancer Res. 56, 2556-2560
36. 2-like compounds are produced in vivo in humans by a non-cyclooxygenase, free radical-catalyzed mechanism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 9383-9387
37. Hirst, J. J., Teixeira, F. J., Zakar, T., and Olson, D. M. (1995) Prostaglandin endoperoxide-H synthase-1 and -2 messenger ribonucleic acid levels in human amnion with spontaneous labor onset. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 80, 517-523
38. Peri, K. G., Hardy, P., Li, D. Y., Varma, D. R., and Chemtob, S. (1995) Prostaglandin G/H synthase-2 is a major contributor of brain prostaglandins in the newborn. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 24615-24620
39. Harris, R. C., McKanna, J. A., Akai, Y., Jacobson, H. R., Dubois, R. N., and Breyer, M. D. (1994) Cyclooxygenase-2 is associated with the macula densa of rat kidney and increases with salt restriction. J. Clin. Invest. 94, 2504-2510
40. Marnett, L. J. (1992) Aspirin and the potential role of prostaglandins in colon cancer. Cancer Res. 52, 5575-5589
41. Goppelt-Struebe, M. (1995) Regulation of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase (cyclooxygenase) isozyme expression. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essent. Fatty Acids 52, 213-222
42. Smith, W. L., and DeWitt, D. L. (1995): Biochemistry of prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase-1 and synthase-2 and their differential susceptibility to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Semin. Nephrol. 15, 179-194
43. Samuelsson, B., Dahlén, S.-E., Lindgren, J. A., Rouzer, C. A., and Serhan, C. N. (1987) Leukotrienes and lipoxins: structures, biosynthesis, and biological effects. Science 237, 1171-1176
44. Capdevila, J. H., Falck, J. R., and Estabrook, R. W. (1992) Cytochrome P450 and the arachidonate cascade. FASEB J. 6, 731-736
45. Vane, J. R. (1971) Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a mechanism of action of the aspirin-like drugs. Nature New Biol. 231, 232-235
46. Vane, J. (1994) Towards a better aspirin. Nature (London) 367, 215-216
47. Holtzman, M. J., Turk, J., and Shornick, L. P. (1992) Identification of a pharmcologically distinct prostaglandin H synthase in cultured epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 21438-21445
48. Meade, E. A., Smith, W. L., and DeWitt, D. L. (1993) Differential inhibition of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase (cyclooxygenase) isoenzymes by aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 6610-6614
49. O'Neill G. P., Mancini J. A., Kargman S., Yergey, J., Kwan, M. Y., Falgueyret, J. P., Abramovitz, M., Kennedy, B. P., Ouellet, M., Cromlish, W., et al. (1994) Overexpression of human prostaglandin G/H synthetase-1 and -2 by recombinant vaccinia virus: inhibition by nonstreoidal antiinflammatory drugs and biosynthesis of 15-hydroxyeicosatetranoic acid. Mol. Pharmacol. 45, 245-254
50. Lecomte, M., Laneuville, O. Chuan, J., DeWitt, D. L., and Smith, W. L. (1994) Acetylation of human prostaglandin endoperoxide syntbase-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) by aspirin. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 13207-13215
51. Mitchell, J. A., Akarasereenont, P., Thiemermann, C., Flower, R. J., and Vane, J. R. (1994) Selectivity of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs as inhibitors of constitutive and inducible cyclooxygenase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 11693-11697
52. Laneuville, O., Breuer, D. K., DeWitt, D. L., Hla, T., Funk, C. D., and Smith, W. D. (1994) Differential inhibition of human prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases-1 and -2 by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 271, 927-932
53. Vane, J. R., and Botting, R. M. (1995) A better understanding of anti-inflammatory drugs based on isoforms of cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2). Adv. Prostaglandin Thromboxane Leukotriene Res. 23, 41-48
54. Copeland, R. A., Williams, J. M., Giannaras, J., Nurnberg, S., Covington, M., Pinto, D., Pick, S., and Trzaskos, J. M. (1994) Mechanism of selective inhibition of the inducible isoform of prostaglandin G/H synthase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 11202-11206
