Dioxin and dioxin-like compounds in soil, part II: Technical support document for ATSDR interim policy guideline

Toxicology and Industrial Health

Volumn 13, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 769-804

  de Rosa, Christopher T ^a   Brown, David ^a   Dhara, Rosaline ^a   Garrett, Woodrow ^a   Hansen, Hugh ^a   Holler, James ^a   Jones, Dennis ^a   Jordan Izaguirre, Denise ^a   O'connor, Ralph ^a   Pohl, Hana ^a   Xintaras, Charles ^a  

^a AGENCY FOR TOXIC SUBSTANCES AND DISEASE REGISTRY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

2,3,7,8 TETRACHLORODIBENZO PARA DIOXIN;

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; HEALTH HAZARD; PREVENTIVE HEALTH SERVICE; PUBLIC HEALTH; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SOIL POLLUTION; SOIL TREATMENT; TOXICITY TESTING;

DIOXINS; GUIDELINES; HEALTH POLICY; REGISTRIES; SOIL POLLUTANTS; TOXICOLOGY; UNITED STATES; UNITED STATES DEPT. OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES;

EID: 0030779643     PISSN: 07482337     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/074823379701300607     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Ahlborg, U.G., Becking, G.C., Birnbaum, L.S., et al. (1994). “Toxic equivalency factors for dioxin-like PCBs.” Chemosphere 28(6):1049-67.
2. Allen, J.R., Barsotti, D.A., Lambrecht, L.K., et al. (1979). “Reproductive effects of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons on nonhuman primates.” Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 320:419-425.
3. Agency For Toxic Substances And Disease Registry (Atsdr) (1989). Toxicological Profile for 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Atlanta, GA.
4. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (1992). Public Health Assessment Guidance Manual. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. NTIS PB92-147164. Atlanta, GA.
5. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (1993). Dioxin issue paper. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Atlanta, GA.
6. Aylward, L.L., Hays, S.M., Karch, N.J., and Paustenbach, D.J. (1996). “Relative susceptibility of animals and humans to the cancer hazard posed by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin using internal measures of dose.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 30:3534-3543.
7. Becher, H., Flesch-Janys, D., Kauppinen, T., Kogevinas, M., Steinforf, K., Manz, A., and Wahrendorf, J. (1996). “Cancer mortality in German male workers exposed to phenoxy herbicides and dioxins.” Canc. Causes Control 7:312-321.
8. Binder, S., Sokal, D., and Maughn, D. (1986). “The use of tracer elements in estimating the amount of soil ingested by young children.” Arch. Environ. Health 41:341-345.
9. Birnbaum, L.S. (1986). “Distribution and excretion of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in cogenic strains of mice which differ at the Ah locus.” Drug Metab Dispos. 14:34-40.
10. Birnbaum, L.S. (1994). “The mechanism of dioxin toxicity: relationship to risk assessment.” Environ Health Perspect 102 (suppl. 9):157-167.
11. Bjerke, D.L. and Peterson, R.E. (1994). “Reproductive toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in male rats: different effects of in utero versus lactational exposure.” Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 127:241-249.
12. Bjerke, D.L., Sommer, R.J., Moore, R.W., and Peterson, R.E. (1994). “Effects of in utero and lactational 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exposure on responsiveness of the male rat reproductive system to testosterone stimulation in adulthood.” Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol 127:250-257.
13. Bowman, R.E., Schantz, S.L., Gross, M.L., et al. (1989). “Behavioral effects in monkeys exposed to 2,3,7,8-TCDD transmitted maternally during gestation and for four months of nursing.” Chemosphere 18:235-242.
14. Calvert, G.M., Honung, R.W., Sweeney, M.H., et al. (1992). “Hepatic and gastrointestinal effects in an occupational cohort exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. “ JAMA 267:2209-2214.
15. Committee To Coordinate Environmental Health And Related Programs (Ccehrp). 1992. Internal Memorandum. U.S. Public Health Service. Washington, DC.
