The cell cycle in breast cancer

APMIS

Volumn 105, Issue 8, 1997, Pages 575-589

  Landberg, Göran ^a   Roos, Göran ^a  

^a UMEÅ UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Breast cancer; cdk inhibitors; Cell cycle; Cyclins

Indexed keywords

CYCLIN D1; CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE; CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR; CYCLIN E; PROTEIN P16; PROTEIN P53; RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN;

BREAST CANCER; BREAST CARCINOGENESIS; CELL CYCLE; CELL PROLIFERATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DOWN REGULATION; ENZYME INHIBITION; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE;

EID: 0030852439     PISSN: 09034641     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1997.tb05056.x     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. Aaltomaa, S., Lipponen, P., Eskelinen, M., Kosma, V. M., Marin, S., Alhava, E. & Syrjänen, K.: Comparison of classic and quantitative prognostic factors in hormone receptor-positive and hormone receptor-negative female breast cancer. Am. J. Surg. 165: 307-311, 1993a.
2. Aaltomaa, S., Lipponen, P., Papinoho, S. & Syrjänen, K.: Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PC10) immunolabelling and other proliferation indices as prognostic factors in breast cancer. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 119: 288-294, 1993b.
3. Aaltomaa, S., Lipponen, P. & Syrjänen, K.: Nucleolar organizer regions related to morphometry, flow cytometry, sex steroid receptor content, tumour histology and prognosis in female breast cancer. Pathol. Res. Pract. 189: 416-421, 1993c.
4. Aas, T., Börresen, A. L., Geisler, S., Smith-Sorensen, B., Johnsen, H., Varhaug, J. E., Akslen, L. A. & Lonning, P. E.: Specific P53 mutations are associated with de novo resistance to doxorubicin in breast cancer patients. Nature Med. 2: 811-814, 1996.
5. Akama, Y., Yasui, W., Yokozaki, H., Kuniyasu, H., Kitahara, K., Ishikawa, T. & Tahara, E.: Frequent amplification of the cyclin E gene in human gastric carcinomas. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 86: 617-621, 1995.
6. Allred, D. C., Clark, G. M., Elledge, R., Fuqua, S.A., Brown, R. W., Chamness, G. C., Osborne, C. K. & McGuire, W. L.: Association of p53 protein expression with tumor cell proliferation rate and clinical outcome in node-negative breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 85: 200-206, 1993.
7. An, H. X., Niederacher, D., Picard, F., Vanroeven, C., Bender, H. G. & Beckmann, M. W.: Frequent allele loss on 9P21-22 defines a smallest common region in the vicinity of the CDKN2 gene in sporadic breast cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 17: 14-20, 1996.
8. Arnerlöv, C., Emdin, S. O., Lundgren, B., Roos, G., Söderström, J., Bjersing, L., Norberg, C. & Ängquist, K.-A.: Mammographic growth rate, ploidy and S-phase fraction analysis in breast cancer. A prognostic evaluation in a screened population. Cancer 7: 1935-1942, 1992.
9. Aubele, M., Auer, G., Jutting, U., Falkmer, U. & Gais, P.: Prognostic value of quantitatively measured AgNORs in ductal mammary carcinoma. Anal. Quant. Cytol. Histol. 16: 211-208, 1994.
10. Baak, J. P., Wisse, K., Brekelmans, E. C., Kurver, P. H., van Gorp, L. H., Voorhorst, F. J. & Miettinen, O. S.: Regional differences in breast cancer survival are correlated with differences in differentiation and rate of proliferation. Hum. Pathol. 23: 989-992, 1992.
11. Barbareschi, M., Leonardi, E., Mauri, F. A., Serio, G. & Palma, P. D.: p53 and c-erB-2 protein expression in breast carcinomas. An immunohistochemical study including correlations with receptor status, proliferation markers, and clinical stage in human breast cancer. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 98: 408-418, 1992.
12. Beerman, H., Smit, V. T., Kluin, P. M., Bonsing, B. A., Hermans, J. & Cornelisse, C. J.: Flow cytometric analysis of DNA stemline heterogeneity in primary and metastatic breast cancer. Cytometry 12: 147-154, 1991.
13. Bergström, C., Emdin, S., Roos, G. & Stenling, R.: DNA content in colorectal carcinoma - a flow cytometric study of the epithelial fraction. Anal. Cell. Pathol. 8: 287-295, 1995.
