Target to apoptosis: A hopeful weapon for prostate cancer

Prostate

Volumn 32, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 284-293

  Tang, Dean G ^a   Porter, Arthur T ^a,b  

^a WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b HARPER UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Apoptosis; Bcl 2; P53; Prostate cancers

Indexed keywords

ANDROGEN; ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITOR; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BETA LAPACHONE; CALCIUM; CISPLATIN; ONCOPROTEIN; PLANT EXTRACT; PROTEIN BCL 2; PROTEIN KINASE C; PROTEIN P53; ROQUINIMEX; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

APOPTOSIS; CANCER CELL; CASTRATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANDROGENS; ANIMALS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; APOPTOSIS; CELL DIVISION; CELL SURVIVAL; HUMANS; MALE; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-BCL-2;

EID: 0030772022     PISSN: 02704137     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0045(19970901)32:4<284::AID-PROS9>3.0.CO;2-J     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. Lynn AG, Ries MS: Stat Bite: Top 5 cancers for females and males in the U.S. JNCI 1995;87:867.
2. Bostwick DG, Qian J: Current and proposed biologic markers in prostate cancer: 1994. J Cell Biochem 1994;19:197-201.
3. Grizzle WE, Myers RB, Arnold MM, Srivastava S: Evaluation of biomarkers in breast and prostate cancer. J Cell Biochem 1994;19:259-266.
4. Zhau HE, Pisters LL, Hall MC, Zhao LS, Troncoso P, Pollack A, Chung LWK: Biomarkers associated with prostate cancer progression. J Cell Biochem 1994;19:208-216.
5. Webber MM, Waghray A, Bello D: Prostate-specific antigen, a serine protease, facilitates human prostate cancer cell invasion. Clin Cancer Res 1995;1:1089-1094.
6. Yoshida E, Ohmura S, Sugiki M, Maruyama M, Mihara H: Prostate-specific antigen activates single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Int J Cancer 1995;63:863-865.
7. Denmeade SR, Lin XS, Isaacs JT: Role of programmed (apoptotic) cell death during the progression and therapy for prostate cancer. Prostate 1996;28:251-265.
8. Majno G, Joris I: Apoptosis, oncosis, and necrosis. An overview of cell death. Am J Pathol 1995;146:3-15.
9. Tang DG, Porter AT: Apoptosis: A current molecular analysis. Pathol Oncol Res 1996;2:117-137.
10. Cory S: Regulation of lymphocyte survival by the bcl-2 gene family. Annu Rev Immunol 1995;13:513-543.
11. Lynn WS, Wong PKY: Neuroimmunodegeneration: Do neurons and T cells use common pathways for cell death? FASEB J 1995;9:1147-1156.
12. Kroemer G, Petit P, Zamzami N, Vayssiere J, Mignotte B: The biochemistry of programmed cell death. FASEB J 1995;9:1277-1287.
13. Takayama S, Sato T, Krajewski S, Kochel K, Irie S, Millan JA, Reed JC: Cloning and functional analysis of BAG-1: A novel bcl-2-binding protein with anti-cell death activity. Cell 1995;80: 279-284.
14. L and Bcl-2, displaces bax and promotes cell death. Cell 1995;80:285-291.
15. Farrow SN, White JHM, Martinou I, Raven T, Pun K-T, Grinham CJ, Martinou J-C, Brown R: Cloning of a bcl-2 homologue by interaction with adenovirus E1B 19K. Nature 1995;374:731-733.
16. McGahon AJ, Nishioka WK, Martin SJ, Mahboubi A, Cotter TG, Green DR: Regulation of the Fas apoptotic cell death pathway by Abl. J Biol Chem 1995;270:22625-22631.
17. Englert C, Hou X, Maheswaren S, Bennett P, Ngwu C, Re GG, Garvin AJ, Rosner MR, Haber DA: WT1 suppresses synthesis of the epidermal growth factor receptor and induces apoptosis. EMBO J 1995;14:4662-4675.
18. Katayose D, Wersto R, Cowan KH, Seth P: Effects of a recombinant adenovirus expressing WAF1/Cip1 on cell growth, cell cycle, and apoptosis. Cell Growth Differ 1995;6:1207-1212.
19. Muthusamy N, Barton K, Leiden JM: Defective activation and survival of T cells lacking the Ets-1 transcription factor. Nature 1995;377:639-642.
