Sequence and functional relationships between androgen-binding protein/sex hormone-binding globulin and its homologs protein S, Gas6, laminin, and agrin

Steroids

Volumn 62, Issue 8-9, 1997, Pages 578-588

  Joseph, David R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

Androgen binding protein (ABP); Function; Homologs; Laminin; Membrane receptors; Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)

Indexed keywords

AGRIN; ANDROGEN BINDING PROTEIN; LAMININ; PROTEIN S; SEX HORMONE BINDING GLOBULIN;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; HORMONE PROTEIN COMPLEX; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; REVIEW; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY;

AGRIN; ALTERNATIVE SPLICING; AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANDROGEN-BINDING PROTEIN; ANIMALS; BINDING SITES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; DYSTROGLYCANS; HEPARAN SULFATE PROTEOGLYCANS; HUMANS; INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS; LAMININ; MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; PROTEIN S; PROTEINS; RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY; SEX HORMONE-BINDING GLOBULIN; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 0030800837     PISSN: 0039128X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0039-128X(97)00045-7     Document Type: Review

References (159)

1. Rosner (Rosenbaum) W, Christy NP, Kelly WG (1966). Electrophoretic evidence for the presence of an estrogen-binding β-globulin in human plasma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 26:1399-1403.
2. Ritzén EM, Nayfeh SN, French FS, Dobbins MC (1971). Demonstration of androgen-binding components in rat epididymis cytosol and comparison with binding components in prostate and other tissues. Endocrinology 89:143-151.
3. Blaquier JA (1971). Selective uptake and metabolism of androgens by rat epididymis. The presence of a cytoplasmic receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 45:1076-1082.
4. Cheng SL, Kotite N, Musto NA (1984). Comparison of rabbit androgen binding protein with testosterone estradiol binding globulin-I. Physical and chemical properties. J Steroid Biochem 21:669-676.
5. Cheng CY, Frick J, Gunsalus GL, Musto NA, Bardin CW (1984). Human testicular androgen-binding protein shares immunodeterminants with serum testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin. Endocrinology 114:1395-1401.
6. Cheng CY, Musto NA, Gunsalus GL, Frick J, Bardin CW (1985). There are two forms of androgen binding proteins in the testis. Comparison of their protomeric variants with serum testosterone-estradiol binding globulin. J Biol Chem 260:5631-5640.
7. Weddington SC, Brandtzaeg P, Hansson V, French FS, Petrusz P, Nayfeh SN, Ritzen EM (1975). Immunological cross reactivity between testicular androgen-binding protein and testosterone-binding globulin. Nature (Lond) 258:257-259.
8. Walsh KA, Titani K, Takio K, Kumar S, Hayes R, Petra PH (1986). Amino acid sequence of the sex steroid-binding protein of human blood plasma. Biochemistry 25:7584-7590.
9. Joseph DR, Hall SH, French FS (1987). Rat androgen-binding protein: Evidence for identical subunits and amino acid sequence homology with human sex hormone-binding globulin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:339-343.
10. Petra PH, Titani K, Walsh KA, et al. (1986). Comparison of the amino acid sequence of the sex steroid-binding protein of human plasma (SBP) with that of the androgen-binding protein (ABP) of rat testis. In: Forest MG, Pugeat M (eds), Binding Proteins of Steroid Hormones. Colloque INSERM, John Libbey Eurotext Ltd., Paris, pp. 137-42.
11. Joseph DR, Hall SH, Yarbrough WG, Conti M, French FS (1988). Structure of the rat androgen-binding protein gene. Ann NY Acad Sci 538:30-36.
12. Hammond GL, Underhill DA, Rykse HM, Smith CL (1989). The human sex hormone-binding globulin gene contains exons for androgen-binding protein and two other testicular messenger RNAs. Mol Endocrinol 3:1869-1876.
13. Joseph DR (1994). Structure, function, and regulation of androgen-binding protein/sex hormone-binding globulin. Vitam Horm 49: 197-280.
14. Feldman M, Lea OA, Petrusz P, Tres LL, Kierszenbaum AL, French FS (1981). Androgen-binding protein. Purification from rat epididymis, characterization and immunocytochemical localization. J Biol Chem 256:5170-5175.
