Current and future status of ovulation induction in polycystic ovary syndrome

Human Reproduction Update

Volumn 3, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 235-253

  Messinis, Ioannis E ^a   Milingos, Spyros D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THESSALY   (Greece)

Author keywords

Clomiphene citrate; Gonadotrophins; Ovulation induction; Polycystic ovary syndrome

Indexed keywords

CLOMIFENE CITRATE; ESTRADIOL; FOLLITROPIN; GONADORELIN; GONADORELIN AGONIST; GONADORELIN ANTAGONIST; GONADOTROPIN; HUMAN MENOPAUSAL GONADOTROPIN; INHIBIN; PROGESTERONE;

ADULT; CAUTERIZATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; EMBRYO TRANSFER; ESTRADIOL BLOOD LEVEL; FEMALE; FERTILIZATION IN VITRO; HUMAN; LUTEINIZING HORMONE BLOOD LEVEL; LUTEINIZING HORMONE RELEASE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; OVARY POLYCYSTIC DISEASE; OVULATION INDUCTION; PREGNANCY RATE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGESTERONE BLOOD LEVEL; REVIEW;

ANOVULATION; CLOMIPHENE; FEMALE; GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE; GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY; HUMANS; OVULATION INDUCTION; POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME; PREGNANCY; REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES;

EID: 0030850347     PISSN: 13554786     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/humupd/3.3.235     Document Type: Review

References (170)

1. Abdel Gadir, A., Mowafi, R.S., Alnaser, H.M.I. et al. (1990) Ovarian electrocautery versus human menopausal gonadotrophins and pure follicle stimulating hormone therapy in the treatment of patients with polycystic ovarian disease. Clin. Endocrinol., 33, 585-592.
2. Abdel Gadir, A., Alnaser, H.M.I., Mowafi, R.S. and Shaw, R.W. (1992) The response of patients with polycystic ovarian disease to human menopausal gonadotropin therapy after ovarian electrocautery of a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist. Fertil. Steril., 57, 309-313.
3. Abdel Gadir, A., Khatim, M.S., Alnaser, H.M.I. et al. (1993) Ovarian electrocautery: responders versus nonresponders. Gynecol. Endocrinol., 7, 43-48.
4. Aboulghar, M.A., Mansour, R.T., Serour, G.I. et al. (1996) Recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone in the treatment of patients with history of severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Fertil. Steril., 66, 757-760.
5. Adams, J., Polson, D.W. and Franks, S. (1986) Prevalence of polycystic ovaries in women with anovulation and idiopathic hirsutism. Br. Med. J., 293, 355-359.
6. Adashi, E. Y. (1984) Clomiphene citrate: mechanism(s) and site(s) of action - a hypothesis revisited. Fertil. Steril., 42, 331-344.
7. Balen, A.H. and Rose, M. (1994) Control of luteinizing hormone secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome. Contemp. Rev. Obstet. Gynaecol., 6, 201-207.
8. Barbieri, R.L., Makris, A., Randall, R.W. et al. (1986) Insulin stimulates androgen accumulation in incubations of ovarian stroma obtained from women with hyperandripogenism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 62, 904-910.
9. Barnes, F., Kausche, A., Tiglias, J. et al. (1996) Production of embryos from in vitro matured human oocytes. Fertil. Steril., 65, 1151-1156.
10. Bistow, R.E. and Karlan, B.Y. (1996) Ovulation induction, infertility and ovarian cancer risk. Fertil. Steril., 66, 499-507.
11. Blumenfeld, Z., Lang, N., Amit, A. et al. (1994) Native gonadotropin-releasing hormone for triggering follicular maturation in polycystic ovary syndrome patients undergoing human menopausal gonadotropin ovulation induction. Fertil. Steril., 62, 456-460.
12. Brown, J.B. (1978) Pituitary control of ovarian function - concepts derived from gonadotrophin therapy. Aust. N.Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol, 18, 47-54.
13. Buckler, H.M., Evans, C.A., Mamtora, H. et al. (1991) Gonadotropin, steroid and inhibin levels in women with incipient ovarian failure during anovulatory and ovulatory rebound cycles. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab., 72, 116-124.
14. Buckler, H.M., Critchley, H.O., Cantrill, J.A. et al. (1993) Efficacy of low dose purified FSH in ovulation induction following pituitary desensitization in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Clin. Endocrinol, 38, 209-217.
15. Burger, C.W., Korsen, T.J.M., Hompes, P.G.A. et al. (1986) Ovulation induction with pulsatile luteinizing releasing hormone in women with clomiphene citrate-resistant polycystic ovary-like disease: clinical results. Fertil. Steril., 46, 1045-1054.