20. Takahashi C, Harada Y, Ariga H, Iguchi-Ariga SMM: Involvement of PIM-1 in DNA fragmentation in mouse NS-1-derived cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995;215:538-546.
21. Hallahan DE, Dunphy E, Virudachalam S, Sukhatme VP, Kufe DW, Weichselbaum RR: c-jun and Egr-1 participate in DNA synthesis and cell survival in response to ionizing radiation exposure. J Biol Chem 1995;270:30303-30309.
22. Rubin R, Baserga R: Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor. Its role in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and tumorigenicity. Lab Invest 1995;73:311-331.
23. Kim H-RC, Upadhyay S, Li GY, Palmer KC, Deuel TF: Platelet-derived growth factor induces apoptosis in growth-arrested murine fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92:9500-9504.
24. Havrilesky LJ, Hurteau JA, Whitaker RS, Elbendary A, Wu S, Rodriguez GC, Bast RC, Berchuck A: Regulation of apoptosis in normal and malignant epithelial cells by transforming growth factor β. Cancer Res 1995;55:944-948.
25. Merlo GR, Basolo F, Fiore L, Duboc L, Hynes NE: p53-dependent and p53-independent activation of apoptosis in mammary epithelial cells reveals a survival function of EGF and insulin. J Cell Biol 1995;128:1185-1196.
26. Wang TTY, Phang JM: Effects of estrogen on apoptotic pathways in human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Cancer Res 1995; 55:2487-2489.
27. Zheng L, Fisher G, Miller RE, Peschon J, Lynch DH, Lenardo MJ: Induction of apoptosis in mature T cells by tumor necrosis factor. Nature 1995;377:348-351.
28. Trump BF, Berezesky IK: Calcium-mediated cell injury and cell death. FASEB J 1995;9:219-228.
29. Gierstsen BT, Doskeland SO: Protein phosphorylation in apoptosis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1995; 1269:187-199.
30. Xia Z, Dickens M, Raingeaud J, Davis RJ, Greenberg ME: Opposing effects of ERK and JNK-p38 MAP kinases on apoptosis. Science 1995;270:1326-1331.
31. Yao R, Cooper GM: Requirement for phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase in the prevention of apoptosis by nerve growth factor. Science 1995;267:2003-2006.
32. Henkemeyer M, Rossi DJ, Holmyard DP, Puri MC, Mbamalu G, Harpal K, Shih TS, Jacks T, Pawson T: Vascular system defects and neuronal apoptosis in mice lacking Ras GTPase-activating protein. Nature 1995;377:695-701.
33. Kolesnick R, Fuks Z: Ceramide: A signal for apoptosis or mitogenesis? J Exp Med 1995;181:1949-1952.
34. Tang DG, Chen Y, Honn KV: Arachidonate lipoxygenases as essential regulators of cell survival and apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:5241-5246.
35. Field SJ, Tsai F-Y, Kuo F, Zubiaga AM, Kaelin WG Jr, Livingston DM, Orkin SH, Greenberg ME: E2F-1 functions in mice to promote apoptosis and suppress proliferation. Cell 1996;85: 549-561.
36. Ongkeko W, Ferguson DJP, Harris AL, Norbury C: Inactivation of Cdc2 increases the level of apoptosis induced by DNA damage. J Cell Sci 1995;108:2897-2904.
37. Evan GI, Brown L, Whyte M, Harrington E: Apoptosis and the cell cycle. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1995;7:825-834.
38. Korsmeyer SJ, Yin XM, Oltvai ZN, Veis-Novack DJ, Linette GP: Reactive oxygen species and the regulation of cell death by the bcl-2 gene family. Biochim Biophys Acta 1995;1271:63-66.
39. Graeber TG, Osmanian C, Jacks T, Houseman DE, Koch CJ, Lowe SW, Giaccia AJ: Hypoxia-mediated selection of cells with diminished apoptotic potential in solid tumors. Nature 1995; 379:88-91.
40. Zhang Z, Vuori K, Reed JC, Ruoslahti E: The α5β1 integrin supports survival of cells on fibronectin and up-regulates Bcl-2 expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92:6161-6165.
41. Clarke AS, Lotz MM, Chao C, Mercurio AM: Activation of the p21 pathway of growth arrest and apoptosis by the β4 integrin cytoplasmic domain. J Biol Chem 1995;270:22673-22676.