14. Berns, E. M., Klijn, J. G., Smid, M., van Staveren, I. L., Gruis, N. A. & Foekens, J. A.: Infrequent CDKN2 (MTS1/p16) gene alterations in human primary breast cancer. Br. J. Cancer 72: 964-967, 1995.
15. Bhargava, V., Thor, A., Deng, G., Ljung, B. M., Moore, D. H. 2nd., Waldman, F., Benz, C., Goodson, W. 3rd., Mayall, B., Chew, K. et al: The association of p53 immunopositivity with tumor cell proliferation and other prognostic indicators in breast cancer. Mod. Pathol. 7:: 361-368, 1994.
16. Biesterfeld, S., Noll, I., Noll, E., Wohltmann, D. & Backing, A.: Mitotic frequency as a prognostic factor in breast cancer. Hum. Pathol. 26: 47-52, 1995.
17. Bonsing, B. A., Beerman, H., Kuipers Dijkshoorn, N., Fleuren, G. J. & Cornelisse, C. J.: High levels of DNA index heterogeneity in advanced breast carcinomas. Evidence for DNA ploidy differences between lymphatic and hematogenous metastases. Cancer 71: 382-391, 1993.
18. Borg, Å., Sigurdsson, H., Clark, G. M., Freno, M., Fuqua, S. A. W., Olsson, H., Killander, D. & McGurie, W. L.: Association of INT2/HST1 coamplification in primary breast cancer with hormone-dependent phenotype and poor prognosis. Br. J. Cancer 63: 136-142, 1991.
19. Borg, Å., Zhang, Q. X., Alm, P., Olsson, H. & Sellberg, G.: The retinoblastoma gene in breast cancer: allele loss is not correlated with loss of gene protein expression. Cancer Res. 52: 2991-2994, 1992.
20. Brenner, A. J. & Aldaz, C. M.: Chromosome 9p allelic loss and p16/CDKN2 in breast cancer and evidence of p16 inactivation in immortal breast epithelial cells. Cancer Res. 55: 2892-2895, 1995.
21. Buckley, M. F., Sweeney, K. J. E., Hamilton, J. A., Sini, R. L., Manning, D. L., Nicholson, R. I., deFazio, A., Watts, C. K. W., Musgrove, E. A. & Sutherland, R. L.: Expression and amplification of cyclin genes in human breast cancer. Oncogene 8: 2127-2133, 1993.
22. Börresen, A. L., Andersen, T. I., Eyfjord, J. E., Cornelis, S., Thorlacius, S., Borg, Å., Johanssson, U., Theillet, C., Scherneck, S., Hartman, S. et al.: TP53 mutations and breast cancer prognosis: Particularly poor survival rates for cases with mutations in the zinc-binding domains. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 14: 71-75, 1995.
23. Cairns, P., Polascik, T. J., Eby, Y., Tokino, K., Califano, J., Merlo, A., Mao, L., Herath, J., Jenkins, R., Westra, W. et al.: Frequency of homozygous deletion at p16/CDKN2 in primary human tumours. Nat. Genet. 11: 210-212, 1995.
24. Cattoretti, G., Rilke, F., Andreola, S., D'Amato, L. & Delia, D.: P53 expression in breast cancer. Int. J. Cancer 41: 178-183, 1988.
25. Chen, P. L., Riley, D. J. & Lee, W. H.: The retinoblastoma protein as a fundamental mediator of growth and differentiation signals. Crit. Rev. Eukaryot Gene Expr. 5: 79-95, 1995.
26. Collan, Y. U., Eskelinen, M. L., Nordling, S. A., Lipponen, P., Personen, E., Kumpusalo, L. M., Pajarinen, P. & Kettunen, K. O.: Prognostic studies in breast cancer. Multivariate combination of nodal status, proliferation index, tumor size, and DNA ploidy. Acta Oncol. 33: 873-878, 1994.
27. Cook, D. L. & Wearer, D. L.: Comparison of DNA content, S-phase fraction, and survival between medullary and ductal carcinoma of the breast. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 104: 17-22, 1995.
28. Cordon, C. C.: Mutations of cell cycle regulators. Biological and clinical implications for human neoplasia. Am. J. Pathol. 147: 545-560, 1995.
29. Courdi, A., Hery, M., Dahan, E., Gioanni, J., Abbes, M., Monticelli, J., Ettore, F., Moll, J. L. & Namer, M.: Factors affecting relapse in node-negative breast cancer. A multivariate analysis including the labeling index. Eur. J. Cancer Clin. Oncol. 25: 351-356, 1989.