16. Council On Environmental Quality (Ceq) (1989). Risk Analysis: A Guide to Principles and Methods for Analyzing Health and Environmental Risks. NTIS: PB89-137772. Council on Environmental Quality. Washington, DC.
17. Clausing, P., Brunekreff, B., and Van Wijen, J.H. (1987). “A method for estimating soil ingestion by children. “ Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 59:73-82.
18. Curtis, L.R., Kerkvliet, N.I., Baecher-Steppan, L., et al. (1990). “2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin pretreatment of female mice altered tissue distribution but not hepatic metabolism of a subsequent dose.” Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 14:523-531.
19. Decaprio, A.P., McMartin, D.M., O'Keefe, P.W., et al. (1986). “Subchronic oral toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the guinea pig: comparisons with a PCB-containing transformer fluid pyrolysate. “ Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 6:454-463.
20. Devito, M.J., Birnbaum, L.S., Farland, W.H., and Gasiewicz, T.A. (1995). “Comparisons of estimated human body burdens of dioxin-like chemicals and TCDD body burdens in experimentally exposed animals.” Environ. Health Perspect. 103(9):820-829.
21. Dibartolomeis, M.J., Moore, R.W., Peterson, R.E., et al. (1987). “Altered regulation of adrenal steroidogenesis in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-treated rats.” Biochem. Pharmacol. 36:59-67.
22. Egeland, G., Sweeney, M., Fingerhut, M.A., et al. (1992). “Serum dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) and total serum testosterone, and gonadotropins in occupationally exposed men. “ Am. J. Epidemiol. 136:1014.
23. Egeland, G.M., Sweeney, M.G., Fingerhut, M.A., et al. (1994). “Total serum testosterone and gonadotropins in workers exposed to dioxins.” Am. J. Epidemiol. 139:272-281.
24. Emmett, H. and Jordan-Izaguirr, D. (1994). Dioxin Issue Paper. Office of Regional Operations and Division of Health Assessment and Consultation, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA (internal document).
25. Fingerhut, M.A., Halperin, W.E., Marlow, D.A., et al. (1991). “Cancer mortality in workers exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.” N. Engl. J. Med. 324:212-218.
26. Flesch-Janys, D., Becher, H., Gurn, P., Jung, D., et al. (1996). “Elimination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p- dioxins and dibenzofurans in occupationally exposed persons.” J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 47:363-378.
27. Flesch-Janys, D., Berger, J., Gurn, P., Manz, A., Nagel, S., Waltsgott, H., and Dwyer, J.H. (1995). “Exposure to polychlorinated dioxins and furans and mortality in a cohort of workers from a herbicide-producing plant in Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany.” Am. J. Epidemiol. 142:1165-1175.
28. Fries, G.F. and Marrow, G.S. (1975). “Retention and excretion of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin by rats.” J. Agric. Food Chem. 23:265-269.
29. Gorski, J.R., Muzi, G., Weber, L.W., et al. (1988a). “Elevated plasma corticosterone levels and histopathology of the adrenals and thymuses in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-treated rats.” Toxicol. 53:19-32.
30. Gorski, J.R., Muzi, G., Weber, L.W., et al. (1988b). “Some endocrine and morphological aspects of the acute toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). “ Toxicol. Pathol. 16:313-320.
31. Gough, M. (1991). “Human exposures from dioxin in soil—a meeting report.” J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 32:205-245.
32. Health Council Of The Netherlands (1996). Report on Dioxins. Report available from the Health Council Secretariat.
33. Henry, E.C. and Gasiewicz, T.A. (1987). “Changes in thyroid hormones and thyroxine glucuronidation in hamsters compared with rats following treatment with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. “ Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 89:165-174.
34. Hermansky, S.J., Holczlaw, T.L., Murray, W.J., et al. (1988). “Biochemical and functional effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the heart of female rats. “ Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 95:175-184.
35. Hodgson, E., Mailman, R.B., and Chambers, J.E. (1988). Dictionary of Toxicology. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY. p. 62.
36. Hong, L.H., McKinney, J.D., and Luster, M.I. (1987). “Modulation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-mediated myelotoxicity by thyroid hormones.” Biochem. Pharmacol. 36:1361-1365.