15. Suzuki Y, Sinohara H (1984). Subunit structure of sex-steroid-binding plasma proteins from man, cattle, dog, and rabbit. J Biochem 96:751-759.
16. Joseph DR, Lawrence W (1993). Mutagenesis of essential functional residues of rat androgen-binding protein/sex hormone-binding globulin. Mol Endocrinol 7:488-496.
17. Joseph DR, Lawrence W, Danzo BJ (1992). The role of asparagine-linked oligosaccharides in the subunit structure, steroid binding, and secretion of androgen-binding protein. Mol Endocrinol 6:1127-1134.
18. Bocchinfuso WP, Ma KL, Lee WM, Warmels-Rodenhiser S, Hammond GL (1992). Selective removal of glycosylation sites from sex hormone-binding globulin by site-directed mutagenesis. Endocrinology 131:2331-2336.
19. Westphal U (1986). Steroid-protein interactions II. Monographs on Endocrinology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 198-301.
20. Bocchinfuso WP, Warmels-Rodenhiser S, Hammond GL (1992). Structure/function analyses of human sex hormone-binding globulin by site-directed mutagenesis. FEBS Lett 301:227-230.
21. Grenot C, de Montard A, Blachère T, de Ravel MR, Mappus E, Cuilleron CY (1992). Characterization of Met-139 as the photolabeled amino acid residue in the steroid binding site of sex hormone binding globulin using delta 6 derivatives of either testosterone or estradiol as unsubstituted photoaffinity labeling reagents. Biochemistry 31:7609-7621.
22. Danzo BJ, Parrott JA, Skinner MK (1991). Analysis of the steroid binding domain of rat androgen-binding protein. Endocrinology 129:690-696.
23. Khan MS, Hryb DJ, Hashim GA, Romas NA, Rosner W (1990). Delineation and synthesis of the membrane receptor-binding domain of sex hormone-binding globulin. J Biol Chem 265:18362-18365.
24. 2+ stabilze dimer formation. Biochemistry 33:10622-10629.
25. Hammond GL (1995). Potential functions of plasma steroid-binding proteins. Trends Endocrinol Metab 6:298-304.
26. Rosner W (1990). The functions of corticosteroid-binding globulin and sex hormone-binding globulin: recent advances. Endocr Rev 11:80-91.
27. Khan MS, Knowles BB, Aden DP, Rosner W (1981). Secretion of testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin by a human hepatoma-derived cell line. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 53:448-449.
28. Hagenäs L, Ritzen EM, Ploen L, Hansson V, French FS, Nayfeh SN (1975). Sertoli cell origin of testicular androgen-binding protein (ABP). Mol Cell Endocrinol 2:339-350.
29. French FS, Ritzén EM (1973). A high-affinity androgen-binding protein (ABP) in rat testis: Evidence for secretion into efferent duct fluid and absorption by epididymis. Endocrinology 93:88-95.
30. Gerard A, Khanfri J, Gueant JL, Fremont S, Nicolas JP, Grignon G, Gerard H (1988). Electron microscope radioautographic evidence of in vivo androgen-binding protein internalization in the rat epididymis principal cells. Endocrinology 122:1297-1307.
31. Hansson V, Weddington SC, French FS, McLean WS, Smith A, Nayfeh SN, Ritzen EM, Hagenas L (1976). Secretion and role of androgen-binding proteins in the testis and epididymis. J Reprod Fertil 24:17-33 (Suppl).
32. Joseph DR, O'Brien DA, Sullivan PM, Becchis M, Tsuruta JK, Petrusz P (1997). Overexpression of androgen-binding protein/sex hormone-binding globulin in male transgenic mice: Tissue distribution and phenotypic disorders. Biol Reprod 56:21-32.
33. Viger RS, Robaire B (1994). Immunocytochemical localization of the 4-ene steroid 5α-reductase type 1 along the rat epididymis during postnatal development. Endocrinology 134:2298-2306.
34. Gerard A, Egloff M, Gerard H, El Harate A, Domingo M, Gueant JL, Dang CD, Degrelle H (1990). Internalization of human sex steroid-binding protein in the monkey epididymis. J Mol Endocrinol 5:239-251.
35. Gerard H, Gerard A, Nya AE, Felden F, Gueant JL (1994). Spermatogenic cells do internalize Sertoli androgen-binding protein: A transmission electron microscopy autoradiographic study in rat. Endocrinology 134:1515-1527.