30. DeGregori, J., Kowalik, T. & Nevins, J. R.: Cellular targets for activation by the E2F1 transcription factor include DNA synthesis- and G1/S-regulatory genes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15: 4215-4224, 1995.
31. Di Stefano, D., Mingazzini, P. L., Scucchi, L., Donnetti, M. & Marinozzi, V.: A comparative study of histopathology, hormone receptors, peanut lectin binding, Ki-67 immunostaining, and nucleolar organizer region-associated proteins in human breast cancer. Cancer 67: 463-471, 1991.
32. Dou, Q.-P., Levin, A. H., Zhao, S. & Pardee, A. B.: Cyclin E and cyclin A as candidates for the restriction point protein. Cancer Res., 53: 1493-1497, 1993.
33. Draetta, G. F.: Mammalian G1 cyclins. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 6: 842-846, 1994.
34. Dulic, V., Lees, E. & Reed, S. I.: Association of human cyclin E with a periodic G1-S phase protein kinase. Science 257: 1958-1961, 1992.
35. Dutta, A., Chandra, R., Leiter, L. M. & Lester, S.: Cyclins as markers of tumor proliferation: immunocytochemical studies in breast cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92: 5386-5390, 1995.
36. Elledge, S., J. & Harper, J. W.: Cdk inhibitors: on the threshold of checkpoints and development. Cell Biol. 6: 847-852, 1994.
37. Ewers, S. B., Attewell, R., Baldetorp, B., Borg, Å., Fernö, M., Långström, E. & Killander, D.: Prognostic significance of flow cytometric DNA analysis and estrogen receptor content in breast carcinomas - a 10 year survival study. Breast Cancer Res.Treat. 24: 115-126, 1993.
38. Fernö, M., Baldetorp, B., Bendahl, P. O., Borg, Å., Ewers, S. B., Olsson, H., Sigurdsson, H. & Killander, D.: Recurrence-free survival in breast cancer improved by adjuvant tamoxifen - specially for progesterone receptor positive tumors with a high proliferation. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 36: 23-34, 1995.
39. Freeman, J. W., McGrath, P., Bondada, V., Selliah, N., Ownby, H., Maloney, T. Busch, R. K. & Busch, H.: Prognostic significance of proliferation associated nucleolar antigen P120 in human breast carcinoma. Cancer Res. 51: 1973-1978, 1991.
40. Fueyo, J., Gomezmanzano, C., Bruner, J. M., Saito, Y., Zhang, B. H., Zhang, W., Levin, V. A., Yung, W. K. A. & Kyritsis, A. P.: Hypermethylation of the CPG island of P16/CDKN2 correlates with gene inactivation in gliomas. Oncogene 13: 1615-1619, 1996.
41. Gaglia, P., Bernardi, A., Venesio, T., Caldarola, B., Lauro, C., Cappa, A. P., Calderini, P. & Liscia, D. S.: Cell proliferation of breast cancer evaluated by anti-BrdU and anti-Ki-67 antibodies: its prognostic value on short-term recurrences. Eur. J. Cancer 29A: 1509-1513, 1993.
42. Gasparini, G., Boracchi, P., Verderio, P. & Bevilacqua, P.: Cell kinetics in human breast cancer: comparison between the prognostic value of the cytofluorimetric S-phase fraction and that of the antibodies to Ki-67 and PCNA antigens detected by immunocytochemistry. Int. J. Cancer 57: 822-829, 1994.
43. Geng, Y., Eaton, E. N., Picon, M., Roberts, J. M., Lundberg, A. S., Gifford, A., Sardet, C. & Weinberg, R. A.: Regulation of cyclin E transcription by E2Fs and retinoblastoma protein. Oncogene 12: 1173-1180, 1996.
44. Geradts, J. & Wilson, P. A.: High frequency of aberrant p16 (INK4A) expression in human breast cancer. Am. J. Pathol. 149: 15-20, 1996.
45. Gillett, C., Smith, P., Gregory, W., Richards, M., Millis, R., Peters, G. & Barnes, D.: Cyclin D1 and prognosis in human breast cancer. Int. J. Cancer 69: 92-99, 1996.
46. Gonzalez, Z. M., Bender, C. M., Yang, A. S., Nguyen, T., Beart, R. W., Van Tornout, J. M. & Jones, P. A.: Methylation of the 5′ CpG island of the p16/ CDKN2 tumor suppressor gene in normal and transformed human tissues correlates with gene silencing. Cancer Res. 55: 4531-4535, 1995.
