Ras effectors and their role in mitogenesis and oncogenesis

Journal of Molecular Medicine

Volumn 75, Issue 8, 1997, Pages 587-593

  Joneson, Tom ^a   Bar Sagi, Dafna ^a,b  

^a STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cytoskeleton; Mitogenesis; Oncogene; Ras; Ras effectors

Indexed keywords

GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; RAF PROTEIN; RAS PROTEIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR;

CARCINOGENESIS; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; MITOGENESIS; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN INTERACTION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

1-PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3-KINASE; ACTINS; CYTOSKELETON; GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR; GTP PHOSPHOHYDROLASES; GTP-BINDING PROTEINS; GTPASE-ACTIVATING PROTEINS; MAP KINASE KINASE 1; MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES; MITOGENS; ONCOGENES; PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES; PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES; PROTEINS; PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-RAF; RAP GTP-BINDING PROTEINS; RAS GTPASE-ACTIVATING PROTEINS; RAS PROTEINS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 0030771387     PISSN: 09462716     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s001090050143     Document Type: Review

References (83)

1. Bar-Sagi D (1994) The SOS (Son of Sevenless) Protein. Trends Endocrinol 5:165-168
2. Barbacid M (1987) Ras genes. Ann Rev Biochem 56:779-827
3. Khosravi-Far R, Der CJ (1994) The Ras signal transduction pathway. Cancer Metastasis Rev 13:67-89
4. Bourne H, Sanders D, McCormick F (1991) The GTPase superfamily: conserved structure and molecular mechanism. Nature 349:117-127
5. Polakis P, McCormick F (1993) Structural requirements for the interaction of p21 ras with GAP, exchange factors, and its biological effector target. J Biol Chem 268:9157-60
6. Van Aelst L, Barr M, Marcus S, Polverino A, Wigler M (1993) Complex formation between RAS and RAF and other protein kinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:6213-6217
7. Vojtek A, Hollenberg S, Cooper J (1993) Mammalian Ras interacts directly with the serine/threonine kinase Raf. Cell 74: 205-214
8. Warne P, Viciana P, Downward J (1993) Direct interaction of Ras and the amino-terminal region of Rat-1 in vitro. Nature 36:352-355
9. Zhang et al (1993) Normal and oncogenic p21 ras proteins bind to the amino-terminal regulatory domain of c-Raf-1. Nature 364:308-313
10. Nassar N et al (1995) The 2.2 A crystal structure of the Ras-binding domain of the serine/threonine kinase c-Raf1 in complex with Rap1A and GTP analogue. Nature 375:554-560
11. Leevers SJ, Paterson HF, Marshall CJ (1994) Requirement for Ras in Raf activation is overcome by targeting Raf to the plasma membrane. Nature 369:411-414
12. Stokoe D, Macdonald SG, Cadwallader K, Symons M, Hancock JF (1994) Activation of Raf as a result of recruitment to the plasma membrane. Science 264:1463-1467
13. Marshall C (1994) MAP kinase kinase kinase, MAP kinase kinase and MAP kinase. Curr Opin Genet Devel 4:82-89
14. Gille H et al (1995) ERK phosphorylation potentiates Elk-1-mediated termary complex formation and transactivation. EMBO J 14:951-962
15. Mariais R, Wynne J, Treisman R (1993) The SRF accessory protein Elk-1 contains a grwoth factor-refualted transcriptional activation domain. Cell 73:391-393
16. Marshall MS (1995) Ras target proteins in eukaryotic cells. Faseb J 9:1311-1318
17. Mittal R, Ahmadian M, Goody R, Wittinghofer A (1996) Formation of a transition-state analog of the Ras GTPase reaction by Ras-GDP, tetrafluoroaluminate and GTPase-activating proteins. Science 273:115-117
18. Scheffzek K, Lautwein A, Kabsch W, Ahmadian M, Wittinghofer A (1996) Crystal structure of the GTPase-activating domain of human p120 GAP and implications for the interaction with Ras. Nature 384:591-596
19. Bollag G, McCormick F (1991) Regulators and effectors of ras proteins. Annu Rev Cell Biol 7:601-632
20. Lowy D, Willumsen B (1993) Function and regulation of Ras. Annu Rev Biochem 62:851-891
21. Medema R, DeLaat W, Martin G, McCormick F, Boss J (1992) GTPase-activating protein SH2-SH3 domains induce gene expression in a Ras-dependent fashion. Mol Cell Biol 12: 3425-3430
22. Settleman J, Albright C, Foster L, Weinberg R (1992) Association between GTPase activators for Rho and Ras families. Nature 153-154
23. Bryant S et al (1995) Two SH2 domains of p120 Ras GTPase-activating protein bind synergistically to tyrosine phosphorylated p190 Rho GTPase-activating protein. J Biol Chem 270: 17947-17952
