Neurology and the liver

Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry

Volumn 63, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 279-293

  Jones, E A ^a   Weissenborn, K ^b  

^a ACADEMIC MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^b HANNOVER MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; FLUMAZENIL; PENICILLAMINE;

ARTICLE; HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY; LIVER; LIVER FAILURE; NEUROLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; WILSON DISEASE;

EID: 0030812934     PISSN: 00223050     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.63.3.279     Document Type: Article

References (145)

1. Frerichs FT. A clinical treatise on diseases of the liver. Vol 1. Translated by Murchison C. London: The New Sydenham Society, 1860:193-246.
2. Basile AS, Jones EA, Skolnick P. The pathogenesis and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy: evidence for the involvement of benzodiazepine receptor ligands. Pharmacol Rev 1991;43:27-71.
3. Butterworth RF. The neurobiology of hepatic encephalopathy. Semin Liver Dis 1996;16:235-44.
4. Bergasa NV, Jones EA. The pruritus of cholestasis: potential pathogenic and therapeutic implications of opioids. Gastroenterology 1995;108:1582-8.
5. Bergasa NV, Alling DW, Talbot TL, Swain MG, Yurdaydin C, Turner ML, et al. Effects of naloxone infusions in patients with the pruritus of cholestasis: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1995;123: 161-7.
6. Jones EA. Fatigue associated with chronic liver disease: a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma. Hepatology 1995;22:1606-8.
7. Jones EA, Yurdaydin C. Is fatigue associated with cholestasis mediated by altered central neurotransmission? Hepatology 1997;25:492-4.
8. Rikkers L, Jenko P, Rudman D, Freides D. Subclinical hepatic encephalopathy: detection, prevalence and relationship to nitrogen metabolism. Gastroenterology 1978;75:462-9.
9. Bernuau J, Benhamou JP. Classifying acute liver failure. Lancet 1993;342:252-3.
10. O'Grady JG, Schalm SW, Williams R. Acute liver failure: redefining the syndromes. Lancet 1993;342:273-5.
11. Krieger S, Jauss M, Jansen O, Theilmann L, Geissler M, Krieger D. Neuropsychiatric profile and hyperintense globus pallidus on T1-weighted magnetic resonance images in liver cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1996;111:147-55.
12. Mullen KD, Cole M, Foley JM. Neurological deficits in "awake" cirrhotic patients on hepatic encephalopathy treatment: missed metabolic or mental disorder? Gastroenterology 1996;111:256-7.
13. Adams RD, Foley JM. The neurological disorders associated with liver disease. Proc Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 1952; 32:198-237.
14. Gitlin N, Lewis DC, Hinkley L. The diagnosis and prevalence of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy in apparently healthy ambulant non-shunted patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1986;3:75-82.
15. Pappas SC, Jones EA. Methods of assessing hepatic encephalopathy. Semin Liver Dis 1983;3:298-307.
16. Gilberstadt SJ, Gilberstadt H, Zieve L, Buegel B, Collier RO, McClain CJ. Psychomotor performance defects in cirrhotic patients without overt encephalopathy. Arch Intern Med 1980;140:519-21.
17. Schomerus H, Hamster W, Blunck H, Reinhard U, Mayer K, Dolle W. Latent portal systemic encephalopathy, I. Nature of cerebral functional defects and their effect on fitness to drive. Dig Dis Sci 1981;26:622-30.
18. Srivastava A, Mehta R, Rothke StP, Rademaker AW, Blei AT. Fitness to drive in patients with cirrhosis and portal-systemic shunting: a pilot study evaluating driving performance. J Hepatol 1994;21:1023-8.
19. Leavitt S, Tyler HR. Studies in asterixis. Arch Neurol 1964; 10:360-8.
20. Batki G, Fisch HU, Karlaganis G, Minder C, Bircher J. Mechanism of the selective response of cirrhotics to benzodiazepines. Model experiments with triazolam. Hepatology 1987;7:629-38.
21. Plum F, Posner JB. The diagnosis of stupor and coma. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: FA Davis, 1980.
22. Parsons-Smith BG, Summerskill WHJ, Dawson AM, Sherlock S. The electroencephalograph in liver disease. Lancet 1957;ii:867-71.
23. Brunberg JA, Kanal E, Hirsch W, Van Thiel DH. Chronic acquired hepatic failure: MR imaging of the brain at 1.5 Tesla. Am J Neuroradiol 1993;12:909-14.