47. Goodson, W. H., Ljung, B. M., Waldman, F., Mayall, B., Chew, K., Moore, D. H., Smith, H., Goldman, E. S. & Benz, C.: In vivo measurement of breast cancer growth rate. Arch. Surg. 126: 1220-1223, discussion 1223-1224, 1991.
48. Haerslev, T. & Jacobsen, G. K.: An immunohistochemical study of p53 with correlations to histopathological parameters, c-erB-2, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and prognosis. Hum. Pathol. 26: 295-301, 1995.
49. Hartwell, L. H. & Kastan, M. B.: Cell cycle control and cancer. Science 266: 1821-1828, 1994.
50. Hatakeyama, M., Brill, J. A., Fink, G. R. & Weinberg, R. A.: Collaboration of G1 cyclins in the functional inactivation of the retinoblastoma protein. Genes Dev. 8: 1759-1771, 1994.
51. He, J., Allen, J. R., Collins, V. P., Allalunis-Turner, M. J., Godbout, R., Day, R. S. & James, C. D.: CDK4 amplification is an alternative mechanism to p16 gene homozygous deletion in glioma cell lines. Cancer Res. 54: 5804-5807, 1994a.
52. He, W., Meyer, J. S., Scrivner, D. L., Koehm, S. & Hughes, J.: Assessment of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in breast cancer using anti PCNA PC10 and 19A2: correlation with 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine or tritiated thymidine labeling and flow cytometric analysis. Biotech. Histochem. 69: 203-212, 1994b.
53. Hedley, D. W., Rugg, C. A. & Gelber, R. D.: Association of DNA index and S-phase fraction with prognosis of nodes positive early breast cancer. Cancer Res. 47: 4729-4735, 1987.
54. Herman, J. G., Merlo, A., Mao, L., Lapidus, R. G., Issa, J. P., Davidson, N. E., Sidransky, D. & Bavlin, S. B.: Inactivation of the CDKN2/p16/MTS1 gene is frequently associated with aberrant DNA methylation in all common human cancers. Cancer Res. 55: 4525-4530, 1995.
55. Hiyama, E., Gollahon, L., Kataoka, T., Kuroi, K., Yokoyama, T., Gazdar, A. F., Hiyama, K., Piatyszek, M. A. & Shay, J. W.: Telomerase activity in human breast tumors. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 88: 116-122, 1996.
56. Hunter, T. & Pines, J.: Cyclins and cancer II: Cyclin D and CDK inhibitors come of age. Cell 79: 573-582, 1994.
57. Isola, J., Visakorpi, T., Holli, K. & Kallionemi, O. P.: Association of overexpression of tumor suppressor protein p53 with rapid cell proliferation and poor prognosis in node-negative breast cancer patients. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 84: 1109-1114, 1992.
58. Jacquemier, J., Moles, J. P., Penault-Llorca, F., Adelaide, J., Torrente, M., Viens, P., Birnbaum, D. & Theillet, C.: p53 immunohistochemical analysis in breast cancer with four monoclonal antibodies: comparison of staining and PCR-SSCP results. Br. J. Cancer 69: 846-852, 1994.
59. Jagasia, A. A., Block, J. A., Diaz, M. O., Nobori, T., Gitelis, S., Inerot, S. E. & Iyer, A. P.: Partial deletions of the CDKN2 and MTS2 putative tumor suppressor genes in a myxoid chondrosarcoma. Cancer Lett. 105: 77-90, 1996.
60. Jansendurr, P.: How viral oncogenes make the cell cycle. Trends Genet. 12: 270-275, 1996.
61. Keyomarsi, K. & Pardee, A.: Redundant cyclin overexpression and gene amplification in breast cancer cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 1112-1116, 1993.
62. Keyomarsi, K., O'Leary, N., Molnar, G., Lees, E., Fingert, H. J. & Pardee, A.: Cyclin E, a potential prognostic marker for breast cancer. Cancer Res. 54: 380-385, 1994.
63. King, R. W. & Jackson, P. K.: Mitosis in transition. Cell 79: 563-571, 1994.
64. Kitahara, K., Yasui, W., Kuniyasu, H., Yokozaki, H., Akama, Y., Yunotani, S., Hisatsugu, T., Tahara, E.: Concurrent amplification of cyclin E and CDK2 genes in colorectal carcinomas. Int. J. Cancer 62: 25-28, 1995.