16. Burger, C.W., Hompes, P.G.A., Korsen, T.J.M. and Schoemaker, J. (1989) Ovulation induction with pulsatile luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in women with clomiphene citrate-resistant polycystic ovary-like disease: endocrine results. Fertil. Steril., 51, 20-29.
17. Buvat, J., Buvat-Herbaut, M., Marcolin, G. et al. (1989) Purified follicle-stimulating hormone in polycystic ovary syndrome: slow administration is safer and more effective. Fertil. Steril., 52, 553-559.
18. Buyalos, R.P. and Lee, C.T. (1996) Polycystic ovary syndrome: pathophysiology and outcome with in vitro fertilization. Fertil. Steril., 65, 1-10.
19. Carey, A.M., Chan, K.L., Short, F. et al. (1993) Evidence for a single gene effect causing polycystic ovaries and male pattern baldness. Clin. Endocrinol., 38, 653-658.
20. Chandrasekher, Y.A., Hutchinson, J.S., Zelenski-Wooten, M.B. et al. (1994) Initiation of preovulatory events in primate follicles using recombinat and native human luteinizing hormone to mimic the midcycle gonadotorpin surge. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 79, 298-306.
21. Charbonnel, B., Krempf, M., Blanchard, P. et al. (1987) Induction of ovulation in polycystic ovary syndrome with a combination of a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analog and exogenous gonadotropins. Fertil. Steril., 47, 920-924.
22. Check, J.H., Detterich, C. and Lurie, D. (1995) The effect of consecutive cycles of clomiphene citrate on endometrial thickness and echo pattern. Obstet. Gynecol., 86, 341-345.
23. Cheung, A.P. and Chang, R.J. (1995) Pituitary responsiveness to gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist stimulation: a dose-response comparison of luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone secretion in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and normal women. Hum. Reprod., 10, 1054-1059.
24. Christman, G.M., Randolph, J.F., Kelch, R.P. and Marshall, J.C. (1991) Reduction of gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse frequency is associated with subsequent selective follicle-stimulating hormone secretion in women with polycystic ovarian disease. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab., 72, 1278-1285.
25. Claman, P., Seibel, M.M., McArdle, C. et al. (1986) Comparison of intermediate-dose purified urinary follicle-stimulating hormone with and without human chorionic gonadotropin for ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian disease. Fertil. Steril., 46, 518-521.
26. Dale, O., Tanbo, T., Lunde, O. and Abyholm, T. (1993) Ovulation induction with low dose follicle stimulating hormone in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand., 72, 43-46.
27. Danforth, D.R. and Cheng, C.Y. (1995) Purification of a candidate gonadotropin surge inhibiting factor from porcine follicular fluid. Endocrinology, 136, 1658-1665.
28. Dickey, R.P., Olar, T.T., Taylor, S.N. et al. (1993) Sequential clomiphene citrate and human menopausal gonadotrophin for ovulation induction: comparison to clomiphene citrate alone and human menopausal gonadotrophin alone. Hum. Reprod., 8, 56-59.
29. Dodson, W.C., Hughes, C.L., Whitesides, D.B. and Haney, A.F. (1987) The effect of leuprolide acetate on ovulation induction with human menopausal gonadotropins in polycystic ovary syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 65, 95-100.
30. Dodson, W.C., Hughes, C.L., Yancy, S.E. and Haney, A.F. (1989) Clinical characteristics of ovulation induction with human menopausal gonadotropins with and without leuprolide acetate in polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil. Steril., 52, 915-918.
31. Donderwinkel, P.F., Schoot, D.C., Coelingh-Bennink, H.J. and Fauser, B.C. (1992) Pregnancy after induction of ovulation with recombinant human FSH in polycystic ovary syndrome. Lancet, 340, 983.
32. Donderwinkel, P.F.J., Schoot, D.C., Pache, T.D. et al. (1993) Luteal function following ovulation induction in polycystic ovary syndrome patients using exogenous gonadotorphins in combination with a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist. Hum. Reprod., 8, 2027-2032.
33. Donesky, B.W. and Adashi, E.Y. (1995) Surgically induced ovulation in the polycystic ovary syndrome: wedge resection revisited in the age of laparoscopy. Fertil. Steril., 63, 439-463.
34. Dubourdieu, S., Charbonnel, B., d'Acremont, M.F. et al. (1994) Effect of a GnRH antagonist (Nal-Glu) during the preovulatory period: The LH surge requires secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 78, 343-347.
35. Dunaif, A., Segal., K.R., Shelly, D.R. et al. (1992) Evidence for distinctive and intrinsic defects in insulin action in polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes, 41, 1257-1266.
36. Emperaire, J-C. and Ruffie, A. (1991) Triggering ovulation with endogenous luteinizing hormone may prevent the ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Hum. Reprod., 6, 506-510.