24. Pujol A, Pujol J, Graus F, Rimola A, Peri J, Mercader JM, et al. Hyperintense globus pallidus on T1-weighted MRI in cirrhotic patients is associated with severity of liver failure. Neurology 1993;43:65-9.
25. Weissenborn K, Ehrenheim C, Hori A, Kubicka S, Manns MP. Basal ganglia lesions in patients with liver cirrhosis: clinical and MR evaluation. Metab Brain Dis 1995;10:219-31.
26. Haussinger D, Laubenberger J, Vom Stahl S, Ernst T, Bayer S, Lianger M, et al. Proton-magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies on human brain myo-inositol in hypoosmolarity and hepatic encephalopathy. Gastroenterology 1994; 107:1475-80.
27. Kreis R, Ross BD, Farrow NA, Ackerman Z. Metabolic disorders of the brain in chronic hepatic encephalopathy detected with H-1 MR spectroscopy. Radiology 1992;182: 19-27.
28. Lockwood AH, Yap EWH, Rhoades HM, Wong WH. Altered cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism in patients with liver disease and minimal encephalopathy. J Cerebr Blood Flow Metab 1991;11:331-6.
29. Lockwood AH, Murphy BW, Donnelly KZ, Mahl TC, Perini S. Positron-emission tomographic localization of abnormalities of brain metabolism in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 1993;18:1061-8.
30. Taylor-Robinson SD, Sargentoni J, Marcus CD, Morgan MY, Bryant DJ. Regional variations in cerebral proton spectroscopy in patients with chronic hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 1994;9:347-59.
31. Taylor-Robinson SD, Sargentoni J, Mallalieu RJ, Bell JD, Bryant D, Coutts GA, Morgan MY. Cerebral phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with chronic hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 1994;20:1173-8.
32. Weissenborn K, Birchert W, Bokemeyer M, Ehrenheim C, Kolbe H, Manns MP, Dengler R. Regional differences of cerebral glucose metabolism in patients with liver cirrhosis depending on the grade of portosystemic encephalopathy (PSE). In: Record C, Al Mardini H, eds. Advances in hepatic encephalopathy and metabolism in liver disease. Newcastle: Medical Faculty of the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 1997;32:359-63.
33. Sherlock S, Dooley J. Hepatic encephalopathy. In: Diseases of the liver and biliary system. 10th ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996:87-102.
34. Conn HO. Trailmaking and number connection tests in the assessment of mental state in portal systemic encephalopathy. Am J Dig Dis 1977;22:541-50.
35. De Bruijn KM, Blendis LM, Zilm DH, Carlen PL, Anderson GH. Effect of dietary protein manipulations in subclinical portal-systemic encephalopathy. Gut 1983;24: 53-60.
36. Quero JC, Hartmann IJC, Meulstee J, Hop WCJ, Schalm SW. The diagnosis of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis using neuropsychological tests and automated electroencephalogram analysis. Hepatology 1996;24:556-60.
37. Tarter RE, Hegedus AM, van Thiel DH, Schade RR, Gavaler JS, Starzl TE. Non-alcoholic cirrhosis associated with neuropsychological dysfunction in the absence of overt evidence of hepatic encephalopathy. Gastroenterology 1984;86: 1421-7.
38. Weissenborn K, Ennen J, Ruckert N, Schomerus H, Dengler R, Manns MP, Hecker H. The PSE-test: an attempt to standardize neuropsychological assessment of latent portosystemic encephalopathy. In: Record C, Al Mardini H, eds. Advances in hepatic encephalopathy and metabolism in liver disease. Newcastle: Medical Faculty of the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 1997;38:489-94.
39. MacGillivray BB. The EEG in liver disease. In: Glaser GH, ed. Handbook of electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology. Vol 15, part C. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1975:5-26.
40. Kugler CF, Lotterer E, Petter J, Wensing G, Taghavy A, Hahn EG, Fleig WE. Visual event-related P300 potentials in early portosystemic encephalopathy. Gastroenterology 1992;103:302-10.
41. Weissenborn K, Scholz M, Hinrichs H, Wiltfang J, Schmidt FW, Kunkel H. Neurophysiological assessment of early hepatic encephalopathy. Electrencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1990;75:289-95.
42. Schomerus H. Erscheinungsformen, Haufigkeit und Therapie der portokavalen Enzephalopathie. Therapiewoche 1986; 36:1027-30.