37. Huisman, M., Koopman-Esseboom, C., Fidler, V., Hadders-Algra, M., Van Der Paauw, C.G., Tuinstra, L.G.M., et al. 1995. “Perinatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins and its effect on neonatal neurological development. “ Early Hum. Dev. 41:111-127.
38. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (1997). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol 69 (in press). World Health Organization. Lyons, France.
39. International Commission On Radiological Protection (Icrp) (1981). Report of the Task Group on Reference Manual ICRP Publication No. 23. Pergamon Press.
40. Jansing, P.J. and Korff, R. (1994). “Blood levels of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin and globulins in a follow-up investigation of employees with chloracne.” J. Dermatol. Sci. 8:91-95.
41. Jirasek, L., Kalensky, K., Kubec, K., et al. (1974). “Chronic poisoning by 2,3,7,8-TCDD.” Cesk. Derm. 48:306-317.
42. Johnson, B.L. (1992a). Testimony before the Subcommittee on Human Resources and Intergovernmental Relations, Committee on Government Operations. Washington, DC.
43. Johnson, B.L. (1992b). Memo to ATSDR Senior Management. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA (internal document).
44. Kimbrough, R.D., Falk, H., Stehr, P., et al. (1984). “Health implications of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) contamination of residential soil.” J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 14:47-93.
45. Kociba, R.J., Keyes, D.G., Beyer, J.E., et al. (1978). “Results of a two-year chronic toxicity and oncogenicity study of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in rats.” Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 46:281-287.
46. Koopman-Esseboom, C., Morse, D.C., Weisglas-Kuperus, N., Lutkeschipholt, I.J., et al. (1994). “Effects of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls on thyroid hormone status of pregnant women and their infants.” Pediatr. Res. 36(4):468-473.
47. Koppe, J.G., Pluim, H.J., Olie, K., and Van Wijnen, J. (1991). “Breast milk, dioxins, and the possible effects on the health of newborn infants.” Sci. Total Environ. 106:33-41.
48. Lu, C.H., Baggs, R.B., Redmond, D., et al. (1986). “Toxicity and evidence for metabolic alterations in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-treated guinea pigs fed by total parenteral nutrition.” Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 84:439-453.
49. Lucier, G.W., Rumbaugh, R.C., McCoy, Z., et al. (1986). “Ingestion of soil contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) alters hepatic enzyme activities in rats.” Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 6:364-371.
50. Manz, A., Berger, J., Dwyer, J.H., et al. (1991). “Cancer mortality among workers in chemical plant contaminated with dioxin.” Lancet 338:959-964.
51. May, G. (1982). “Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: survey of subjects ten years after exposure.” Br. J. Ind. Med. 30:276-283.
52. McConnell, E.E., Lucier, G.W., Rumbaugh, R.C., et al. (1984). “Dioxin in soil: bioavailability after ingestion by rats and guinea pigs.” Sci. 223:1077-1079.
53. Mebus, C.A., Reddy, V.R., and Piper, W.N. (1987). “Depression of rat testicular 17-hydroxylase and 17,20-hydroxlyase after administration of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD).” Biochem. Pharmacol. 36:727-731.
54. Mocarelli, P., Marocchi, A., Brambilla, P., et al. (1986). “Clinical laboratory manifestations of exposure to dioxin in children.” JAMA 256:2687-2695.
55. Mocarelli, P., Needham, L.L., Marocchi, A., et al. (1991). “Serum concentrations of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and test results from selected residents of Seveso, Italy.” J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 32:357-366.
56. Mocarelli, P., Brambill, P., Garthoux, P.M., et al. (1996). “Change in sex ratio with exposure to dioxin.” Lancet 348:409.
57. Moore, R.W., Potter, C.L., Theobald, H.M., et al. (1985). “Androgenic deficiency in male rats treated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.” Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 79:99-111.