37. Eshel, A., Adculwahid, N.A., Armar, N.A. et al. (1988) Pulsatile luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone therapy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil. Steril., 49, 956-960.
38. ESHRE Capri Workshop (1996) Guidelines of the diagnosis, treatment and management of infertility. Hum. Reprod., 11, 1775-1807.
39. Fahri, J., Homburg, R. Lerner, A. and Ben-Rafael, Z. (1993) The choice of treatment for anovulation associated with polycystic ovary syndrome following failure to conceive with clomiphene. Hum. Reprod., 8, 1367-1371.
40. Falcone, T., Billiar, R. and Morris, D. (1991) Serum inhibin levels in polycystic ovary syndrome: Effect of insulin resistance and insulin secretion. Obstet. Gynecol., 78, 171-175.
41. Fauser, B.C.J.M., Donderwinkel, P. and Schoot, D.C. (1993) The step-down principle in gonadotrophin treatment and the role of GnRH analogues. Baillière's Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol., 7, 309-330.
42. Filicori, M., Flamigni, C., Meriggiola, M.C. et al. (1991) Endocrine response determines the clinical outcome of pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone ovulation induction in different ovulatory disorders. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 72, 965-972.
43. Filicori, M., Flamigni, C., Dellai, P. et al. (1994) Treatment of anovulation with pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone: prognostic factors and clinical results in 600 cycles. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 79, 1215-1220.
44. Fleming, R., Haxton, M.J., Hamilton, M.P.R. et al. (1985) Successful treatment of infertile women with oligomenorrhoea using a combination of LHRH agonist and exogenous gonadotrophins. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 92, 369-373.
45. Fleming, R., Haxton, M.J., Hamilton, M.P.R. et al. (1988) Combined gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog and exogenous gonadotropins for ovulation induction in infertile women: efficacy related to ovarian function assessment. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol, 159, 376-381.
46. Fluker, M.R., Marshall, L.A., Monroe, S.E. and Jaff, R.B. (1991) Variable ovarian response to GnRH antagonists induced gonadotropin deprivation during different phases of the menstrual cycle. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 72, 912-918.
47. Fluker, M.R., Wang, I. Y. and Rowe, T.C. (1996) An extended 10-day course of clomiphene citrate (CC) in women with CC-resistant ovulatory disorders. Fertil. Steril., 66, 761-764.
48. Fowler, P.A., Messinis, I.E. and Templeton, A.A. (1990) Inhibition of LHRH-induced LH and FSH release by gonadotrophin surge-attenuating factor (GnSAF) from human follicular fluid. J. Reprod. Fertil., 90, 587-594.
49. Fowler, P.A., Melvin, W.T., Fraser, M. et al. (1995) Isolation of GnSAF bioactivity to two protein bands using an antibody against enriched follicular fluid fraction. J. Endocrinol., 144 (Suppl.), 140.
50. Franks, S. (1989) Polycystic ovary syndrome: a changing perspective. Clin. Endocrinol., 31, 87-120.
51. Franks, S. (1995) Polycystic ovary syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med., 333, 853-861.
52. Franks, S. and Hamilton-Fairley, D. (1994) The role of body weight and metabolic anomalies in ovulation induction. Contracept. Fertil. Sex., 22, 178-179.
53. Franks, S., Adams, J., Mason, H. and Poison, D. (1985) Ovulatory disorders in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol., 12, 605-632.
54. Franks, S., Mason, H.D., Polson, D.W. et al. (1988) Mechanism and management of ovulatory failure in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum. Reprod., 3, 531-534.
55. Frydman, R., Cornel, C., de Ziegler, D. et al. (1991) Prevention of premature luteinizing hormone and progesterone rise with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist, Nal-Glu, in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. Fertil. Steril., 56, 923-927.
56. Garcia, J., Seegar-Jones, G. and Wentz, A.C. (1977) The use of clomiphene citrate. Fertil. Steril., 28, 707-717.
57. Garcia-Flores, R.F. and Vazquez-Mendez, J. (1984) Progressive dosages of clomiphene in hypothalamic anovulation. Fertil. Steril., 42, 543-547.
58. Gerris, J., De Vits, A., Joostens, M. and Van Royen, E. (1995) Triggering of ovulation in human menopausal gonadotrophin-stimulated cycles: comparison between intravenously administered gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (100 and 500 μg), GnRH agonist (buserelin, 500 μ) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (10000 IU). Hum. Reprod., 10, 56-62.
59. Glencross, R.G., Bleach, E.C.L., McLeod, B.J. et al. (1992) Effect of active immunization of heifers against inhibin on plasma FSH concentrations, ovarian follicular development and ovulation rate. J. Endocrinol., 134, 11-18.
60. Gorlitsky, G.A., Kase, N.G. and Speroff, L. (1978) Ovulation and pregnancy rates with clomiphene citrate. Obstet. Gynecol., 51, 265-269.