43. Norenberg MD. Astrocyte-ammonia interactions in hepatic encephalopathy. Semin Liver Dis 1996;16:245-53.
44. Thompson JS, Schafer DF, Haun J, Schafer GJ. Adequate diet prevents hepatic coma in dogs with Eck fistulas. Surgery Gynecology and Obstetrics 1986;162:126-30.
45. Sherlock S, Summerskill WHJ, White LP, Phear EA. Portal-systemic encephalopathy: neurological complications of liver disease. Lancet 1954;267:453-7.
46. Basile AS, Jones EA. Ammonia and GABAergic neurotransmission: interrelated factors in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 1997;25:103-5.
47. Jones EA, Yurdaydin C, Basile AS. The GABA hypothesis - state of the art. Adv Exp Med Biol 1994;368:89-101.
48. Basile AS, Hughes RD, Harrison PM, Murata Y, Pannel L, Jones EA, et al. Elevated brain concentrations of 1,4-benzodiazepines in fulminant hepatic failure. N Engl J Med 1991;325:473-8.
49. Mullen KD, Szauter KM, Kaminsky-Russ K. "Endogenous" benzodiazepine activity in body fluids of patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Lancet 1990;336:81-3.
50. Raabe W. Neurophysiology of ammonia intoxication. In: Butterworth RF, Pomier Layrargues G, eds. Hepatic encephalopathy. Pathophysiology and treatment. Clifton NJ: Humana, 1989:49-77.
51. Szerb JC, Butterworth RF. Effect of ammonium ions on synaptic transmission in the mammalian central nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 1992;39:135-53.
52. Cohn R, Castell DO. The effect of acute hyperammonemia on the electroencephalogram. J Lab Clin Med 1966;68: 195-205.
53. Lavoie J, Pomier Layrargues G, Butterworth RF. Increased densities of peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors in brain autopsy samples from cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 1990;11:874-8.
54. Majewska MD, Harrison NL, Schwartz RD, Barker JL, Paul SM. Steroid hormone metabolites are barbiturate-like modulators of the GABA receptor. Science 1986;232:1004-7.
55. Butterworth RF. Portal-systemic encephalopathy: a disorder of neuron-astrocyte metabolic trafficking. Dev Neurosci 1993;15:313-9.
56. Reding P, Duchateau J, Bataille C. Oral zinc supplementation improves hepatic encephalopathy: results of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1984;ii:493-5.
57. Summerskill WHJ, Wolfe SJ, Davidson CS. The management of hepatic coma in relation to protein withdrawal and certain specific measures. Am J Med 1957;23:59-76.
58. Mendenhall CL, Rouster S, Marshall L, Weisner R. A new therapy for portal systemic encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol 1986;81:540-3.
59. Sushma S, Dasarathy S, Tandon RK, Jain S, Gupta S, Bhist MS. Sodium benzoate in the treatment of acute hepatic encephalopathy: a double-blind randomised trial. Hepatology 1992;16:138-44.
60. Kircheis G, Quack G, Erbler H. L-ornithine-L-aspartate in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. In: Conn HO, Bircher J, eds. Hepatic encephalopathy. Syndromes and therapies. Bloomington, IL: Medi-Ed, 1994:373-83.
61. Bansky G, Meier PJ, Riederer E, Walser H, Ziegler WH, Schmid M. Effects of the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist flumazenil in hepatic encephalopathy in humans. Gastroenterology 1989;97:744-50.
62. Jones EA, Basile AS, Mullen KD, Gammal SH. Flumazenil: potential implications for hepatic encephalopathy. Pharmacol Ther 1990;45:331-43.
63. Grimm G, Ferenci P, Katzenschlager R, Madl C, Schneeweiss B, Laggner AN, et al. Improvement in hepatic encephalopathy treated with flumazenil. Lancet 1988;2: 1392-4.
64. Mullen KD, Jones EA. Natural benzodiazepines and hepatic encephalopathy. Semin Liver Dis 1996;16:249-58.
65. Jones EA, Yurdaydin C, Basile AS. Benzodiazepine antagonists and the management of hepatic encephalopathy. In: Capocaccia L, Merli M, Riggio O, eds. Advances in hepatic encephalopathy and metabolic nitrogen exchange. Boca Raton FL: CRC, 1995:549-63.
66. Gooday R, Hayes PC, Bzeiezi K, O'Carroll RE. Benzodiazepine receptor antagonism improves reaction time in latent hepatic encephalopathy. Psychopharmacology 1995; 119:295-8.
67. Ferenci P, Herneth A, Steindl P. Newer approaches to therapy of hepatic encephalopathy. Semin Liver Dis 1996;16:329-38.