58. Murray, F.J., Smith, F.A., Nitschke, K.D., Humiston, C.G., Kociba, R.J., and Schwetz, B.A. (1979). “Three-generation reproduction study of rats given 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin isomers using a polymeric liquid crystal capillary column.” J. Chromatogr. 369 (1) :203-207.
59. Nestrick, T.J., Lamparski, L.L., Frawley, N.N., et al. (1986). “Perspectives of a large scale environmental survey for chlorinated dioxins: overview and soil data.” Chemosphere 15:1453-1460.
60. National Research Council (Nrc) (1994). Science and judgment in risk assessment. National Academy Press. Washington, DC.
61. National Toxicology Program (Ntp) (1972). “Bioassay of 2,3,7,8-TCDD for possible carcinogenicity (gavage study).” Technical report series no. 102. National Toxicology Program. Research Triangle Park, NC.
62. Olson, J.R. (1986). “Metabolism and disposition of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in guinea pigs.” Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 85:263-273.
63. Ott, M.G. and Zober, A. (1996). “Cause specific mortality and cancer incidence among employees exposed to 2,3,7,8-TCDD after 1953 reactor accident.” Occup. Environ. Med. 53:606-612.
64. Paustenbach, D.J., Shu, H.P., and Murray, F.J. (1986). “A critical examination of assumptions used in risk assessments of dioxin contaminated soil.” Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 6:284-307.
65. Paustenbach, D.J., Wenning, R.J., Lau, V., Harrington, N.W., Rennix, D.K., and Parsons, A.H. (1992). “Recent development on the hazards posed by 2,3,7,8-TCDD in soil; implications for setting risk-based cleanup levels at residential and industrial sites.” J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 36:103-149.
66. Pazderova-Vejlupkova, J., Nemcova, M., Pickova, J., et al. (1981). “The development and prognosis of chronic intoxication by tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in men.” Arch. Environ. Health 36:5-11.
67. Pluim, H.J., Koppe, J.G., Olie, K., et al. (1992). “Effects of dioxins on thyroid function in newborn babies.” Lancet 339:1303.
68. Pluim, H.J., Van Der Slikke, J.W., Olie, K., et al. (1994a). “Dioxins and vitamin K status of the newborn. “ J. Environ. Sci. Health A29(4):793-802.
69. Pluim, H.J., Koppe, J.G., Olie, K., Van Der Slikke, J.W., et al. (1994b). “Clinical laboratory manifestation of exposure to background levels of dioxins in the perinatal period.” Acta. Paediatr. 83:583-587.
70. Pohl, H., De Rosa, C., and Holler, J. (1995). “Public health assessment for dioxins exposure from soil.” Chemosphere 31(1):2437-2454.
71. Poiger, H. and Schlatter, C. (1986). “Pharmacokinetics of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in man.” Chemosphere 15:1489-1494.
72. Poland, A.P., Smith, D., Metter, G., et al. (1971). “A health survey of workers in a 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T plant with special attention to chloracne, porphyria cutanea tarda, and psychologic parameters.” Arch. Environ. Health 22:316-327.
73. Reggiani, G. (1980). “Acute human exposure to TCDD in Seveso, Italy. “ J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 6:27-43.
74. Rozman, K., Rozman, T., Scheufler, E., et al. (1985). “Thyroid hormones modulate the toxicity of 2,3,7,8-TCDD.” J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 16:481-491.
75. Schantz, S.L., Ferguson, S.A., and Bowman, R.E. (1992). “Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on behavior of monkey in peer groups.” Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 14:433-446.
76. Schecter, A., Ryan, J.J., Papke, O., et al. (1993). “Elevated dioxin levels in the blood of male and female Russian workers with and without chloracne 25 years after phenoxyherbicide exposure: the UFA ‘Khimprom’ incident.” Chemosphere 27:253-258.
77. Schierow, L.J. (1995). Dioxin: Reassessing the Risk. CRS Report to Congress. Environment and Natural Resources Policy Division.
78. Sweeney, M.H., Fingerhut, M.A., Arezzo, J., et al. (1993). “Peripheral neuropathy after occupational exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD).” Am. J. Ind. Med. 23:845-858.