61. Groome, N.P., Illingworth, P.J., O'Brien, M. et al. (1996) Measurement of dimeric inhibin B throughout the human menstrual cycle. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab., 81, 1401-1405.
62. Gysler, M., March, C.M., Mishell, D.R. and Bailey, E.J. (1982) A decade's experience with an individualized clomiphene treatment regimen including its effect on the postcoital test. Fertil. Steril., 37, 161-167.
63. Hall, J.E., Bharta, N., Adams, J.M. et al. (1991) Variable tolerance of the developing follicle and corpus luteum to gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist-induced gonadotropin withdrawal in the human. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 72, 993-1000.
64. Hamilton-Fairley, D., Kiddy, D., Watson, H. et al. (1991) Low dose gonadotrophin therapy for induction of ovulation in 100 women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum. Reprod., 6, 1095-1099.
65. Hammond, M.G., Halme, J.K. and Talbert, L.M. (1983) Factors affecting the pregnancy rate in clomiphene citrate induction of ovulation. Obstet. Gynecol., 62, 196-202.
66. Hillier, S.G. (1991) Re-evaluation of the role of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in the ovulatory process. Proceedings of a meeting held at The Royal Baths Assembly Rooms Harrogate, Yorkshire, UK, 20-30 April 1991. In Howles C.M. (ed.) Gonadotrophins, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogues and growth factors in infertility: Future Perspectives. Medi-fax International Hove, pp 11-28.
67. Hoffman, D.I., Lobo, R.A., Campeau, J.D. et al. (1985) Ovulation induction in clomiphene-resistant anovulatory women: differential follicular response to purified urinary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) versus purified urinary FSH and luteinizing hormone. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 60, 922-927.
68. Homburg, R., Armar, A.N., Eshel, A. et al. (1988) Influence of serum luteinizing hormone concentration on ovulation, conception and early pregnancy loss in polycystic ovary syndrome. Br. Med. J., 297, 1024-1026.
69. Homburg, R., Kilborn, J., West, C. and Jacobs, H.S. (1990a) Treatment with pulsatile luteinizing hormone releasing hormone modulates folliculogenesis in response to ovarian stimulation with exogenous gonadotropins in patients with polycystic ovaries. Fertil. Steril., 54, 737-739.
70. Homburg, R., Eshel, A., Kilborn, J. et al. (1990b) Combined luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogue and exogenous gonadotrophins for the treatment of infertility associated with polycystic ovaries. Hum. Reprod., 5, 32-35.
71. Homburg, R, Levy, T., Berkovitz, D. et al. (1993a) Gonadotorpin-releasing hormone agonist reduces the miscarriage rate for pregnancies achieved in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Fertil. Steril., 59, 527-531.
72. Homburg, R., Bekovitz, D., Levy, T. et al. (1993b) In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer for the treatment of infertility associated with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil. Steril., 60, 858-863.
73. Homburg, R., Levy, T. and Ben-Rafael, Z. (1995a) A comparative prospective study of conventional regimen with chronic low-dose administration of follicle-stimulating hormone for anovulation associated with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil. Steril., 63, 729-733.
74. Homburg, R., Levy, T. and Ben-Rafael, Z. (1995b) Adjuvant growth hormone for induction of ovulation with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist and gonadotrophins in polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Hum. Reprod., 10, 2550-2553.
75. Hornnes, P., Giroud, D., Howles, C. and Loumaye, E. (1993) Recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone treatment leads to normal follicular growth, estradiol secretion and pregnancy in World Health Organization group II anovulatory woman. Fertil. Steril., 60, 724-726.
76. Hughes, S.M., Huang, Z.H., Morris, I.D. et al. (1994) A double-blind cross-over controlled study to evaluate the effect of human biosynthetic growth hormone on ovarian stimulation in previous poor responders to in-vitro fertilization. Hum. Reprod., 9, 13-18.
77. Hugues, J-N., Cedrin-Durnerin, I., Avril, C. et al. (1996) Sequential step-up and step-down dose regimen: an alternative method for ovulation induction with follicle-stimulating hormone in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Hum. Reprod., 11, 2581-2584.
78. Hull, M.G.R., Knuth, U.A., Murray, M.A.F. and Jacobs, H.S. (1979) Investigation and treatment of amenorrhoea resulting in normal fertility. Br. Med. J., 1, 1257-1261.
79. Hull, M., Corrigan, E., Piazzi, A. and Loumaye, E. (1994) Recombinant human luteinizing hormone: an effective new gonadotropin preparation. Lancet, 344, 334-335.
80. Hurwitz, A., Rosenn, B., Palti, Z. et al. (1986) The hormonal response of patients with polycystic ovarian disease to subcutaneous low frequency pulsatile administration of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. Fertil. Steril., 46, 378-384.