68. Ferenci P, Grimm G, Meryn S, Gangl A. Successful longterm treatment of portal-systemic encephalopathy by the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil. Gastroenterology 1989;96:240-3.
69. Jones EA. Benzodiazepine receptor ligands and hepatic encephalopathy. Further unfolding of the GABA story. Hepatology 1991;14:1286-90.
70. Blei AT. Cerebral edema and intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure: distinct aspects of the same problem. Hepatology 1991;13:376-9.
71. Cordoba J, Blei AT. Brain edema and hepatic encephalopathy. Semin Liver Dis 1996;16:271-80.
72. Wendon JA, Harrison PM, Keays R, Williams R. Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in fulminant hepatic failure. Hepatology 1994;19:1407-13.
73. Gazzard BG, Portmann B, Murray-Lyon IM, Williams R. Causes of death in fulminant hepatic failure and relationship to quantitative histological assessment of parenchymal damage. Q J Med 1975;44:615-26.
74. Kato MD, Hughes RD, Keays RT, Williams R. Electron microscopic study of brain capillaries in cerebral edema from fulminant hepatic failure. Hepatology 1992;15:1060-6.
75. Larsen F. Cerebral circulation in liver failure: Ohm's law in force. Semin Liver Dis 1996;16:281-92.
76. Munoz SJ. Difficult management problems in fulminant hepatic failure. Semin Liver Dis 1993;13:395-413.
77. Hanid MA, Silk DBA, Williams R. Prognostic value of the oculovestibular reflex in fulminant hepatic failure. BMJ 1978;i:1029.
78. Lidofsky SD, Bass NM, Prager MC, Washington DE, Read AE, Wright TL, et al. Intracranial pressure monitoring and liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure. Hepatology 1992;16:1-7.
79. Donovan JP, Shaw BW Jr, Langnas AN, Sorrell MF. Brain water and acute liver failure: the emerging role of intracranial pressure monitoring. Hepatology 1992;16:267-8.
80. Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: a practical scale. Lancet 1974;ii:81-4.
81. Trewby PN, Casemore C, Williams R. Continuous bipolar recording of the EEG in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1978;45:107-10.
82. Munoz SJ, Robinson M, Northrup B, Bell R, Moritz M, Jarrell B, et al. Elevated intracranial pressure and computed tomography of the brain in fulminant hepatocellular failure. Hepatology 1991;13:209-12.
83. Hanid MA, Davies M, Mellon PJ, Silk DBA, Strunin L, McCabe JJ, Williams R. Clinical monitoring of intracranial pressure in fulminant hepatic failure. Gut 1980;21:866-9.
84. Keays RT, Alexander GJM, Williams R. The safety and value of extradural intracranial pressure monitors in fulminant hepatic failure. J Hepatol 1993;18:205-9.
85. Blei AT, Olafsson S, Webster S, Levy R. Complications of intracranial pressure monitoring in fulminant hepatic failure. Lancet 1993;341:157-8.
86. Davenport A, Will EJ, Davison AM. Effect of posture on intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion in patients with fulminant hepatic and renal failure after acetaminophen self-poisoning. Crit Care Med 1990;18:286-9.
87. Canalese J, Gimson AES, Davis C, Mellon PJ. Controlled trial of dexamethasone and mannitol for the cerebral oedema of fulminant hepatic failure. Gut 1982;23:625-9.
88. Ede RJ, Gimson AE, Bihari D, Williams R. Controlled hyperventilation in the prevention of cerebral oedema in fulminant hepatic failure. J Hepatol 1986;2:43-51.
89. Forbes A, Alexander GJM, O'Grady JG, Keays R, Gullen R, Dawling S, Williams R. Thiopental infusion in the treatment of intracranial hypertension complicating fulminant hepatic failure. Hepatology 1989;10:306-10.
90. Sidi A, Mahla ME. Noninvasive monitoring of cerebral perfusion by transcranial Doppler during fulminant hepatic failure and liver transplantation. Anesth Analg 1995;80: 194-200.
91. Schnittger C, Weissenborn K, Boker K, Kolbe H, Dengler R, Manns MP. Continuous non-invasive cerebral perfusion monitoring in fulminant hepatic failure and brain oedema. In: Record C, Al Mardini H, eds. Advances in hepatic encephalopathy and metabolism in liver disease. Newcastle: Medical Faculty of the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 1997;91:515-9.
92. O'Brien CJ, Wise RJS, O'Grady JG, Williams R. Neurological sequelae in patients recovered from fulminant hepatic failure. Gut 1987;28:93-5.