55. Futaki N., Takahashi S., Yokoyama M., Arai I., Higuchi S., and Otomo S. (1994) NS-398, a new anti-inflammatory agent, selectively inhibits prostaglandin G/H synthase/cyclooxygenase (COX-2) activity in vitro. Prostaglandins 47, 55-59
56. Masferrer J. L., Zweifel B. S., Manning P. T., Hauser, S. D., Leahy, K. M., Smith, W. G., Isakson, P. C., and Seibert, K. (1994) Selective inhibition of inducible cyclooxygenase 2 in vivo is antiinflammatory and nonulcerogenic. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 3228-3232
57. Klein, T., Nüsing, R. M., Pfeilschifter, J., and Ullrich, V. (1994) Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2. Biochem. Pharmacol. 48, 1605-1610
58. Chan, C.-C., Boyce, S., Brideau, C., Ford-Hutchinson, A. W., Gordon, R., Guay, D., Hill, R. G., Li, C.-S., Mancini, J., Penneton, M., Prasit, P., Rasori, R., Riendeau, D., Roy, P., Tagari, P., Vickers, P., Wong, E., and Rodger, I. W. (1995) Pharmacology of a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, L-745,337: A novel nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with an ulcerogenic sparing effect in rat and nonhuman primate stomach. J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 274, 1531-1537
59. Langenbach, R., Morham, S. G., Tiano, H. K., Loftin, C. D., Ghanayem, B. I., Chulada, P. C., Mahler, J. F., Lee, C. A., Goulding, E. H., Kluckman, K. D., Kim, H. S., and Smithies, O. (1995) Prostaglandin synthase 1 gene disruption in mice reduces arachidonic acid-induced inflammation and indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration. Cell 83, 483-492
60. Dinchuk, J. E., Car, B. D., Focht, R. J., Johnston, J. J., Jaffee, B. D., Covington, M. B., Contel, N. R., Eng, V. M., Collins, R. J., Czerniak, P. M., Gorry, S. A., and Trzaskos, J. M. (1995) Renal abnormalities and an altered inflammatory response in mice lacking cyclooxygenase II. Nature (London) 378, 406-409
61. Morham, S. G., Langenbach, R., Loftin, C. D., Tiano, H. F., Vouloumanos, N., Jennette, J. C., Mahler, J. F., Kluckman, K. D., Ledford, A., Lee, C. A., and Smithies, O. (1995) Prostaglandin synthase 2 gene disruption causes severe renal pathology in the mouse. Cell 83, 473-482
62. DeWitt, D., and Smith, W. L. (1995) Yes, but do they still get headaches? Cell 83, 345-348
63. Reed, G. A. (1988) Oxidation of environmental carcinogens by prostaglandin H synthase. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part C: Environ. Carcinogen. Rev. C6, 223-259
64. Eling, T. E., Thompson, D. C., Foureman, G. L., Curtis, J. F., and Hughes, M. F. (1990) Prostaglandin H synthase and xenobiotic oxidation. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 30, 1-45
65. Marnett, L. J. (1990) Prostaglandin synthase-mediated metabolism of carcinogens and a potential role for peroxyl radicals as positive intermediates. Environ. Health Perspect. 88, 5-12
66. Flammang, T. J., Yamazoe, Y., Benson, R. W., Roberts, D. W., Potter, D. W., Chu, D. Z., Lang N. P., and Kadlubar, F. F. (1989) Arachidonic acid-dependent peroxidative activation of carcinogenic arylamines by extrahepatic human tissue microsomes. Cancer Res. 49, 1977-1982
67. Levy, G. N., and Weber, W. W. (1992) 2-Aminofluorene-DNA adducts in mouse urinary bladder: effect of age, sex, and acetylator status. Carcinogenesis 13, 159-164
68. Krauss R. S., and Eling, T. E. (1985) Formation of unique arylamine:DNA adducts from 2-aminofluorene activated by prostaglandin H synthase. Cancer Res. 45, 1680-1686
69. Liu, Y., Levy, G. N., and Weber, W. W. (1995) Activation of 2-aminofluorene by prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase-2. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 215, 346-354
70. Waddell, W. R., Ganser, G. F., Cerise, E. J., and Loghry, R. W. (1989) Sulindac for polyposis of the colon. Am. J. Surg. 157, 175-179
71. Rigas, B., Goldman, I. S., and Levine, L. (1993) Altered eicosanoid levels in human colon cancer. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 122, 518-523