81. Ibrahim, Z.H.Z., Matson, P.L., Buck, P. and Lieberman, B.A. (1991) The use of biosynthetic growth hormone to augment ovulation induction with buserelin acetate/human menopausal gonadotropin in women with a poor ovarian response. Fertil. Steril., 55, 212-204.
82. Imoedemhe, D.A.G., Sigue, A.B., Pacpaco, E.L.A. and Olazo, A.B. (1991) Stimulation of endogenous surge of luteinizing hormone with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog after ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization. Fertil. Steril., 55, 328-332.
83. Ingersler, H.J. (1991) Selective follicular reduction following ovulation induction by exogenous goandotropins in polycystic ovarian disease. A new approach to treatment. Hum. Reprod., 6, 682-684.
84. Kamrava, M.M., Seibel, M.M., Berger, M.J. et al. (1982) Reversal of persistent anovulation in polycystic ovarian disease by administration of chorionic low-dose follicle stimulating hormone. Fertil. Steril., 37, 520-523.
85. Kazer, R.R., Kessel, B. and Yen, S.S.C. (1987) Pulse frequency in women with PCO. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 65, 223-226.
86. Kelly, A.C. and Jewelewicz, R. (1990) Alternate regimens for ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian disease. Fertil. Steril., 54, 195-202.
87. Kerin, J.F., Liu, J.H., Phillipou, G. and Yen, S.S.C. (1985) Evidence for a hypothalamic site of action of clomiphene citrate in women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 61, 265-268.
88. Kettel, L.M., Roseff, S.J., Berga, S.L. et al. (1993) Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian response to clomiphene citrate in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil. Steril., 59, 532-538.
89. Kim, J-H., Richards, C.J. and Seibel, M.M. (1994) Proper selection of patients for intermediate-dose pure follicle stimulating hormone. J. Reprod. Med., 39, 1-5.
90. Kiddy, D.S., Hamilton-Fairly, D., Bush, A. et al. (1992) Improvement in endocrine and ovarian function during dietary treatment of obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin. Endocrinol., 36, 105-111.
91. Kodama, H., Fukuda, J., Karube, H. et al. (1995) High incidence of embryo transfer cancellations in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Hum. Reprod., 10, 1962-1967.
92. Larsen, T., Larsen, J.F., Schioler, V. et al. (1990) Comparison of urinary human follicle-stimulating hormone and human menopausal gonadotropin for ovarian stimulation in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Fertil. Steril., 53, 426-431.
93. Leroy, I., d'Acremont, M.F., Brailly-Tabard, S. et al. (1994) A single injection of a gonadotorpin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist (cetrorelix) postpones the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge: further evidence for the role of GnRH during the LH surge. Fertil. Steril., 62, 461-467.
94. Lobo, R.A., Granger, L.R., Davajan, V. and Mishell, D.R. Jr (1982a) An extended regimen of clomiphene citrate in women unresposnive to standard therapy. Fertil. Steril., 37, 762-766.
95. Lobo, R.A., Gysler, M., March, C.M. et al. (1982b) Clinical and laboratory predictors of clomiphene response. Fertil. Steril., 37, 168-174.
96. Lobo, R.A., Paul, W., March, C.M. et al. (1982e) Clomiphene and dexamethasone in women unresponsive to clomiphene alone. Obstet. Gynecol., 60, 497-501.
97. Lolis, D.E., Tsolas, O. and Messinis, I.E. (1995) The follicle-stimulating hormone threshold level for follicle maturation in superovulated cycles. Fertil Steril., 63, 1272-1277.
98. Loumaye, E., Campbell, R. and Salat-Baroux, J. (1995) Human follicle-stimulating hormone produced by recombinant DNA technology: a review for clinicians. Hum. Reprod. Update, 1, 188-199.
99. Lunenfeld, B. and Insler, V. (eds) (1978) Diagnosis and Treatment of Functional Infertility. Grosse Verlag, Berlin, 33 pp.
100. Mann, G.E., Campbell, B.K., McNeilly, A.S. and Baird, D.T. (1992) The role of inhibin and oestradiol in the control of FSH secretion in the sheep. J. Endocrinol., 133, 381-391.
101. Mannaerts, B., Shoham, Z., Schoot, D. et al. (1993) Single-dose pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone (Org 32489) in gonadotropin-defficient volunteers. Fertil. Steril., 59, 108-114.
102. Mason, H.D., Mannaerts, B., De Leeuw, R. et al. (1993) Effects of recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone on cultured human granulosa cells: comparison with urinary gonadotrophins and actions in preovulatory follicles. Hum. Reprod., 8, 1823-1827.
103. McClure, N., McQuinn, B., McDonald, J. et al. (1992) Body weight, body mass index and age: predictors of menotropin dose and cycle outcome in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Fertil. Steril., 58, 622-624.