36. Noé G, Cheng YC, Dabiké M, Croxatto HB (1992). Tissue uptake of human sex hormone-binding globulin and its influence on ligand kinetics in the adult female rat. Biol Reprod 47:970-976.
37. Porto CS, Gunsalus GL, Bardin CW, Phillips DM, Musto NA (1991). Receptor-mediated endocytosis of extracellular steroid-binding protein (TeBG) in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Endocrinology 129:436-445.
38. Nakhla AM, Khan MS, Rosner W (1990). Biologically active steroids activate receptor-bound human sex hormone-binding globulin to cause LNCaP cells to accumulate adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 71:398-404.
39. Fortunati N, Frairia R, Fissore F, Berta L, Fazzari A, Gaidano G (1992). The receptor for human sex steroid binding protein (SBP) is expressed on membranes of neoplastic endometrium. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 42(2):185-191.
40. Strel'chyonok OA, Avvakumov GV, Survilo LI (1984). A recognition system for sex-hormone-binding protein-estradiol complex in human decidual endometrium plasma membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta 802:459-466.
41. Fortunati N, Fissore F, Fazzari A, Berta L, Benedusi-Pagliano E, Frairia R (1993). Biological relevance of the interaction between sex steroid binding protein and its specific receptor of MCF-7 cells: effect on the estradiol-induced cell proliferation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 45:435-444.
42. Porto CS, Musto NA, Bardin CW, Gunsalus GL (1992). Binding of an extracellular steroid-binding globulin to membranes and soluble receptors from human breast cancer cells (MCF-7 cells). Endocrinology 130:2931-2936.
43. Hryb DJ, Khan MS, Romas NA, Rosner W (1989). The solubilization and partial characterization of the sex hormone-binding globulin receptor from human prostate. J Biol Chem 264:5378-5383.
44. Hryb DJ, Khan MS, Rosner W (1985). Testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin binds to human prostatic cell membranes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 128:432-440.
45. Felden F, Guéant JL, Ennya GA, Gérard A, Frémont S, Nicolas JP, Gérard H (1992). Photoaffinity labelled rat androgen-binding protein and human sex hormone steroid-binding protein bind specifically to rat germ cells. J Mol Endocrinol 9:39-16.
46. Porto CS, Abreu LC, Gunsalus GL, Bardin CW (1992). Binding of sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) to testicular membranes and solubilized receptors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 89:33-38.
47. Felden F, Leheup B, Fremont S, Bouguerne R, Egloff M, Nicolas JP, Grignon G, Gueant JL (1992). The plasma membrane of epididiymal epithelial cells has a specific receptor which binds to androgen-binding protein and sex steroid-binding protein. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 42:279-285.
48. Krupenko SA, Krupenko NI, Danzo BJ (1994). Interaction of sex hormone-binding globulin with plasma membranes from the rat epididymis and other tissues. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 51:115-124.
49. Rosner W, Hryb DJ, Khan MS, Nakhla AM, Romas NA (1991). Sex hormone-binding globulin: Anatomy and physiology of a new regulatory system. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 40:813-820.
50. Rosner W, Hryb DJ, Khan MS, Nakhla AM, Romas NA (1992). Sex hormone-binding globulin. Binding to cell membranes and generation of a second messenger. J Androl 13:101-106.
51. Nakhla AM, Khan MS, Romas NP, Rosner W (1994). Estradiol causes the rapid accumulation of cAMP in human prostate. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:5402-5405.
52. Nakhla AM, Rosner W (1997). Stimulation of prostate cancer growth by androgens and estrogens through the intermediacy of sex hormone-binding globulin. Endocrinology 137:4126-4129.
53. Damassa DA, Lin TM, Sonnenschein C, Soto AM (1991). Biological effects of sex hormone-binding globulin on androgen-induced proliferation and androgen metabolism in LNCaP prostate cells. Endocrinology 129:75-84.
54. Baker ME, French FS, Joseph DR (1987). Vitamin K-dependent protein S is similar to rat androgen-binding protein. Biochem J 243:293-296.
55. Joseph DR, Baker M (1992). Sex hormone-binding globulin, androgen-binding protein, and vitamin K-dependent protein S are homologous to laminin A, merosin, and Drosophila crumbs protein. FASEB J 6:2477-2481.
56. Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ (1990). Basic logical alignment search tool. J Mol Biol 215:403-410.
57. Lundwall Å, Dackowski W, Cohen E, Shaffer M, Mahr A, Dahlbäck B, Stenflo J, Wydro R (1986). Isolation and sequence of the cDNA for human protein S, a regulator of blood coagulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:6716-6720.
58. Hoskins J, Norman DK, Beckman RJ, Long GL (1987). Cloning and characterization of human liver cDNA encoding a protein S precursor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:349-353.
59. Ploos van Amstel P, Reitsma PH, van der Logt CPE, Bertina RM (1990). Intron-exon organization of the active human protein S gene PSα and its pseudogene PSβ: duplication and silencing during primate evolution. Biochemistry 29:7853-7861.
60. Schmidel DK, Tatro AV, Phelps AG, Tomczak JA, Long JL (1990). Organization of the human protein S gene. Biochemistry 29:7845-7852.
61. Gershagen S, Fernlund P, Edenbrandt CM (1991). The genes for SHBG/ABP and the SHBG-like region of vitamin K-dependent protein S have evolved from a common ancestral gene. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 40:763-769.
62. Furie B, Furie BC (1988). The molecular basis of blood coagulation. Cell 53:505-518.
63. Hessing M (1991). The interaction between complement component C4b-binding protein and the vitamin K-dependent protein S forms a link between coagulation and the complement system. Biochem J 277:581-592.
64. Nelson RM, Long GL (1992). Binding of protein S to C4b-binding protein. J Biol Chem 267:8140-8145.
65. Chang GTG, Maas BHA, Ploos van Amstel HK, Reitsma PH, Bertina RM, Bouma BN (1994). Studies of the interaction between human protein S and human C4b-binding protein using deletion variants of recombinant human protein S. Thromb Haemostasis 71:461-467.
66. Dahlbäck B, Lundwall A, Stenflo J (1986). Primary structure of bovine vitamin K-dependent protein S. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:4199-4203.
67. Dahlbäck B, Hildebrand B, Malm J (1990). Characterization of functionally important domains in human vitamin K-dependent protein S using monoclonal antibodies. J Biol Chem 265:8127-8135.
68. Dahlbäck B, Lundwall Å, Stenflo J (1986). Primary structure of bovine vitamin K-dependent protein S. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:4199-4203.
69. Schwalbe RA, Dahlbäck B, Nelsestuen GL (1990). Independent association of serum amyloid P component, protein S, and complement C4b with complement C4b-binding protein and subsequent association of the complex with membranes. J Biol Chem 265:21749-21757.
70. Benzakour O, Formstone C, Rahman S, Kanthou C, Dennehy U, Scully MF, Kakkar VV, Cooper DN (1995). Evidence for a protein S receptor(s) on human vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem J 308:481-485.
71. Walker FJ (1989). Characterization of a synthetic peptide that inhibits the interaction between protein S and C4b-binding protein. J Biol Chem 264:17645-17648.
72. Gasic GP, Arenas CP, Gasic TB, Gasic GJ (1992). Coagulation factors X, Xa and protein S are potent mitogens of cultured aortic smooth muscle cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:2317-2320.
73. Maillard C, Berruyer M, Serre CM, Dechavanne M, Delmas PD (1992). Protein-S, a vitamin K-dependent protein, is a bone matrix component synthesized and secreted by osteoblasts. Endocrinology 130:1599-1604.
74. Becchis M, Sullivan PM, Ordronneau P, Petrusz P, Joseph DR (1996). Distribution of immunoreactive androgen-binding protein/sex hormone-binding globulin in tissues of the fetal rat. Steroids 61:392-400.
75. Crosier PS, Freeman S, Orlic D, Bodine DM, Crosier KE (1996). The Dtk receptor tyrosine kinase, which binds protein S, is expressed during hematopoiesis. Exp Hemat 24:318-323.
76. Godowski PJ, Mark MR, Chen J, Sadick MD, Hammonds RG (1995). Reevaluation of the roles of protein S and Gas 6 as ligands for the receptor tyrosine kinase Rse/Tyro-3. Cell 82:355-358.