65. Koff, A., Cross, F., Fisher, A., Schumacher, J., Leguellec, K., Philippe, M. & Roberts, J. M.: Human cyclin E, a new cyclin that interacts with two members of the CDC2 gene family. Cell 66: 1217-1228, 1991.
66. Kujari, H. P., Collan, Y. U. & Atkin, N. B.: Use of the mitotic counts for the prognosis and grading of breast cancer. Method evaluation study. Pathol. Res. Pract. 190: 593-599, 1994.
67. Kute, T. E., Quadri, Y., Muss, H., Zbieranski, N., Cirrincione, C., Berry, D. A., Barcos, M., Thor, A. P., Liu, E., Koerner, F. & Henderson, I. C.: Flow cytometry in node-positive breast cancer: cancer and leukemia group B protocol 8869. Cytometry 22: 297-306, 1995.
68. Landberg, G., Nielsen, N. H., Nilsson, P., Emdin, S. O., Cajander, J. & Roos, G.: Telomerase activity is associated with cell cycle deregulation in human breast cancer. Cancer Res. 57: 549-554, 1997.
69. Larsen, C. J.: p16INK4a: a gene with a dual capacity to encode unrelated proteins that inhibit cell cycle progression. Oncogene 12: 2041-2044, 1996.
70. Leach, F. S., Elledge, S. J., Sherr, C. J., Willson, J. K. V., Markowitz, S., Kinder, K. W. & Volgelstein, B.: Amplification of cyclin genes in colorectal carcinomas. Cancer Res. 53: 1986-989, 1993.
71. Lee, E. Y., To, H., Shew, J. Y., Bookstein, R., Scully, P. & Lee, W. H.: Inactivation of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene in human breast cancers. Science 241: 218-221, 1988.
72. Lees, E.: Cyclin dependent kinase regulation. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 7: 773-780, 1995.
73. Lipponen, P., Ji, H., Aaltomaa, S., Syrjänen, S. & Syrjänen, K.: p53 protein expression in breast cancer as related to histopathological characteristics and prognosis. Int. J. Cancer 55: 51-56, 1993.
74. Ljungberg, B., Mehle, C. & Roos, G.: Heterogeneity in renal cell carcinoma and its impact on prognosis - a flow cytometric study. Br. J. Cancer 74: 123-127, 1996.
75. Lovec, H., Sewing, A., Lucibello, F. C., Müller, H. & Möröy, T.: Oncogenic activity of cyclin D1 revealed through cooperation with Ha-ras: link between cell cycle control and malignant transformation. Oncogene 9: 323-326, 1994.
76. Lukas, J., Aagaard, L., Strauss., M. & Barteck, J.: Oncogenic aberrations of p16/INK4/CDKN2 and cyclin D1 cooperate to deregulate G1 control. Cancer Res. 55: 4818-4823, 1995.
77. McGrath, P. C., Holley, D. T., Hamby, L. S., Powell, D. E., Mattingly, C. & Freeman, J. W.: Proliferation associated nucleolar antigen P120: a prognostic marker in node-negative breast cancer. Surgery 116: 20-21, 1994.
78. McIntosh, G. G., Anderson, J. J., Milton, I., Steward, M., Parr, A. H., Thomas, M. D., Henry, J. A., Angus, B., Lennard, T. W. & Horne, C. H.: Determination of the prognostic value of cyclin D1 overexpression in breast cancer. Oncogene 11: 885-891, 1995.
79. Meyer, J. S., Koehm, S. L., Hughes, J. M., Higa, E., Wittliff, J. L., Lagos, J. A. & Manes, J. L: Bromodeoxyuridine labeling for S-phase measurement in breast caracinoma. Cancer 71: 3531-3540, 1993.
80. Michalides, R., Hageman, P., van Tineren, H., Houben, L., Wientjens, E., Klompmarker, R. & Petersen, J.: A clinicopathological study on overexpression of cyclin D1 and of p53 in a series of 248 patients with operable breast cancer. Br. J. Cancer 73: 728-734, 1996.
81. Motokura, T. & Arnold, A.: Cyclin D and oncogenesis. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 3: 5-10, 1993.
82. Motokura, T., Bloom, T., Kim, H. G., Jüppner, H., Ruderman, J. V., Kronenberg, H. M. & Arnold, A.: A novel cyclin encoded by a bell-linked candidate oncogene. Nature 350: 512-515, 1991.