104. McLachlan, R.I., Robertson, D.M., Healy, D.L. et al. (1987) Circulating immunoreactive inhibin levels during the normal human menstrual cycle. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 65, 954-961.
105. Meldrum, D.R. (1991) Low dose follicle-stimulating hormone therapy for polycystic ovarian disease. Fertil. Steril., 55, 1039-1040.
106. Messinis, I.E. and Nillius, S.J. (1982) Cpmparison between tamoxifen and clomiphene for induction of ovulation. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand., 61, 377-379.
107. Messinis, I.E. and Templeton, A. (1988) Blockage of the positive feedback effect of oestradiol during prolonged administration of clomiphene citrate to normal women. Clin. Endocrinol., 29, 509-516.
108. Messinis, I.E. and Templeton, A.A. (1989) Pituitary response to exogenous LHRH in superovulated women. J. Reprod. Fertil., 87, 633-639.
109. Messinis, I.E. and Templeton, A.A. (1991a) Evidence that gonadotrophin surge-attenuating factor exists in man. J. Reprod. Fertil., 92, 217-223.
110. Messinis, I.E and Templeton, A. (1991b) Attenuation of gonadotrophin release and reserve in superovulated women by gonadotrophin surge attenuating factor (GnSAF). Clin. Endocrinol., 34, 259-263.
111. Messinis, I.E., Bergh, T. and Wide, L. (1988) The importance of human chorionic gonadotropin support of the corpus luteum during human gonadotropin therapy in women with anovulatory infertility. Fertil. Steril., 50, 31-35.
112. Messinis, I.E., Templeton, A., Angell, R. and Aitken, J. (1986) A comparison of fixed regimens for obtaining human cleaving oocytes for research purposes. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 93, 39-42.
113. Messinis, I.E., Koutsoyiannis, D., Milingos, S. et al. (1993) Changes in pituitary response to GnRH during the luteal-follicular transition of the human menstrual cycle. Clin. Endocrinol, 38, 159-163.
114. Messinis, I.E., Lolis, D., Zikopoulos, K. et al. (1994) Effect of an increase in FSH on the production of gonadotrophin-surge-attenuating factor in women. J. Reprod. Fertil., 101, 689-695.
115. Mizunuma, H., Tagaki, T., Yamada, K. et al. (1991) Ovulation induction by step-down administration of purified urinary follicle-stimulating hormone in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Fertil. Steril., 55, 1195-1196.
116. Molskness, T.A., Woodruff, T.K., Hess, D.L. et al. (1996) Recombinant human inhibin-A administered early in the menstrual cycle alters concurrent pituitary and follicular plus subsequent luteal function in rhesus monkeys. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 81, 4002-4006.
117. Nestler, J.E. and Jakubowicz, D.J. (1996) Decreases in ovarian cytochrome P450c17a activity and serum free testosterone after insulin reduction of insulin secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med., 335, 617-623.
118. Nestler, J.E., Barlascini, C.O., Matt, D.W. et al. (1989) Suppression of serum insulin by diazoxide reduces serum testosterone levels in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 68, 1027-1032.
119. Nestler, J.E., Powers, L.P., Matt, D.W. et al. (1991) A direct effect of hyperinsulinemia on serum sex hormone-binding globulin levels in obese women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 72, 83-89.
120. Nunley, W.C., Bateman, B.G. and Kitchen, J.D. (1985) Reproductive performance of patients treated with clomiphene citrate. South Med. J., 78, 31-33.
121. Oelsner, G. Barnea, E.R., Admon, D. et al. (1987) Letter to the editor. N. Engl. J. Med., 316, 318.
122. O' Herlihy, C., Pepperell, R.J., Brown, J.B. et al. (1981) Incremental clomiphene therapy: a new method for treating persistent anovulation. Obstet. Gynecol., 58, 535-542.
123. Olivennes, F., Fanchin, R., Bouchard, Ph. et al. (1994) The single or dual administartion of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist cetrorelix in an in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer program. Fertil. Steril., 62, 468-476.
124. Olivennes, E., Fanchin, R., Bouchard, Ph. et al. (1995) Scheduled administration of a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonist (cetrorelix) on day 8 of in-vitro fertilization cycles: a pilot study. Hum. Reprod., 10, 1382-1386.
125. Opsahl, M.S., Robins, E.D., O'Connor, D.M. et al. (1996) Characteristics of gonadotropin response, follicular development and endometrial growth and maturation across consecutive cycles of clomiphene citrate treatment. Fertil. Steril., 66, 533-539.
126. Ory, S.J., London, S.N., Tyrey, L. and Hammond, C.B. (1985) Ovulation induction with pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone administration in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Fertil. Steril., 43, 20-25.