24. McGlade J et al (1993) The N-terminal region of GAP regulates cytoskeletal structure and cell adhesion. EMBO J 12: 3073-3081
25. Kapeller R, Cantley L (1994) Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Bioessays 16:565-576
26. Rodriguez-Viciana P et al (1994) Phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase as a direct target of Ras. Nature 370:527-532
27. Kodaki T et al (1994) The activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase by Ras. Curr Biol 4:798-806
28. Nobes CD, Hawkins P, Stephens L, Hall A (1995) Activation of the small GTP-binding proteins rho and rac by growth factor receptors. J Cell Sci 108:225-233
29. Kotani K, Hara K, Kotani K, Yonezawa K, Kasuga M (1995) Phosphoinositide 3-kinase as an upstream reguator of the small GTP-binding protein Rac in the insulin signaling of membrane ruffling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 208:985-990
30. Franke TF et al (1995) The protein kinase encoded by the Akt proto-oncogene is a target of the PDGF-activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Cell 81:727-736
31. Kikuchi A, Demo S, Ye Z, Chen Y, Williams L (1994) ralGDS family members interact with the effector loop of ras p21. Mol Cell Biol 14:7483-7491
32. Hofer F, Fields S, Schneider C, Martin G (1994) Activated Ras interacts with the Ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:11089-11093
33. Jiang et al (1995) Involvement of Ral GTPase in v-Src-induced phospholipase D activation. Nature 378:409-412
34. Cantor S, Urano T, Feig L (1995) A putative effector of Ral has homology to Rho/Rac GTPase activating proteins. Oncogene 11:2349-2355
35. Jullien-Flores V et al (1995) Bridging Ral GTPase to Rho pathways. J Biol Chem 270:22473-22477
36. Urano T, Emkey R, Feig L (1996) Ral-GTPases mediate a distinct downstream signaling pathway from Ras that facilitates cellular transformation. EMBO J 15:810-816
37. Derijard et al (1994) JNK1: a protein kinase stimulated by UV light and Ha-Ras that binds andphohphorylates the c-jun activation domain. Cell 76:1025-1037
38. Minden A et al (1994) Differential activation of ERK and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinases by Raf-1 and MEKK. Science 266:1719-1723
39. Lange-Carter C, Johnson G (1994) Ras-dependent growth factor regulation of MEK kinase in PC12 cells. Science 265: 1458-1461
40. Hibi M, Lin A, Smeal T, Minden A, Karin M (1993) Identification of an oncoprotein-and UV-responsive protein kinase that binds and potentiates the c-Jun activation domain. Genes Devel 7:2135-2148
41. Yan M et al (1994) Activation of stress-activated protein kinase by MEKK1 phosphorylation of its activator SEK1. Nature 372:798-800
42. Russell M, Lange-Carter C, Johnson G (1995) Direct interaction between Ras and the kinase domain of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MEKK1). JBiol Chem 270: 11757-11560
43. Lange-Carter C, Pleiman C, Gardner A, Blumer K, Johnson G (1993) A divergence in the MAP kinase regulatory network defined by MEK kinase and Raf. Science 260:315-319
44. Xu S et al (1995) MEKK1 phosphorylates MEK1 and MEK2 but does not cause activation of mitogen-activated protein kianse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:6808-6812
45. 1. Science 268:1270-1272
46. Therrien M et al (1995) KSR, a novel protein kinase required for RAS signal transduction. Cell 83:879-888
47. Kornfeld D, Hom D, Horvitz H (1995) The ksr-1 gene encodes a novel protein kinase involved in Ras-mediated signaling in C. elegans. Cell 83:903-913
48. Sundaram M, Han M (1995) The C. elegans ksr-1 gene encodes a novel Raf-related kinase involved in Ras-mediated signal transduction. Cell 83:889-901
49. Downward J (1995) KSR: a novel player in the RAS pathway. Cell 83:831-834
50. Therrien M, Michaud N, Rubin G, Morrison D (1996) KSR modulates signal propagation within the MAPK cascade. Genes Devel 10:2683-2693
51. Bar-Sagi D, Keramisco JR (1986) Induction of membrane ruffling and fluid-phase pinocytosis in quiescent fibroblasts by ras proteins. Science 233:1061-1068
52. Ridley AJ, Paterson HF, Johnston C, Diekmann D, Hall A (1992) The small GTP-binding protein rac regulates growth factor-induced membrane ruffling. Cell 70:401-410
53. VanAelst L, Joneson T, Bar-Sagi D (1996) Identification of a novel Rac1-interacting protein involved in membrane ruffling. EMBO J 15:3778-3786
54. Nobes CD, Hall A (1995) Rho, Rac and Cdc42 GTPases regulate the assembly of multimolecular focal complexes associated with actin stress fibers. Lamellipodia, and Filopodia. Cell 81:53-62