42. Boudreau N, Sympson CJ, Werb Z, Bissell MJ: Suppression of ICE and apoptosis in mammary epithelial cells by extracellular matrix. Science 1995;267:891-893.
43. Martin SJ, Green DR: Protease activation during apoptosis: Death by a thousand cuts? Cell 1995;82:349-352.
44. Patel T, Gores GJ, Kaufmann SH: The role of proteases during apoptosis. FASEB J 1996;10:587-597.
45. Hoehner JC, Hedborg F, Wiklund HJ, Olsen L, Pahlman S: Cellular death in neuroblastoma: In situ correlation of apoptosis and bcl-2 expression. Int J Cancer 1995;62:19-24.
46. Gazzaniga P, Gradilone A, Vercillo R, Gandini O, Silvestri I, Napolitano M, Albonici L, Vincenzoni A, Gallucci M, Frati L, Agliano A-M: bcl-2/bax mRNA expression ratio as prognostic factor in low-grade urinary bladder cancer. Int J Cancer 1996; 69:100-104.
47. Aguilar-Santelises M, Rottenberg ME, Lewin N, Mellstedt H, Jondal M: Bcl-2, Bax, and p53 expression in B-CLL in relation to in vitro survival and clinical progression. Int J Cancer 1996;69: 114-119.
48. Ohsaki Y, Toyoshima E, Fijiuchi S, Matsui H, Hirata S, Miyokawa N, Kubo Y, Kikuchi K: bcl-2 and p53 protein expression in non-small cell lung cancers: Correlation with survival time. Clin Cancer Res 1996;2:915-920.
49. Alderson LM, Castleberg RL, Harsh GR, Louis DN, Henson JW: Human gliomas with wild-type p53 express bcl-2. Cancer Res 1995;55:999-1001.
50. Bronner MP, Culin C, Reed JC, Furth EE: The bcl-2 protooncogene and the gastrointestinal epithelial tumor progression model. Am J Pathol 1995;146:20-26.
51. Sierra A, Lloveras B, Castellsague X, Moreno L, Garcia-Ramirez M: Bcl-2 expression is associated with lymph node metastasis in human ductal breast carcinoma. Int J Cancer 1995;60:54-60.
52. Krajewski S, Blomqvist C, Franssila K, Krajewski M, Wasenius V-M, Niskanen E, Nordling S, Reed JC: Reduced expression of proapoptotic gene bax is associated with poor response rates to combination chemotherapy and shorter survival in women with metastatic breast adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 1995;55: 4471-4478.
53. Tron VA, Krajewski S, Klein-Parker H, Li G, Ho VC, Reed JC: Immunohistochemical analysis of bcl-2 protein regulation in cutaneous melanoma. Am J Pathol 1995;146:643-650.
54. Bardeesy N, Beckwith JB, Pelletier J: Clonal expression and attenuated apoptosis in Wilms' tumors are associated with p53 gene mutations. Cancer Res 1995;55:215-219.
55. Sinicrope FA, Ruan SB, Claery KR, Stephens CL, Lee JJ, Levin B: bcl-2 and p53 oncoprotein expression during colorectal tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 1995;55:237-241.
56. Liang XH, Mungal S, Ayscue A, Meissner JD, Wodnicki P, Hockenbery D, Lockett S, Herman B: Bcl-2 protooncogene expression in cervical carcinoma cell lines containing inactive p53. J Cell Biochem 1995;57:509-521.
57. Fesus L, Szondy Z, Uray I: Probing the molecular program of apoptosis by cancer chemopreventive agents. J Cell Biochem 1995;22:151-161.
58. Lotan R: Retinoids and apoptosis: Implications for cancer chemoprevention and therapy. JNCI 1995;87:1655-1657.
59. Isaacs JT, Lundmo PI, Berges R, Martikainen P, Kyprianou N, English HF: Androgen regulation of programmed death of normal and malignant prostatic cells. J Androl 1992;13:457-464.
60. Montpetit ML, Lawless KR, Tenniswood M: Androgen repressed messages in the rat ventral prostate. Prostate 1986;8: 25-36.
61. Buttyan R, Zaker Z, Lochshin R, Wolgermuth D: Cascade induction of c-fos, c-myc, and heat shock 70K transcripts during regression of the rat ventral prostate gland. Mol Endocrinol 1988;2:650-657.