77. Manfioletti G, Brancolini C, Avanzi G, Schneider C (1993). The protein encoded by a growth arrest-specific gene (gas6) is a new member of the vitamin K-dependent proteins related to protein S, a negative coregulator in the blood coagulation cascade. Mol Cell Biol 13:4976-4985.
78. Nakano T, Kawamoto K, Higashino K, Arita H (1996). Prevention of growth arrest-induced cell death of vascular smooth muscle cells by a product of growth arrest-specific gene, gas6. FEBS Lett 387:78-80.
79. Nakano T, Kishino J, Arita H (1996). Characterization of a high-affinity and specific binding site for Gas6. FEBS Lett 387:75-77.
80. Varnum BC, Young C, Elliot G, et al. (1995). Axl receptor tyrosine kinase stimulated by the vitamin K-dependent protein encoded by growth-arrest-specific gene 6. Nature (Lond) 373:623-626.
81. Stitt TN, Conn G, Gore M, et al. (1995). The anticoagulant protein S and its relative, gas 6, are ligands for the tyro-3/axl family of receptor tyrosine kinases. Cell 80:661-670.
82. Rutishauser U (1993). Adhesion molecules of the nervous system. Curr Opin Neurobiol 3:709-715.
83. Mark MR, Chen J, Hammonds RG, Sadick M, Godowsk PJ (1996). Characterization of Gas6, a member of the superfamily of G domain-containing proteins, as a ligand for Rse and Axl. J Biol Chem 271:9785-9789.
84. Kleinman HK, Weeks BS, Schnaper HW, Kibbey MC, Yamamura K, Grant DS (1993). The laminins: A family of basement membrane glycoproteins important in cell differentiation and tumor metastases. Vitam Horm 47:161-186.
85. Sasaki M, Kleinman HK, Huber H, Deutzmann R, Yamada Y (1988). Laminin, a multidomain protein. J Biol Chem 263:16536-16544.
86. Kleinman HK, Weeks BS, Schnaper HW, Kibbey M, Yamamura K, Grant DS (1993). The laminins: A family of basement membrane glycoproteins important in cell differentiation and tumor metastases. Vitam Horm 47:161-186.
87. Beck K, Hunter I, Engel J (1990). Structure and function of laminin: anatomy of a multidomain glycoprotein. FASEB J 4:148-160.
88. Olsen D, Nagayoshi T, Fazio M, et al. (1989). Human laminin: Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNAs encoding A, B1 and B2 chains, and expression of the corresponding genes in human skin and cultured cells. Lab Invest 60:772-782.
89. Burgeson RE, Chiquet M, Deutzmann R, et al. (1994). A new nomenclature for the laminins. Matrix Biol 14:209-211.
90. Hall DE, Frazer KA, Hann BC, Reichardt LF (1988). Isolation and characterization of a laminin-binding protein from rat and chick muscle. J Cell Biol 107:687-697.
91. Sakashita S, Engvall E, Ruoslahti E (1980). Basement membrane glycoprotein laminin binds to heparin. FEBS Lett 116:243-246.
92. Skubitz APN, McCarthy JB, Charonis AS, Furcht LT (1988). Localization of three distinct heparin-binding domains of laminin by monoclonal antibodies. J Biol Chem 263:4861-4868.
93. Pattaramalai S, Skubitz KM, Skubitz APN (1996). A novel recognition site on laminin for the α3β1 integrin. Exp Cell Res 222: 281-290.
94. Luckenbill-Edds L, Kaiser CA, Rodgers TR, Powell DD (1995). Localization of the 110 kDa receptor for laminin in brains of embryonic and postnatal mice. Cell Tissue Res 279:371-377.
95. Laurie GW, Bing JT, Kleinman HK, Hasell JR, Aumailley M, Martin GR, Feldmann RJ (1986). Localization of binding sites for laminin, a heparan sulfate proteoglycan and fibronectin on basement membrane (type IV) collagen. J Mol Biol 189:205-216.
96. Sonnenberg A, Linders CJT, Modderman PW, Damsky CH, Aumailley M, Timpl R (1990). Integrin recognition of different cell-binding fragments of laminin (P1, E3, E8) and evidence that α6β1 but not α6β4 functions as a major receptor for fragment E8. J Cell Biol 110:2145-2155.