127. Pappa, A. Seferiadis, K., Tsolas, O. et al. (1995) Partial purification of gonadotrophin surge attenuating factor (GnSAF) from human follicular fluid. J. Endocrinol., 144 (Suppl.), 130.
128. Poison, D.W., Mason, H.D., Saldahna, M.B.Y. and Franks, S. (1987) Ovulation of a single dominant follicle during treatment with low-dose pulsatile follicle stimulating hormone in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin. Endocrinol., 26, 205-212.
129. Poison, D.W., Kiddy, D.S., Mason, H.D. and Franks, S. (1989a) Induction of ovulation with clomiphene citrate in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: the differences between responders and nonresponders. Fertil. Steril., 51, 30-34.
130. Polson, D.W., Mason, H.D., Kiddy, D.S. et al. (1989b) Low dose follicle stimulating hormone in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: a comparison of pulsatile subcutaneous with daily intramuscular therapy. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 96, 746-748.
131. Prelevic, G.M., Ginsburg, J., Maletic, D. et al. (1995) The effects of the somatostatin analogue octreotide on ovulatory performance in women with polycystic ovaries. Hum. Reprod., 10, 28-32.
132. Radwanska, E., Rawlins, R.G., Tummon, I. et al. (1988) Successful use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist leuprolide for in vitro fertilization in a patient with polycystic ovarian disease and infertility unresponsive to standard treatment. Fertil. Steril., 49, 356-359.
133. Roseff, S.J., Bangah, M.L., Kettel, L.M. et al. (1989) Dynamic changes in circulating inhibin levels during the luteal-follicular transition of the human menstrual cycle. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 69, 1033-1039.
134. Rossmanith, W.G. Keckstein, J., Spatzier, K. and Lauritzen, C. (1991) The impact of ovarian laser surgery on the gonadotrophin secretion in women with polycystic ovarian disease. Clin. Endocrinol., 34, 223-230.
135. Rust, L.A., Israel, R. and Mishell, D.R. (1974) An individualized graduated therapeutic regimen for clomiphene citrate. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 120, 785-790.
136. Sagle, M.A., Hamilton-Fairley, D., Kiddy, D.S. and Franks, S. (1991) A comparative, randomized study of low-dose human menopausal gonadotropin and follicle-stimulating hormone in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Fertil. Steril., 55, 56-60.
137. Scheele, F., Hompes, P.G.A., van der Meer, M. et al. (1993) The effects of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist on treatment with low dose follicle stimulating hormone in polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum. Reprod., 8, 699-704.
138. Schmidt-Sarosi, C., Kaplan, D.R., Sarosi, P. et al. (1995) Ovulation triggering in clomipene citrate-stimulated cycles: human chorionic gonadotropin versus a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet., 12, 167-174.
139. Schmutzler, R.K. and Diedrich, K. (1990) Basic and clinical aspects of GnRH-agonists in reproduction. Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet., 32, 311-324.
140. Schoemaker, J., Van Weissenbruch, M.M. and Van der Meer, M. (1993) The FSH threshold concept in clinical ovulation induction. Baillière's Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol., 7, 297-308.
141. Seibel, M.M., Kamrava, M.M., McAlrdle, C. and Taymor, M.L. (1984) Treatment of polycystic ovarian disease with chronic low-dose follicle-stimulating hormone: biochemical changes and ultrasound correlation. Int. J. Fertil., 29, 39-43.
142. Seibel, M.M., McArdle, C., Smith, D. and Taymor, M.L. (1985) Ovulation induction in polycystic ovary syndrome with urinary follicle-stimulating hormone or human menopausal gonadotropin. Fertil. Steril., 43, 703-708.
143. Shaw, R.W. (1976) Tests of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol., 3, 485-503.
144. Shepard, M.K., Balmaceda, J.P. and Leija, C.G. (1979) Relationship of weight to successful induction of ovulation with clomiphene citrate. Fertil. Steril., 32, 641-647.
145. Shoham, Z., Homburg, R. and Jacobs, H.S. (1990) Induction of ovulation with pulsatile GnRH. Baillière's Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol., 4, 589-608.
146. Shoham, Z., Patel, A. and Jacobs, H.S. (1991a) Polycystic ovarian syndrome: safety and effectiveness of stepwise and low-dose administration of purified follicle-stimulating hormone. Fertil. Steril., 55, 1051-1056.
147. Shoham, Z., Di Carlo, C., Patel, A. et al. (1991b) Is it possible to run a successful ovulation induction program based solely on ultrasound monitoring? The importance of endometrial measurements. Fertil. Steril., 56, 836-841.
148. Stouffer, R.L., Woodruff, T.K., Dahl, K.D. et al. (1993) Human recombinant activin-A alters pituitary luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone secretion, follicular development and steroidogenesis during the menstrual cycle in rhesus monkeys. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 77, 241-248.