62. Kyprianou N, Isaacs J: Expression of transforming growth factor-β in the rat ventral prostate during castration-induced programmed cell death. Mol Endocrinol 1989;3:1515-1522.
63. Saltzman AG, Hiipakka RA, Chang C, Liao S: Androgen repression of the production of 29 kilodalton protein and its mRNA in the rat ventral prostate. J Biol Chem 1987;262:432-437.
64. 2+-dependent endonuclease as an early event in castration-induced prostatic cell death. Prostate 1988;13:103-118.
65. English HF, Kyprianou N, Isaacs JT: Relationship between DNA fragmentation and apoptosis in the programmed cell death in the rat prostate following castration. Prostate 1989;15: 233-251.
66. Martikainen P, Isaacs JT: Role of calcium in the programmed cell death of rat prostate glandular cells. Prostate 1990;17:175-188.
67. Kyprianou N, Isaacs JT: Thymineless death in androgen-independent prostatic cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989;165:73-81.
68. Martikainen P, Kyprianou N, Tucker RW, Isaacs JT: Programmed death of nonproliferating and androgen-independent prostatic cancer cells. Cancer Res 1991;51:4693-4701.
69. van Werden WM, van Kreuninggen A, Elissen NMJ, de Vermeij M, Jong FH, van Steenbrugge GJ, Schroder FH: Castration-induced changes in morphology, androgen levels, and proliferative activity of human prostate cancer tissue grown in athymic nude mice. Prostate 1993;23:149-164.
70. Westin P, Stattin P, Damber J-E, Bergh A: Castration therapy rapidly induces apoptosis in a minority and decreases cell proliferation in a majority of human prostatic tumors. Am J Pathol 1995;146:1368-1375.
71. Berges RR, Furuya Y, Remington L, English HF, Jacks T, Isaacs JT: Cell proliferation, DNA repair, and p53 function are not required for programmed cell death of prostatic glandular cells induced by androgen ablation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90:910-914.
72. Mattieu C, Jozan S, Mazars P, Come MG, Moisand A, Valette A: Density-dependent induction of apoptosis by transforming growth factor-β1 in a human ovarian carcinoma cell line. Exp Cell Res 1995;216:13-20.
73. Wang CY, Eshleman JR, Willson JKV, Markowitz S: Both transforming growth factor-β and substrate release are inducers of apoptosis in a human colon adenoma cell line. Cancer Res 1995;55:5101-5105.
74. Martikainen P, Kyprianou N, Isaacs JT: Effect of transforming growth factor-β1 on proliferation and death of rat prostatic cells. Endocrinology 1990;127:2963-2968.
75. Kim IY, Ahn H-J, Zelner DJ, Shaw JW, Sensibar JA, Kim J-H, Kato M, Lee C: Genetic change in transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) receptor type I gene correlates with insensitivity to TGF-β1 in human prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 1996;56:44-48.
76. Williams RH, Stapleton AMF, Yang G, Truong LD, Rogers E, Timme TL, Wheeler TM, Scardino PT, Thompson TC: Reduced levels of transforming growth-factor β receptor type II in human prostate cancer: An immunohistochemical study. Clin Cancer Res 1996;2:635-640.
77. Landstrom M, Bergh A, Tomic R, Damber J-E: Estrogen treatment combined with castration inhibits tumor growth more effectively than castration alone in the Dunning R-3327 rat prostatic adenocarcinoma. Prostate 1990;17:57-68.
78. Ho S-M, Leav I, Merk FB, Yu M, Kwan PW-L, Ziar J: Induction of atypical hyperplasia, apoptosis, and type II estrogen-binding sites in the ventral prostates of Noble rats treated with testosterone and pharmacologic doses of estradiol-17β. Lab Invest 1995;73:356-365.
79. Raghavan D: Non-hormone chemotherapy for prostate cancer: Principles of treatment and application to the testing of new drugs. Semin Oncol 1988;15:371-389.
80. Borner MM, Myers CE, Sartor O, Sei Y, Toko T, Trepel JB, Schneider E: Drug-induced apoptosis is not necessarily dependent on macromolecular synthesis or proliferation in the p53-negative human prostate cancer cell line PC-3. Cancer Res 1995;55:2122-2128.