83. Murray, A.: Cyclin ubiquitination: The destructive end of mitosis. Cell 81: 149-152, 1995.
84. Musgrove, E. A., Lilischkis, R., Cornish, A. L., Lee, C. S., Setlur, V., Seshadri, R. & Sutherland, R. L.: Expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p16INK4, p15INK4B and p21WAF1/ CIP1 in human breast cancer. Int. J. Cancer 63: 584-591, 1996.
85. Nasmyth, K.: At the heart of the budding yeast cell cycle. Tends Genet. 12: 405-412, 1996.
86. Nielsen, N. H., Arnerlöv, C., Emdin, S. O. & Landberg, G.: Cyclin E overexpression, a negative prognostic factor in breast cancer with strong correlation to oestrogen receptor status. Br. J. Cancer 74: 874-880, 1996.
87. Nielsen, N. H., Emdin, S. O., Cajander, J. & Landberg, G.: Deregulation of cyclin E and D1 in breast cancer is associated with inactivation of the retinoblastoma protein. Oncogene 14: 295-304, 1997.
88. Ohtani, K., DeGregori, J. & Nevins, J. R.: Regulation of the cyclin E gene by transcription factor E2F1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 12146-12150, 1995.
89. Okamoto, A., Demetrick, D. J., Spillare, E. A., Hagiwara, K., Hussain, S. P., Bennett, W. P., Forrester, K., Gerwin, B., Serrano, M., Beach, D. H. & Harris, C. C.: Mutations and altered expression of p16INK4 in human cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 11045-11049, 1994.
90. Paggi, M. G., Baldi, A., Bonetto, F. & Giordano, A.: Retinoblastoma protein family in cell cycle and cancer - a review. J. Cell. Biol. 62: 418-430, 1996.
91. Parry, D., Bates, S., Mann, D. J. & Peters, G.: Lack of cyclin D - Cdk complexes in Rb-negative cells correlates with high levels of p16 INK4/MTS1 tumour suppressor gene product. EMBO J. 14: 503-511, 1995.
92. Pavelic, Z. P., Pavelic, L., Lower, E. E., Gapany, M., Gapany, S., Barker, E. A. & Preisler, H. D.: c-myc, c-erbB-2, and Ki-67 expression in normal breast tissue and in invasive and noninvasive breast carcinoma. Cancer Res. 52: 2597-2602, 1992.
93. Peter, M. & Herskowitz, I.: Joining the complex: Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitory proteins and the cell cycle. Cell 79: 181-184, 1994.
94. Petrocelli, T., Poon, G., Drucker, D. J., Slingerland, J. M. & Rosen, C. F.: Uvb radiation induces P21 (CIP1/WAF1) and mediates G1 and S phase Checkpoints. Oncogene 12: 1387-1396, 1996.
95. Pietilainen, T., Lipponen, P., Aaltomaa, S., Eskelinen, M., Kosma, V. M. & Syrjänen, K.: Expression of retinoblastoma gene protein (Rb) in breast cancer as related to established prognostic factors and survival. Eur. J. Cancer 31: 329-333, 1995.
96. Pines, J.: Cyclins, CDKs and cancer. Semin. Cancer Biol. 6: 63-72, 1995.
97. Quesnel, B., Fenaux, P., Philippe, N., Fournier, J., Bonneterre, J., Preudhomme, C. & Peyrat, J. P.: Analysis of p16 gene deletion and point mutation in breast carcinoma. Br. J. Cancer 72: 351-353, 1995.
98. Remvikos, Y., Vielh, P., Padoy, E., Benyahia, B., Voillemot, N. & Magdelenat, H.: Breast cancer proliferation measured on cytological samples: a study by flow cytometry of S-phase fractions and BrdU incorporation. Br. J. Cancer 64: 501-507, 1991.
99. Risberg, B., Baldetorp, B., Fernö, M., Hansson, B., Mossberg, L.-L., Roos, G., Stål, O., Thornthwaite, J. T. & Tibell, L.: Inter-institutional reproducibility of flow cytometric DNA-analysis in breast carcinoma. Anal. Cell. Pathol. 6: 23-36, 1994.
100. Rudas, M., Gnant, M. F., Mittelbock, M., Neumayer, R., Kummer, A., Jakesz, R., Reiner, G. & Reiner, A: Thymidine labeling index and Ki-67 growth fraction in breast cancer: comparison and correlation with prognosis. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 32: 165-175, 1994.