97. Caniggia I, Liu J, Han R, Wang J, Tanswell AK, Laurie G, Post M (1996). Identification of receptors binding fibronectin and laminin on fetal rat lung cells. Am J Physiol 270:L459-L468.
98. Mercurio AM, Shaw LM (1991). Laminin binding proteins. BioEssays 13:469-473.
99. 3 integrin in human melanoma cell division. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:1557-1561.
100. 1-subunit: A receptor for laminin and collagen. J Cell Biol 111:709-720.
101. Clegg DO, Helder JC, Hann BC, Hall DE, Reichardt LF (1988). Amino acid sequence and distribution of mRNA encoding a major skeletal muscle laminin binding protein: An extracellular matrix-associated protein with an unusual COOH-terminal polyaspartate domain. J Cell Biol 107:699-705.
102. r 80K hepatocyte surface protein(s) interacts with basement membrane components. Exp Cell Res 187:320-323.
103. Jackers P, Minoletti F, Belotti D, Clausse N, Sozzi G, Sobel ME, Castronovo V (1996). Isolation form a multigene family of the active human gene of the metastasis-associated multifunctional protein 37LRP/p40 at chromosome 3p21.3. Oncogene 13:495-503.
104. Graf J, Iwamoto Y, Sasaki M, Martin GR, Kleinman HK, Robey FA, Yamada Y (1987). Identification of an amino acid sequence in laminin mediating cell attachment, chemotaxis and receptor binding. Cell 48:989-996.
105. Castronovo V, Sobel ME (1990). Laminin and fibronectin increase steady state level of the 67 kD affininty metastasis-associated laminin receptor mRNA in human cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 168:1110-1117.
106. Tashiro K, Sephel GC, Greatorex D, Sasaki M, Shirashi N, Martin GR, Kleinman HK, Yamada Y (1991). The RGD containing site of the mouse laminin A chain is active for cell attachment, spreading, migration and neurite outgrowth. J Cell Physiol 146:451-459.
107. Kanemoto T, Reich R, Royce L, Greatorex D, Adler SH, Shiraishi N, Martin GR, Yamada Y, Kleinman HK (1990). Identification of an amino acid sequence from the laminin A chain that stimulates metastasis and collagenase IV production. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:2279-2283.
108. Kibbey MC, Jucker M, Weeks BS, Neve RL, Van Nostrand WE, Kleinman HK (1993). β-Amyloid precursor protein binds to the neurite-promoting IKVAV site of laminin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:10150-10153.
109. Deutzmann R, Huber J, Schmetz KA, Oberbaumer I, Hartl L (1988). Structural study of long arm fragments of laminin. Eur J Biochem 177:35-45.
110. Engvall E, Davis GE, Dickerson K, Ruoslahti E, Varon S, Manthorpe M (1986). Mapping of domains in human laminin using monoclonal antibodies: localization of the neurite-promoting site. J Cell Biol 103:2457-2465.
111. Aumailley M, Nurcombe V, Edgars D, Paulsson M, Timpl R (1987). The cellular interactions of laminin fragments. J Biol Chem 262:11532-11538.
112. Klein G, Langegger M, Timpl R, Ekblom P (1988). Role of laminin A chain in the development of epithelial cell polarity. Cell 55:331-341.
113. Skubitz APN, Letourneau PC, Wayner E, Furcht LT (1991). Synthetic peptides from the carboxy-terminal globular domain of the A chain of laminin: Their ability to promote cell adhesion ad neurite outgrowth, and interact with heparin and the β1 integrin subunit. J Cell Biol 115:1137-1148.
114. Charonis AS, Tsilibary EC, Saku T, Furthmayr H (1986). Inhibition of laminin self-assembly and the interaction with type IV collagen by antibodies to the terminal domain of the long arm. J Cell Biol 103:1689-1697.
115. Gee SH, Blacher RW, Douville PJ, Provost PR, Yurchenco PD, Carbonetto S (1993). Laminin-binding protein 120 from brain is closely related to the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein, dystroglycan, and binds with high affinity to the major heparin binding domain of laminin. J Biol Chem 268:14972-14980.
116. Yurchenco PD, Tsilibary EC, Charonis AS, Furthmayr H (1985). Laminin polymerization in vitro. J Biol Chem 260:7636-7644.