81. Kyprianou N, Bains A, Jacobs S: Induction of apoptosis in androgen-independent human prostate cancer cells undergoing thymineless death. Prostate 1994;25:66-75.
82. Berges RR, Vukanovic J, Epstein JI, CarMichel M, Cisek L, Johnson DE, Veltri RW, Walsh PC, Isaacs JT: Implication of the cell kinetic changes during the progression of human prostatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res 1995;1:473-480.
83. Vukanovic J, Isaacs JT: Linomide inhibits angiogensis, growth, metastasis, and macrophage infiltration within rat prostatic cancers. Cancer Res 1995;55:1499-1504.
84. Vulkanovic J, Isaacs JT: Human prostatic cancer cells are sensitive to programmed (apoptotic) death induced by the antiangiogenic agent linomide. Cancer Res 1995;55:3517-3520.
85. Li CJ, Wang C, Pardee AB: Induction of apoptosis by β-lapachone in human prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 1995;55: 3712-3715.
86. Planchon SM, Wuerzberger S, Frydman B, Witiak DT, Hutson P, Church DR, Wilding G, Boothman DA: β-lapachone-mediated apoptosis in human promyocytic leukemia (HL-60) and human prostate cancer cells: A p53-independent response. Cancer Res 1995;55:3706-3711.
87. Carducci MA, Nelson JB, Chan-Tack KM, Ayyagari SR, Sweatt WH, Campbell PA, Neslon WG, Simons JN: Phenylbutyrate induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer and is more potent than phenylacetate. Clin Cancer Res 1996;2:379-387.
88. Fritz IB, Murphy B: Clusterin: Insights into a multifunctional protein. Trends Metab Sci 1993;4:41-45.
89. Buttuzzi S, Hiipakka RA, Gilna P, Liao S: Identification of an androgen-repressed mRNA in rat ventural prostate as coding for sulfated glycoprotein 2 by cDNA cloning and sequence analysis. Biochem J 1989;257:293-296.
90. Wright PS, Cross-Doersen D, Th'ng JPH, Guo X-W, Crissman HA, Bradbury EM, Montgomery LR, Thompson FY, Loudy DE, Johnston JO, Bitonti AJ: A ribonueotide reductase inhibitor, MDL 101,731, induces apoptosis and elevates TRPM-2 mRNA levels in human prostate rumor xenografts. Exp Cell Res 1996;222:54-60.
91. Buttyan R, Olsson CA, Pintar J, Chang C, Bandyk M, Ng PY, Sawczuk IS: Induction of the TRPM-2 gene in cells undergoing programmed cell death. Mol Cell Biol 1989;9:3471-3481.
92. Sensibar JA, Sutkowski DM, Raffo A, Buttyan R, Griswold MD, Sylvester SR, Kozlowski JM, Lee C: Prevention of cell death induced by tumor necrosis factor α in LNCaP cells by overexpression of sulfated glycoprotein-2 (clusterin). Cancer Res 1995;55:2431-2437.
93. McDonnell TJ, Troncoso P, Brisby SM, Logothetis CL, Chung LWK, Hsieh JT, Tu SM, Campbell ML: Expression of the protooncogene Bcl-2 in the prostate and its association with emergence of androgen-independent prostate cancer. Cancer Res 1992;52:6940-6944.
94. Colombel M, Symmans F, Gil S, O'Toole KM, Choplin D, Benson M, Olsson CA, Korsmeyer S, Buttyan R: Detection of the apoptosis-suppressing oncoprotein Bcl-2 in hormone-refractory human prostate cancers. Am J Pathol 1993;143:390-400.
95. + cells of human prostate cancer xenograft LuCaP 23 following castration. Int J Cancer 1996;65:85-89.
96. Furuya Y, Krajewski S, Epstein JI, Reed JC, Isaacs JT: Expression of bcl-2 and progression of human and rodent prostatic cancers. Clin Cancer Res 1996;2:389-398.
97. Berchem GJ, Bosseler M, Sugars LY, Voeller HJ, Zeitlin S, Gelman EP: Androgens induce resistance to bcl-2-mediated apoptosis in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 1995;55:735-738.
98. Raffo AJ, Perlman H, Chen M-W, Day ML, Stritman JS, Buttyan R: Overexpression of bcl-2 protects prostate cancer cells from apoptosis in vitro and confers resistance to androgen depletion in vivo. Cancer Res 1995;55:4438-4445.