72. Honn, K. V., Busse, W. D., and Sloane, B. F. (1983) Prostacyclin and thromboxanes: implications for their role in tumor cell metastasis. Biochem. Pharmacol. 32, 1-11
73. Earnest, D. L., Hixson, L. J., and Alberts, D. S. (1992) Piroxicam and other cyclooxygenase inhibitors: Potential for cancer prevention. J. Cell. Biochem. 161, 156-166
74. O'Neill, G. P., and Ford-Hutchinson, A. W. (1993) Expression of mRNA for cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 in human tissues. FEBS Lett. 330, 156-160
75. Gustafson-Svärd, C., Lilja, I., Hallböök, O., and Sjödahl, R. (1996) Cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression in human colorectal adenocarcinomas and in azoxymethane induced colonic tumours in rats. Gut 38, 79-84
76. Kargman, S. L., O'Neill, G. P., Vickers, P. J., Evans, J. F., Mancini, J. A., and Jothy, S. (1995) Expression of prostaglandin G/H synthase-1 and -2 protein in human colon cancer. Cancer Res. 55, 2556-2559
77. Kubota, Y., Sunouchi, K., Ono, M., Sawada, T., and Muto, T. (1992) Local immunity and metastasis of colorectal carcinoma. Dis. Colon Rectum 35, 645-650
78. Mikkelsen, H. B., Rumessen, J. J., and Qvortrup, K (1991) Prostaglandin H synthase immunoreactivity in human gut. Histochemistry 96, 295-299
79. Lee, D. Y., Lupton, J. R., and Chapkin, R. S. (1992) Prostaglandin profile and synthetic capacity of the colon: Comparison of tissue sources and subcellular fractions. Prostaglandins 43, 143-164
80. Kutchera, W., Jones, D. A., Matsunami, N., Groden, J., McIntyre, T. M., Zimmerman, G. A., White, R. L., and Prescott, S. M. (1996) Prostaglanidn H synthase 2 is expressed abnormally in human colon cancer: evidence for a transcriptional effect. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 4816-4820
81. Reddy, B. S., Chinthalapally, V. R., and Seibert, K. (1996) Evaluation of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor for potential chemopreventive properties in colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 56, 4566-4569
82. Qiao, L., Kozoni, V., Tsioulias, G. J., Koutsos, M. I., Hanif, R., Shiff, S. J., and Rigas, B. (1995) Selected eicosanoids increase the proliferation rate of human colon carcinoma cell lines and mouse colonocytes in vivo. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1258, 215-223
83. Shiff, S. J., Qiao, L., Tsai, L.-L., and Rigas, B. (1995) Sulindac sulfide, an aspirin-like compound, inhibits proliferation, causes cell cycle quiescence, and induces apoptosis in HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma cells. J. Clin. Invest. 96, 491-503
84. Shiff, S. J., Koustsos, M. I., Qiao, L., and Rigas, B. (1996) Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs inhibit the proliferation of colon adenocarcinoma cells: effects on cell cycle and apoptosis. Exp. Cell Res. 222, 179-188
85. DeMello, M. C. F., Bayer, B. M., and Beaven, M. A. (1980) Evidence that prostaglandins do not have a role in the cytostatic action of anti-inflammatory drugs. Biochem. Pharmacol. 29, 311-318
86. Duggan, D. E., Hooke, K. F., Risley, E. A., Shen, T. Y., and Arman, C. G. (1977) Identification of the biologically active form of sulindac. J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 201, 8-13
87. Thompson, H. J., Briggs, S., Paranka, N. S., Piazza, G. A., Brendel, K., Gross, P. H., Sperl, G. J., Pamukcu, R., and Ahnen, D. J. (1995) Inhibition of mammary carcinogenesis in rats by sulfone metabolite of sulindac. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 87, 1259-1260
88. Piazza, G. A., Kulchak Rahm, A. L., Krutzch, M., Sperl, G., Paranka, N. S., Gross, P. H., Brendel, K., Burt, R. W., Alberts, D. S., Pamukcu, R., et al. (1995) Antineoplastic drugs sulindac sulfide and sulfone inhibit cell growth by inducing apoptosis. Cancer Res. 55, 3110-3116
89. Alberts, D. S., Hixson, L., Ahnen, D., Bogert, C., Einspahr, J., Paranka, N., Brendel, K., Gross, P. H., Pamukcu, R., and Burt, R. W. (1995) Do NSAIDs exert their colon cancer chemoprotective activities through inhibition of mucosal prostaglandin synthetase? J. Cell. Biochem., Suppl. 22, 18-23