93. Chapman RW, Forman D, Peto R, Smallwood R. Liver transplantation for acute liver failure. Lancet 1990;335:32-5.
94. Zieve L, Mendelson DF, Goepfert M. Shunt encephalomyelopathy. II. Occurrence of permanent myelopathy. Ann Intern Med 1960;53:53-63.
95. Victor M, Adams RD, Cole M. The acquired (non-Wilsonian) type of chronic hepatocerebral degeneration. Medicine 1965;44:345-96.
96. Read AE, Sherlock S, Laidlaw J, Walker JG. The neuropsychiatric syndromes associated with chronic liver disease and an extensive portal-systemic collateral circulation. Q J Med 1967;36:135-50.
97. Finlayson MH, Superville B. Distribution of cerebral lesions in acquired hepatocerebral degeneration. Brain 1981;104: 79-95.
98. Schilsky ML. Identification of the Wilson's disease gene: clues for disease pathogenesis and potential for molecular diagnosis. Hepatology 1994;20:529-33.
99. Sternlieb I. Perspectives on Wilson's disease. Hepatology 1990;12:1234-9.
100. Sternlieb I, Scheinberg IH. Wilson's disease. In: Millward-Sadler GH, Wright R, Arthur MJP eds. Wright's liver and biliary disease. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1992:965-75.
101. Oder W, Grimm G, Kollegger H, Ferenci P, Schneider B, Deecke L. Neurological and neuropsychiatric spectrum of Wilson's disease: a prospective study of 45 cases. J Neurol 1991;238:281-7.
102. Stremmel W, Meyerrose K-W, Niederau C, Hefter H, Kreuzpaintner G, Strohmeyer G. Wilson's disease: clinical presentation, treatment, and survival. Ann Intern Med 1991;115:720-6.
103. Hefter H, Arendt G, Stremmel W, Freund H-J. Motor impairment in Wilson's disease, I: slowness of voluntary limb movements. Acta Neurol Scand 1993;87:133-47.
104. Hefter H, Arendt G, Stremmel W, Freund H-J. Motor impairment in Wilson's disease, II: slowness of speech. Acta Neurol Scand 1993;87:148-60.
105. Lingam S, Wilson J, Nazer H, Mowat AP. Neurological abnormalities in Wilson's disease are reversible. Neuropediatrics 1987;18:11-2.
106. Walsh JM, Yealland M. Chelation treatment of neurologic Wilson's disease. Q J Med 1993;86:197-204.
107. Oder W, Prayer L, Grimm G, Spatt J, Ferenci P, Kollegger H, et al. Wilson's disease: evidence of subgroups derived from clinical findings and brain lesions. Neurology 1993;43: 120-4.
108. Dening TR, Berrios GE, Walsh JM. Wilson's disease and epilepsy. Brain 1988;111:1139-55.
109. Dening TR. The neuropsychiatry of Wilson's disease: a review. Int J Psychiatr Med 1991;21:135-48.
110. Brewer GJ, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V. Wilson's disease. Medicine 1992;71:139-64.
111. Dening TR, Berrios GE. Wilson's disease: psychiatric symptoms in 195 cases. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:1126-34.
112. Akil M, Schwartz JA, Dutchak D, et al. The psychiatric presentation of Wilson's disease. J Neuropsychiatr Clin Neurosci 1991;3:377-82.
113. Dening TR, Berrios GE. Wilson's disease: a longitudinal study of psychiatric symptoms. Biol Psychiatry 1990;28: 255-65.
114. Dening TR, Berrios GE. Wilson's disease: clinical groups in 400 cases. Acta Neurol Scand 1989;80:527-34.
115. Lang C, Muller D, Claus D, Druschky KF. Neuropsychological findings in treated Wilson's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 1990;81:75-81.
116. Medalia A, Isaacs-Glaberman K, Scheinberg IH. Neuropsychological impairment in Wilson's disease. Arch Neurol 1988;45:502-4.
117. Isaacs-Glaberman K, Medalia A, Scheinberg IH. Verbal recall and recognition abilities in patients with Wilson's disease. Cortex 1989;25:353-61.
118. Ross ME, Jacobson IM, Dienstag JL, Martin JB. Late-onset Wilson's disease with neurological involvement in the absence of Kayser-Fleischer rings. Ann Neurol 1985; 17:411-3.
119. Wiebers DO, Hollenhorst RW, Goldstein NP. The ophthalmologic manifestations of Wilson's disease. Mayo Clin Proc 1977;52:409-16.