99. Reed JC, Stein C, Subasinghe C, Haldar S, Croce C, Yum S, Cohen C: Antisense-mediated inhibition of BCL-2 protooncogene expression and leukemic cell growth and survival: Comparison of phosphodiester and phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides. Cancer Res 1990;50:6565-6570.
100. Dawson NA, Wilding G, Weiss RB, McLeod DG, Linehan WM, Frank JA, Jacob JL, Gelmann EP: A pilot study of chemohormonal therapy for metastatic prostate cancer. Cancer 1992;69: 213-218.
101. Mirchandani D, Zheng J, Miller GJ, Ghosh AK, Shibata DK, Cote RJ, Roy-Burman P: Heterogeneity in intratumor distribution of p53 mutations in human prostate cancer. Am J Pathol 1995;147:92-101.
102. Eastham JA, Stapleton AMF, Gousse AE, Timme TL, Yang G, Slawin KM, Wheeler TM, Scardino PT, Thompson TC: Association of p53 mutations with metastatic prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 1995;1:1111-1118.
103. Suzuki H, Komiya A, Aida A, Ito H, Yatani Y, Shimazaki J: Detection of human papillomavirus DNA and p53 gene mutations in human prostate cancer. Prostate 1996;28:318-324.
104. Brooks JD, Bora GS, Ewing CM, Piantadosi S, Carter BS, Robinson JC, Epstein JI, Isaacs WB: An uncertain role for p53 gene alterations in human prostate cancers. Cancer Res 1996;56: 3814-3822.
105. Miyashita T, Krajewski S, Krajewski M, Wang HG, Lin H-K, Hoffman B, Lieberman D, Reed JC: Tumor suppressor p53 is a regulator of Bcl-2 and bax gene expression in vitro and in vivo. Oncogene 1993;9:1799-1805.
106. Girinsky T, Koumenis C, Graeber TG, Peehl DM, Giaccia AJ: Attenuated response of p53 and p21 in primary cultures of human prostatic epithelial cells exposed to DNA-damaging agents. Cancer Res 1995;55:3726-3731.
107. Yang C, Cirielli C, Capogrossi MC, Psaanti A: Adenovirus-mediated wild-type p53 expression induces apoptosis and suppresses tumorigenesis of prostatic tumor cells. Cancer Res 1995;55:4210-4213.
108. Thomspon TC, Park SH, Timme TL, Ren C, Eastman JA, Donehower LA, Bradley A, Kadmon D, Yang G: Loss of p53 function leads to metastasis in ras+myc-initiated mouse prostate cancer. Oncogene 1995;10:869-879.
109. Eastman JA, Hall SJ, Sehgal I, Wang J, Timme TL, Yang G, Connell-Crowley L, Elledge SJ, Zhang W-W, Harper W, Thompson TC: In vivo gene therapy with p53-p21 adenovirus for prostate cancer. Cancer Res 1995;55:5151-5155.
110. Sinha BK, Yamazaki H, Eliot HM, Schneider E, Borner MM, O'Connor PM: Relationships between proto-oncogene expression and apoptosis induced by anticancer drugs in human prostate rumor cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1995;1270:12-18.
111. Voeller HJ, Wilding G, Gelmann EP: v-ras-H expression confers hormone-independent in vitro growth to LNCaP prostate carcinoma cells. Mol Endocrinol 1991;5:209-216.
112. Furuya Y, Lundmo P, Short AD, Gill DL, Isaacs JT: The role of calcium, pH, and cell proliferation in the programmed (apoptotic) death of androgen-independent prostatic cancer cells induced by thapsigargin. Cancer Res 1994;54:6167-6175.
113. Day ML, Zhao X, Wu S, Swanson PE, Humphrey PA: Phorbol ester-induced apoptosis is accompanied by NGFI-A and c-fos activation in androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cells. Cell Growth Differ 1994;5:735-741.
114. Young CYF, Murtha PE, Zhang J: Tumor-promoting phorbol ester-induced cell death and gene expression in a human prostate adenocarcinoma cell line. Oncol Res 1994;6:203-210.
115. Rusnak JM, Lazo JS: Downregulation of protein kinase C suppresses induction of apoptosis in human prostatic carcinoma cells. Exp Cell Res 1996;224:189-199.