117. Taraboletti G, Rao CN, Krutzsch HC, Liotta LA, Roberts DD (1990). Sulfatide-binding domain of the laminin A chain. J Biol Chem 265:12253-12258.
118. Rao CN, Kefalides N (1990). Laminin "A" chain fragment of MR 43 kilodalton contains PC12 cell attachment promoting site. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 170:1314-1318.
119. Pattaramalai S, Skubitz APN (1994). Promotion of human oral squamous cell carcinoma adhesion in vitro by the carboxy-terminal globular domain of laminin. Arch Oral Biol 39:925-933.
120. Matter ML, Laurie GW (1992). A novel laminin E8 adhesion site required for lung alveolar formation in vitro. J Cell Biol 124:1083-1090.
121. 1 integrin. J Cell Biol 117:449-459.
122. Sullivan PM, Petrusz P, Szpirer C, Joseph DR (1991). Alternative processing of androgen-binding protein RNA transcripts in fetal rat liver. Identification of a transcript formed by trans splicing. J Biol Chem 266:143-154.
123. Campanelli JT, Hoch W, Rupp F, Kreiner T, Scheller RH (1991). Agrin mediates cell contact-induced acetylcholine receptor clustering. Cell 67:909-916.
124. Patthy L, Nikolics K (1993). Functions of agrin and agrin-related proteins. Trends Neurosci 16:76-81.
125. Rupp F, Payan DG, Magil-Solc C, Cowan DM, Scheller RH (1991). Structure and expression of a rat agrin. Neuron 6:811-823.
126. Gesemann M, Denzer AJ, Ruegg MA (1995). Acetylcholine receptor-aggregating activity of agrin isoforms and mapping of the active site. J Cell Biol 128:625-636.
127. Ferns M, Hoch W, Campanelli JT, Rupp F, Hall ZW, Scheller RH (1992). RNA splicing regulates agrin-mediated acetycholine receptor clustering activity on cultured myotubes. Neuron 8:1079-1086.
128. Hoch W, Ferns M, Campanelli JT, Hall ZW, Scheller RH (1993). Developmental regulation of highly active alternatively spliced forms of agrin. Neuron 11:479-490.
129. Gesemann M, Cavalli V, Denzer AJ, Brancaccio A, Schumacher B, Ruegg MA (1996). Alternative splicing of agrin alters its binding to heparin, dystroglycan, and the putative agrin receptor. Neuron 16:755-767.
130. Sealock R, Froehner SC (1994). Dystrophin-associated proteins and synapse formation: Is α-dystroglycan the agrin receptor? Cell 77:617-619.
131. Gee SH, Montanaro F, Lindenbaum MH, Carbonetto S (1994). Dystroglycan-α, a dystrophin-associated glycoprotein, is a functional agrin receptor. Cell 77:675-686.
132. Hopf C, Hoch W (1996). Agrin binding to α-dystroglycan. J Biol Chem 271:5231-5236.
133. Glass DJ, Bowen DC, Stitt TN, et al. (1996). Agrin acts via a MuSK receptor complex. Cell 85:513-523.
134. DeChiara TM, Bowen DC, Valenzuela DM, et al. (1996). The receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK is required for neuromuscular junction formation in vivo. Cell 85:501-512.
135. Gautam M, Noakes PG, Moscoso L, Rupp F, Scheller RH, Merlie JP, Sanes JR (1996). Defective neuromuscular synaptogenesis in agrin-deficient mutant mice. Cell 85:525-535.
136. Gillespie SKH, Balasubramanian S, Fung ET, Huganir RL (1996). Rapsyn clusters and activates the synapse-specific receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK. Neuron 16:953-962.
137. Kleiman RJ, Reichardt LF (1996). Testing the agrin hypothesis. Cell 85:461-464.
138. Timpl R (1989). Structure and biological activity of basement membrane proteins. Eur J Biochem 180:487-502.
139. Noonan DM, Fulle A, Valente P, Cai S, Horigan E, Sasaki M, Yamada Y, Hassell JR (1991). The complete sequence of perlecan, a basement membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan, reveals extensive similarity with laminin A chain, low density lipoprotein-receptor, and the neural cell adhesion molecule. J Biol Chem 266:22939-22947.