149. Surrey, E.S., de Ziegler, D., Lu, J.K.H. et al. (1989) Effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist on pituitary and ovarian responses to pulsatile GnRH therapy in polycystic ovarian disease. Fertil. Steril., 52, 547-552.
150. Tan, S-L., Farhi, J., Homburg, R. and Jacobs, H.S. (1996) Induction of ovulation in clomiphene-resistant polycystic ovary syndrome with pulsatile GnRH. Obstet. Gynecol., 88, 221-226.
151. Tanabe, K., Gagliano, P, Channing, C.P. et al. (1983) Levels of inhibin-F activity and steroids in human follicular fluid from normal women and women with polycystic ovarian disease. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 57, 24-31.
152. Tarlatzis, B.C., Grimbizis, G., Pournaropoulos, F. et al. (1995) The prognostic value of basal luteinizing hormone:follicle-stimulating hormone ratio in the treatment of patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome by assisted reproduction techniques. Hum. Reprod., 10, 2545-2549.
153. Tio, S., Koppenaal, D., Bardin, C.W. and Cheng, C.Y. (1994) Purification of gonadotrophin surge-inhibiting factor from Sertoli cell-enriched culture medium. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 199, 1229-1236.
154. Trounson, A., Wood, C. and Kausche, A. (1994) In vitro maturation and development of oocytes recovered from untreated polycystic ovary patients. Fertil. Steril., 62, 353-362.
155. Tsapoulis, A., Zourlas, P.A. and Comninos, A.C. (1978) Observations on 320 infertile patients treated with human gonadotropins (human menopausal gonadotropin/human chorionic gonadotropin). Fertil. Steril., 29, 492-495.
156. Tulchinsky, D., Nash, H., Brown, K. et al. (1991) A pilot study of the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog for triggering ovulation. Fertil. Steril., 55, 644-646.
157. Van der Meer, M., Hompes, P.G.A., Scheele, F. et al. (1996) The importance of endogenous feedback for monofollicular growth in low-dose step-up ovulation induction with follicle-stimulating hormone in polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized study. Fertil. Steril., 66, 571-576.
158. Van Dessel, H.J. Donderwinkel, P.F., Coelingh-Bennink, H.J. and Fauser, B.C. (1994) First established pregnancy and birth after induction of ovulation with recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone in polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum. Reprod., 9, 55-56.
159. Van Santbrink, E.J.P., Hop, W.C., Van Dessel, T.J.H.M. et al. (1995a) Decremental follicle-stimulating hormone and dominant follicle development during the normal menstrual cycle. Fertil. Steril., 64, 37-43.
160. Van Santbrink, E.J.P., Donderwinkel, P.F.J., van Dessel, T.J.H.M. and Fauser, B.C.J. (1995b) Gonadotrophin induction of ovulation using a step-down dose regimen: single centre clinical experience in 82 patients. Hum. Reprod., 10, 1048-1053.
161. Velazquez, E.M., Mendoza, S., Hamer, T. et al. (1994) Metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome reduces hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia and systolic blood pressure while facilitating normal menses and pregnancy. Metabolism, 43, 647-654.
162. Venturoli, S., Paradisi, R., Fabbri, R. et al. (1984) Comparison between human urinary follicle-stimulating hormone and human menopausal gonadotropin treatment in polycystic ovary. Obstet. Gynecol., 63, 6-11.
163. Wang, C.F. and Gemzell, C. (1980) The use of human gonadotropins for the induction of ovulation in women with polycystic ovarian disease. Fertil. Steril., 33, 479-486.
164. Wide, L. (1982) Male and female forms of human follicle-stimulating hormone in serum. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab., 58, 426-429.
165. White, D.M., Polson, D.W., Kiddy, D. et al. (1996) Induction of ovulation with low-dose gonadotropins in polycystic ovary syndrome: An analysis of 109 pregnancies in 225 women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 81, 3821-3824.
166. Wong, I.L., Morris, R.S., Lobo, R.A. et al. (1995) Isolated polycystic morphology in ovum donors predicts response to ovarian stimulation. Hum. Reprod., 10, 524-528.
167. Wramsby, H., Fredga, K. and Liedholm, P. (1987) Chromosome analysis of human oocytes recovered from preovulatory follicles in stimulated cycles. N. Engl. J. Med., 316, 120-124.
168. Wu, C.H. and Winkel, C.A. (1989) The effect of therapy initiation day on clomiphene citrate therapy. Fertil Steril., 52, 564-568.
169. Yen, S.S.C. (1980) The polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin. Endocrinol., 12, 177-208.
170. Zelinski-Wooten, M.B., Hutchison, J.S., Hess, D.L. et al. (1995) Follicle stimulating hormone alone supports follicle growth and oocyte development in gonadotrohin-releasing hormone antagonist-treated monkeys. Hum. Reprod., 10, 1658-1666.