79. Sweeney, M.H., Hornung, R.W., Wall, D.K., et al. (1992). “Prevalence of diabetes and increased fasting serum glucose in workers with long-term exposure to 2,3,7,8-TCDD.” 12th International Symposium on Dioxins and Related Compounds. August 23-28, Tampere, Finland.
80. Tonn, T., Esser, C., Schneider, E.M., et al. (1996). “Persistence of decreased T-helper cell function in industrial workers 20 years after exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. “ Environ. Health Perspect. 104:422-426.
81. Turner, J.N. and Collins, D.N. (1983). “Liver morphology in guinea pigs administered either pyrolysis products of a polychlorinated biphenyl transformer fluid or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.” Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 67:417-429.
82. Umbreit, T.H., Hesse, E.J., and Gallo, M.A. (1986a). “Bioavailability of dioxin in soil from a 2,4,5-T manufacturing site.” Sci. 232:497-499.
83. Umbreit, T.H., Hesse, E.J., and Gallo, M.A. (1986b). “Comparative toxicity of TCDD contaminated soil from Times Beach, Missouri, and Newark, New Jersey.” Chemosphere 15:2121-2124.
84. Umbreit, T.H., Hesse, E.J., and Gallo, M.A. (1987). “Reproductive toxicity in female mice of dioxin-contaminated soils from a 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid manufacturing site.” Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 16:461-466.
85. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1985). Drinking Water Criteria Document for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office. EPA Report No. 600/8-194-I. Cincinnati, OH.
86. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1987). The Risk Assessment guidelines of 1986. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment. EPA/600/8-87/ 045. Washington, DC.
87. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1989a). Interim Procedures for Estimating Risks Associated with Exposure to Mixtures of Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans (CDDs and CDFs) and 1989 Update. Risk Assessment Forum. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA 625/3-89/ 016. NTIS PB90-145756. Washington, DC.
88. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1989b). Exposure Factors Handbook. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment. EPA/600/8-89/043. July 1989. Washington, DC.
89. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1994). METHOD 8290: Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (PCDFs) by High-Resolution Gas Chromatography/High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS).
90. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1995). METHOD 8280A: The Analysis of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans by High-Resolution Gas Chromatography/Low-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRGS/LRMS).
91. U.S. Food And Drug Administration (Fda) (1990). Carcinogenic Risk Assessment for Dioxins and Furans in Fish Contaminated by Bleached-paper Mills. Report of the Quantitative Risk Assessment Committee. Food and Drug Administration. Washington, DC.
92. Van Den Berg, M., Dejongh, J., Poiger, H., and Olsen, J.R. (1994). “The toxicokinetics and metabolism of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and their relevance to toxicity.” Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 24:1-74.
93. Weisglas-Kuperus, N., Sas, T.C.J., Koopman-Esseboom, C., et al. (1995). “Immunologic effects of background prenatal and postnatal exposure to dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls in Dutch infants.” Pediatr. Res. 38(3):404-410.
94. White, K.L., JR., Lysy, H.H., McCay, J.A., et al. (1986). “Modulation of serum complement levels following exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins.” Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 84:209-219.
95. Wolfe, W.H., Michalek, J.E., Miner, J.C., et al. (1994). “Determinations of TCDD half-life in veterans of Operation Ranch Hand.” J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 41:481-488.
96. Wolfe, W.H., Michalek, J.E., Miner, J.C., et al. (1995). “Paternal serum dioxin and reproductive outcomes among veterans of Operation Ranch Hand.” Epidemiology 6:17-22.
97. World Health Organization (Who) (1991). “Consultation on tolerable daily intake from food of PCDDs and PCDFs.” Summary report. World Health Organization. Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
98. Zober, A., Messerer, P., and Huber, P. (1990). “Thirty-four year mortality followup of BASF employees to TCDD after the 1953 accident.” Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 62:139-157.
99. Zober, A., Ott, M., Fleig, I., et al. (1993). “Cytogenic studies in lymphocytes of workers exposed to 2,3,7,8-TCDD.” Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 65:157-161.