90. Hanif, R., Pittas, A., Feng, Y., Koutsos, M. I., Qiao, L., Staiano-Coico, L., Shiff, S. I., and Riggs, B. (1996) Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on proliferation and induction of apoptosis in colon cancer cells by a prostaglandin-independent pathway. Biochem. Pharmacol. 52, 237-245
91. Carabaza, A., Cabré, F., Rotllan, E., Gómez, M., Gutiérrez, M., García, L., and Mauleón, D. (1996) Stereoselective inhibition of inducible cyclooxygenase by chiral nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 36, 505-512
92. McCracken, J. D., Wechter, W. J., Liu, Y., Chase, R. L., Kantoci, D., Murray, E. D., Quiggle, D. D., Mineyama, Y. (1996) Antiproliferative effects of the enantiomers of flurbiprofen. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 36, 540-545
93. Abramson, S. B., and Weissmann, G. (1989) The mechanisms of action of antiinflammatory drugs. Arthritis Rheum. 32, 1-9
94. Fearon, E. R., and Vogelstein, B. (1990) A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 61, 759-767
95. Bedi, A., Pasricha, P. J., Akhtar, A. J., Barber, J. P., Bedi, G. C., Giardiello, F. M., Zehnbauer, B. A., Hamilton, S. R., and Jones, R. J. (1995) Inhibition of apoptosis during development of colorectal cancer. Cancer Res. 55, 1811-1816
96. Pasricha, P. J., Bedi, A., O'Connor, K., Rashid, A., Akhtar, A. J., Zahurak, M. L., Piantadosi, S., Hamilton, S. R., and Giardiello, F. M. (1995) The effects of sulindac on colorectal proliferation and apoptosis in familial adenomatous polyposis. Gastroenterology. 109, 994-998
97. Tsujii, M., and DuBois, R. N. (1995) Alterations in cellular adhesion and apoptosis in epithelial cells overexpressing prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2. Cell 83, 493-501
98. Kosaka, T., Miyata, A., Ihara, H., Hara, W., Sugimoto, T., Takeda, U., Takahashi, E., and Tanabe, T. (1994) Characterization of the human gene (PTGS2) encoding prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2. Eur. J. Biochem. 221, 889-897
99. Tazawa, R., Xu, X.-M., Wu, K. K., and Wang, L.-H. (1994) Characterization of the genomic structure, chromosomal location, and promoter of human prostaglandin synthase-2 gene. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 203, 190-199
100. Kraemer, S. A., Arthur, K. A., Denison, M. S., Smith, W. L., and DeWitt, D. L. (1996) Regulation of prostaglandin endoperoxidase H synthase-2 expression by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 330, 319-328
101. Liu, Y., Levy, G. N., and Weber, W. W. (1996) Induction of human prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase-2 (PHS-2) mRNA by TCDD. Prostaglandins 53, 97-107
102. Hague, A., Moorghen, M., Hicks, D., Chapman, M., and Paraskeva, C. (1994) BCL-2 expression in human colorectal adenomas and carcinomas. Oncogene 9, 3367-3370
103. Sano, H., Kawahito, Y., Wilder, R.L., Hashiramoto, A., Mukai, S., Kato, H., Kondo, M., and Hla, T. (195) Expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in human colorectal cancer. Cancer Res. 55, 3785-3789
104. Williams, C. S., Luongo, C., Radhika, A. Zhang, T., Lamps, L. W., Nanney, L. B., Beauchamp, R. D., and Dubois, R. N. (1996) Elevated cyclooxygenase-2 levels in Min mouse adenomas. Gastroenterology 111, 1134-1140
105. Sherr, C.J. (1993) Mammalian Gl cyclins. Cell 73, 1059-1065
106. Goldberg, Y., Nassif, I. I., Pittas, A., Tsai, L.-L., Dynlacht, B. D., Rigas, B., and Shiff, S. J. (1996) The anti-proliferative effect of sulindac and sulindac sulfide on HT-29 colon cancer cells: alterations in tumor suppressor and cell cycle-regulatory proteins. Oncogene 12, 893-901
107. Kopp, E., and Ghosh, S. (1994) Inhibition of NF-B by sodium salicylate and aspirin. Science 265, 956-959
108. Arakawa, T., Oshima, T., Kishimoto, K., Yoshimoto, T., and Yamamoto, S. (1992) Molecular structure and function of the porcine arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase gene. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 12188-12191
109. Clària, J., and Serhan, C. N. (1995) Aspirin triggers previously undescribed bioactive eicosanoids by human endothelial cell-leukocyte interactions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 9475-9579