120. Horoupian DS, Sternlieb I, Scheinberg IH. Neuropathological findings in penicillamine-treated patients with Wilson's disease. Clin Neuropathol 1988;7:62-67.
121. Yarze JC, Martin P, Munoz SJ, Friedman LS. Wilson's disease: current status. Am J Med 1992;92:643-54.
122. Kendall BE, Pollock SS, Bass NM, Valentine AR. Wilson's disease: clinical correlation with cranial computed tomography. Neuroradiology 1981;22:1-5.
123. Williams FJB, Walshe JM. Wilson's disease: an analysis of the cranial computerized tomographic appearances found in 60 patients and the changes in response to treatment with chelating agents. Brain 1981;104:735-52.
124. Zucker SD, Gollan JL. Wilson's disease and hepatic copper toxicosis. In: Zakim D, Boyer TD, eds. Hepatology. A textbook of liver disease. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1996:1405-39.
125. Nazer H, Brismar J, Al-Kawi MZ, Gunasekaran TS, Jorulf KH. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in Wilson's disease. Neuroradiology 1993;35:130-3.
126. Hitoshi S, Iwata M, Yoshikawa K. Mid-brain pathology of Wilson's disease: MRI analysis of three cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991;54:624-6.
127. Prayer L, Wimberger D, Kramer J, Grimm G, Oder W, Imhof H. Cranial MRI in Wilson's disease. Neuroradiology 1990;32:211-4.
128. Roh JK, Lee TG, Wie BA, Lee SB, Park SH, Chang KH. Initial and follow-up brain MRI findings and correlation with the clinical course in Wilson's disease. Neurology 1994;44:1064-8.
129. 2-signal intensity in de novo Wilson's disease. Neurology 1994;44:1079-82.
130. Kuwert T, Hefter H, Scholz D, Milz M, Weiss P, Arendt G, et al. Regional cerebral glucose consumption measured by positron emission tomography in patients with Wilson's disease. Eur J Nucl Med 1992;19:96-101.
131. Sternlieb I. The outlook for the diagnosis of Wilson's disease. J Hepatol 1993;17:263-4.
132. Sternlieb I, Scheinberg IH. The role of radiocopper in the diagnosis of Wilson's disease. Gastroenterology 1979;77: 138-42.
133. Sternlieb I, van den Hamer CJA, Morell AG, Albert S, Gregoriadis G, Scheinberg IH. Lysosomal defect of hepatic copper excretion in Wilson's disease (hepatolenticular degeneration). Gastroenterology 1973;64:99-105.
134. Chen CL, Kuo YC. Metabolic effects of liver transplantation in Wilson's disease. Transplant Proc 1993;25:2944-7.
135. Danks DM, Metz G, Sewell R, Prewett EJ. Wilson's disease in adults with cirrhosis but no neurological abnormalities. BMJ 1980;301:331-2.
136. Brewer GJ, Terry CA, Aisen AM, Hill GH. Worsening of neurological syndrome in patients with Wilson's disease with initial penicillamine therapy. Arch Neurol 1987;44: 490-3.
137. Glass JD, Reich SG, DeLong MR. Wilson's disease: development of neurologic disease after beginning penicillamine therapy. Arch Neurol 1990;47:595-6.
138. Walsh JM, Dixon AK. Dangers of non-compliance in Wilson's disease. Lancet 1986;1:845-7.
139. Scheinberg IH, Jaffe ME, Sternlieb I. The use of trientine in preventing the effects of interrupting penicillamine therapy in Wilson's disease. N Engl J Med 1987;317:209-13.
140. Scheinberg IH, Sternlieb I. Pregnancy in penicillamine-treated patients with Wilson's disease. N Engl J Med 1975; 293:1300-2.
141. Polson RJ, Rolles K, Calne RY, Williams R, Marsden D. Reversal of severe neurologic manifestations of Wilson's disease following orthotopic liver transplantation. Q J Med 1987;64:685-91.
142. Schilsky ML, Scheinberg IH, Sternlieb I. Liver transplantation for Wilson's disease: indications and outcome. Hepatology 1994;19:583-7.
143. Bellary S, Hassanein T, Van Thiel DH. Liver transplantation for Wilson's disease. J Hepatol 1995;23:373-81.
144. Walshe JM. Diagnosis and treatment of presymptomatic Wilson's disease. Lancet 1988;i:435-7.
145. Thornton JR, Losowsky MS. Opioid peptides and primary biliary cirrhosis. BMJ 1988;297:1501-4.