101. Sawan, A., Randall, B., Angus, B., Wright, C., Henry, J. A., Ostrowski, J., Hennessy, C., Lennard, T. W. J., Corbett, I. & Horne, C. H. W.: Retinoblastoma and p53 gene expression related to relapse and survival in human breast cancer: an immunohistochemical study. J. Pathol. 168: 23-28, 1992.
102. Schimmelpenning, H., Eriksson, E. T., Franzen, B., Zetterberg, A. & Auer, G. U.: Prognostic value of the combined assessment of proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunostaining and nuclear DNA content in invasive human mammary carcinomas. Virchows Arch. A. Pathol. Anat. Histopathol. 423: 273-279, 1993.
103. Schuuring, E., Verhoeven, E., Tinteren, H., Peterse, J. L., Nunnink, B., Thunnissen, F. B. J. M., Devilee, P., Cornelisse, C. J., Vijer, M. J., Mooi, W. J. & Michalides, R. J. A. M.: Amplification of genes within the chromosome 11q13 region is indicative of poor prognosis in patients with operable breast cancer. Cancer Res. 52: 5229-5234, 1992.
104. Schwimer, M., Lash, R. H. & Katzin, W. E.: Intratumoral heterogeneity of DNA in breast carcinomas: a flow cytometric assessment of sampling techniques. Cytometry 22: 292-296, 1995.
105. Seshadri, R., Leong, A. S., McCaul, K., Firgaira, F. A., Setlur, V. & Horsfall, D. J.: Relationship between p53 gene abnormalities and other tumour characteristics in breast cancer prognosis. Int. J. Cancer 69: 135-141, 1996.
106. Sigurdsson, H., Baldertorp, B., Borg, A., Dalberg, M., Ferno, M., Killander, D. & Olsson H.: Indicators of prognosis in node-negative breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 322: 1045-1053, 1990.
107. Siitonen, S. M., Kallioniemi, O. P. & Isola, J. J.: Proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibody 19A2 and a new antigen retrieval technique has prognostic impact in archival paraffin-embedded node-negative breast cancer. Am. J. Pathol. 142: 1081-1089, 1993.
108. Silvestrini, R., Daidone, M. G., Luisi, A., Boracchi, P., Mezzetti, M., Di Fronzo, G., Andreola, S., Salvadori., B. & Veronesi, U.: Biologic and clinicopathologic factors as indicators of specific relapse types in node-negative breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 13: 697-704, 1995.
109. Sirvent, J. J., Salvado, M. T., Santafe, M., Martinez, S., Brunet, J., Alvaro, T. & Palados, J.:P53 in breast cancer. Its relation to histological grade, lymph node status, hormone receptors, cell proliferation fraction (Ki-67) and c-erB-2. Immunohistochemical study of 153 cases. Histol. Histopathol. 10: 531-539, 1995.
110. Sjögren, S., Inganas, M., Norberg, T., Lindgren, A., Nordgren, H., Holmberg, L. & Bergh, J.: The p53 gene in breast cancer: prognostic value of complementary DNA sequencing versus immunohistochemistry. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 88: 173-182, 1996.
111. Stanton, P. D., Cooke, T. G., Forster, G., Smith, D.& Going, J. J.: Cell kinetics in vivo of human breast cancer. Br. J. Surg. 83: 98-102, 1996.
112. Strauss, M., Lukas, J. & Barteck, J.: Unrestricted cell cycling and cancer. Nature Med. 1: 1245-1246, 1995.
113. Stål, P., Dufmats, M., Hatschek, T., Carstensen, J., Klintenberg, C., Rutqvist, L. E., Skoog, L., Sullivan, S., Wingren, S. & Nordenskjöld, B.: S-phase fraction is a prognostic factor in stage I breast carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 11: 1717-1722, 1993.
114. Sugino, T., Yoshida, K., Bolodeoku, J., Tahara, H., Buley, I., Manek, S., Wells, C. Goodison, S., Suzuki, T., Tahara, E. & Tarin, D.: Telomerase activity in human breast cancer and benign breast lesions - diagnostic applications in clinical specimens, including fine needle aspirates. Int. J. Cancer 69: 301-306, 1996.
115. Sutherland, R. L., Watts, C. K. W. & Musgrove, E. A.: Cyclin gene expression and growth control in normal and neoplastic human breast epithelium. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 47: 99-106, 1993.
116. Tassan, J.-P., Schultz, S. J., Bartek, J. & Nigg, E. A.: Cell cycle analysis of the activity, subcellular localization, and subunit composition of human CAK (CDK-activating kinase). J. Cell Biol. 127: 467-478, 1994.