140. Kallunki P, Tryggvason K (1992). Human basement membrane heparin sulfate proteoglycan core protein: A 467-kD protein containing multiple domains resembling elements of the low density lipoprotein receptor, laminin, neural cell adhesion molecules, and epidermal growth factor. J Cell Biol 116:559-571.
141. Heremans A, De Cock B, Cassiman JJ, Van den Berghe H, David G (1990). The core protein of the matrix-associated heparan sulfate proteoglycan binds to fibronectin. J Biol Chem 265:8716-8724.
142. Yurchenco PD, Cheng Y, Ruben GC (1987). Self-assembly of a high molecular weight basement membrane heparin sulfate proteoglycan into dimers and oligomers. J Biol Chem 262:17668-17676.
143. Clement B, Segui-Real B, Hassell JR, Martin GR, Yamada Y (1989). Identification of a cell surface-binding protein for the core protein of the basement membrane proteoglycan. J Biol Chem 264:12467-12471.
144. Ushkaryov YA, Petrenko AG, Geppert M, Sudhof TC (1992). Neurexins: Synaptic cell surface proteins related to the α-latrotoxin receptor and laminin. Science 257:50-56.
145. Ullrich B, Ushkaryov YA, Sudhof TC (1995). Cartography of neurexins: More than 1000 isoforms generated by alternative splicing and expressed in distinct subsets of neurons. Neuron 14:497-507.
146. Ushkaryov YA, Sudhof TC (1993). Neurexin IIIα: Extensive alternative splicing generates membrane-bound and soluble forms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:6410-6414.
147. Rothberg JM, Jacobs JR, Goodman CS, Artavanis-Tsakonas S (1990). Slit: an extracellular protein necessary for development of midline glia and commissural axon pathways contains both EGF and LRR domains. Genes Dev 4:2169-2187.
148. Tepass U, Theres C, Knust E (1990). Crumbs encodes an EGF-like protein expressed on apical membranes of Drosophila epithelial cells and required for organization of epithelia. Cell 61:787-799.
149. Schlessinger J, Ullrich A (1992). Growth factor signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases. Neuron 9:383-391.
150. Fortunati N, Fissore F, Fazzari A, Becchis M, Comba A, Catalano MG, Berta L, Frairia R (1996). Sex steroid binding protein exerts a negative control on estradiol action in MCF-7 cells (human breast cancer) through cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate and protein kinase A. Endocrinology 137:686-692.
151. Nakhla AM, Romas NP, Rosner W (1997). Estradiol activates the prostate androgen receptor and prostate-specific antigen secretion through the intermediacy of sex hormone-binding globulin. J Biol Chem 272:6838-6841.
152. Juliano RL, Haskill S (1993). Signal transduction from the extracellular matrix. J Cell Biol 120:577-585.
153. Nathan C, Sanchez E (1990). Tumor necrosis factor and CD11/CD18 (β2) integrins act synergistically to lower cAMP in human neutrophils. J Cell Biol 111:2171-2181.
154. Breitbart RE, Andreadis A, Nadal-Ginard B (1987). Alternative splicing: a ubiquitous mechanism for the generation of multiple protein isoforms from single genes. Annu Rev Biochem 56:467-495.
155. Yen J, Wisdom RM, Tratner I, Verma IM (1991). An alternative spliced form of FosB is a negative regulator of transcriptional activation and transformation by Fos proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:5077-5081.
156. Joseph DR, Wang YM, Sullivan PM (1994). Characterization and sex hormone regulation of multiple alternate androgen-binding protein/sex hormone-binding globulin RNA transcripts in rat brain. Endocrine J 2:749-758.
157. Wang YM, Bayliss DA, Millhorn DE, Petrusz P, Joseph DR (1990). The androgen-binding protein gene is expressed in male and female rat brain. Endocrinology 127:3124-3130.
158. Sullivan PM, Wang YM, Joseph DR (1993). Identification of an alternate promoter in the rat androgen-binding protein/sex hormone-binding globulin gene that regulates synthesis of a mRNA encoding a protein with altered function. Mol Endocrinol 7:702-715.
159. Joseph DR, Becchis M, Fenstermacher DA, Petrusz P (1996). The alternate N-terminal sequence of rat androgen-binding protein/sex hormone-binding globulin contains a nuclear targeting signal. Endocrinology 137:1138-1143.