117. Trudel, M., Mulligan, L., Cavenee, W., Margolese, R., Cote, J. & Gariepy, G.: Retinoblastoma and p53 gene product expression in breast carcinoma: immunohistochemical analysis and clinicopathologic correlation. Hum. Pathol. 23: 1388-1394, 1992.
118. Valente, P., Melchiori, A., Paggi, M. G., Masiello, L., Ribatti, D., Santi, L., Takahashi, R., Albini, A. & Noonan, D. M.: RB1 oncosuppressor gene overexpression inhibits tumor progression and induces melanogenesis in metastatic melanoma cells. Oncogene. 13: 1169-1178, 1996.
119. van Diest, P. J., Matze-Cok, P. & Baak, J. P.: Prognostic value of proliferative activity in lymph node metastases of patients with breast cancer. J. Clin. Pathol.: 44: 416-118, 1991.
120. van Diest, P. J., Baak, J. P., Matze-Cok, P., Wisse-Brekelmans, E. C., van Galen, C. M., Kurver, P. H., Bellot, S. M., Fijnheer, J., van Gorp, L. H., Kwee, W. S. et al.: Reproducibility of mitosis counting in 2,469 breast cancer specimens: results from the Multicenter Morphometric Mammary Carcinoma Project. Hum. Pathol. 23: 603-607, 1992.
121. Varley, J. M., Armour, J., Swallow, J. E., Jeffreys, A. J., Ponder, B. A. J., T'Ang, A., Fung, Y. K. T., Brammar, W. J. & Walker, R. A.: The retinoblastoma gene is frequently altered leading to loss of expression in primary breast tumors. Oncogene 4: 725-729, 1989.
122. Veronese, S. M., Gambacorta, M., Gottardi, O., Scanzi, F., Ferrari, M. & Lampertico, P.: Proliferation index as a prognostic marker in breast cancer. Cancer 71: 3926-3931, 1993.
123. Wahlman, F. M., Chew, K., Ljung, B. M., Goodson, W., Hom, J., Duarte, L. A., Smith, H. S. & Mayall, B.: A comparison between bromodeoxyuridine and 3H thymidine labeling in human breast tumors. Mod. Pathol. 4: 718-22, 1991.
124. Wang, T. C., Cardiff, R. D., Zukerberg, L., Lees, E., Arnold, A. & Schmidt, E. V.: Mammary hyperplasia and carcinoma in MMTV-cyclin D1 transgenic mice. Nature 369: 669-671, 1994.
125. Weinberg, R. A.: The retinoblastoma protein and cell cycle control. Cell. 81: 323-330, 1995.
126. Weinstat-Saslow, S. D., Merino, M. J., Manrow, R. E., Lawrence, J. A., Bluth, R. F., Wittenbel, K. D., Simpson, J. F., Page, D. L. & Steeg, P. S.: Overexpression of cyclin D mRNA distinguishes invasive and in situ breast carcinomas from non-malignant lesions. Nature Med. 1: 1257-1260, 1995.
127. Witzig, T. E., Ingle, J. N., Cha, S. S., Schaid, D. J., Tabery, R. L., Wold, L. E., Grant, C., Gonchoroff, N. J. & Katzmann, J. A.: DNA ploidy and the percentage of cells in S-phase as prognostic factors for women with lymph node negative breast cancer. Cancer 74: 1752-1761, 1994.
128. Won, K. A. & Reed, S. I.: Activation of cyclin E/ CDK2 is coupled to site-specific autophosphorylation and ubiquitin-dependent degradation of cyclin E. Embo J.: 16: 4182-4193, 1996.
129. Xiong, Y., Hannon, G. J., Zhang, H., Cassa, D., Kobayashi, R. & Beach, D.: p21 is a universal inhibitor of cyclin kinases. Nature 366: 701-704, 1993.
130. Xu, H. J., Hu, S. X. & Benedict, W. F.: Lack of nuclear RB protein staining in G0/middle G1 cells: correlation to changes in total RB protein level. Oncogene 6: 1139-1146, 1991.
131. Xu, L., Sgroi, D., Sterner, C. J., Beauchamp, R. L., Pinnay, D. M., Keel, S., Ueki, K., Rutter, J. L., Buckler, A. J., Louis, D. N. et al.: Mutational analysis of CDKN2 (MTS1/p16ink4) in human breast carcinomas. Cancer Res. 54: 5262-5264, 1994.