55. Richardson A, Parsons T (1995) Signal transduction through integrins: a central role for focal adhesion kinase? Bioessays 17:229-236
56. Malik R, Parsons T (1996) Integrin-mediasted signaling in normal and malignant cells: a role of protein tyrosine kinases. Biochim Biophys Acta 1287:73-76
57. Juliano R (1994) Siganl transduction by integrins and its role in the regulation of tumor growth. Cancer Metastasis Rev 13: 25-30
58. Janmey P, Stossel T (1987) Modulation of gelsolin function by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. Nature 325:362-364
59. Lassing I, Lindberg U (1985) Specific interaction between phosphatidylinosityol 4,5-bisphosphate and profilactin. Nature 314:472-474
60. Chong L, Traynor-Kaplan A, Bokoch G, Schwartz M (1994) The small GTP-binding protein Rho regulates a phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase in mammalian cells. Cell 79: 507-513
61. Leung T, Chen, XQ, Manser E, Lim L (1996) The p160 RhoA-Binding kinase ROK alpha is a member of a kinase family and is involved in the reorganization of the cytoskeleton. Mol Cell Biol 16:5313-5327
62. Kintura K et al (1996) Regulation of myosin phosphatase by Rho and Rho-associated kinase (Rho-kinase). Science 12: 245-247
63. Price M, Rogers A, Treisman R (1995) Comparative analysis of the termary complex factors Elk-1, SAP-1a and SAP-2 (ERP/NET). EMBO J 14:2589-2601
64. Shore P, Sharrocks A (1995) The ETS-domain transcription factors ELK-1 and DAP-1 exhibit differential DNA binding specificities. Nucleic Acids Res 23:4698-4706
65. Hill CS, Wynne J, Treisman R (1995) The Rho family GTP-ases RhoA, Rac1 and CDC42Hs regulate transcriptional activation by SRF. Cell 81:1159-170
66. Richards J, Bachinger H, Doodman R, Brennan R (1996) Analysis of the structural properties of cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) and phosphorylated CREB. J Biol Chem 271:13716-13723
67. Xing J, Ginty D, Greenberg M (1996) Coupling of the RAS-MAPK pathway to gene activation by RSK2, a growth factor-regulated CREB kinase. Science 273:959-963
68. Marshall C (1996) Ras effectors. Curr Opin Cell Biol 8: 197-204
69. Sun H, Tonks N, Bar-Sagi D (1994) Inhibition of Ras-induced DNA synthesis by expression of the phosphatase MKP-1. Science 266:285-288
70. Cowley S, Paterson H, Kemp P, Marshall C (1994) Activation of MAP kinase kinase is necessary and sufficient for PC12 differentiation and for transformation of NIH 3T3 Cells. Cell 77: 841-852
71. Mansour S et al (1994) Transformation of mammalian cells by constitutively active MAP kinase kinase. Science 265:966-970
72. Qui R, McCormick F, Symons M (1995) The GTPase Rac1 controls cell proliferation and cooperates with the MAP kinase pathway in fibroblast transformation. Nature 374:457-459
73. Joneson T, White M, Wigler M, Bar-Sagi D (1996) Stimulation of membrane ruffling and MAP kinase activation by distinct effectors of RAS. Science 271:810-812
74. Oldmam S, Clark G, Gangarosa L, Coffey R, Der C (1996) Activation of the Raf-1/MAP kinase cascade is not sufficient for Ras transformation of RIE-1 epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:6924-6928
75. White MA et al (1995) Multiple Ras functions can contribute to mammalian cell transformation. Cell 80:533-541
76. Qiu R-G, Chen J, McMormick F, Symons M (1995) A role for Rho in Ras transformation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 11781-11785
77. Khosrovi-Far R, Solkki P, Clark G, Kinch M, Der C (1995) Activation of Rac1, RhoA, and mitogen-activated protein kinases is required for Ras transformation. Mol Cell Biol 15: 6443-6453
78. Ridley A (1994) Signal transduction through the GTP-binding proteins Rac and Rho. J Cell Sci 18:127-131
79. Minden A, Lin A, Claret, F-X, Abo A, Karin M (1995) Selective activation of the JNK signaling cascade and c-Jun transcriptional activity by the small GTPases Rac and Cdc42Hs. Cell 81:1147-1157
80. Joneson T, McDonough M, Bar-Sagi D, Van Aelst L (1996) Rac GTPase regulates actin polymerization and cell growth control independently of the JNK MAP kinase pathway. Science 274:1374-1376
81. Jiang W (1995) Membrane ruffling of cancer cells: a parameter of tumor cell motility and invasion. Eur J Surg Oncol 21: 307-309
82. Habets et al (1994) Identification of an invasion-inducing gene, Tiam-1, that encodes a protein with homology to GDP-GTP exchangers for Rho-proteins. Cell 77:537-549
83. Michiels F, Gaston GM, Habets JCS, Vander Kammen R, Collard J (1995) A role for Rac in Tiam1-induced membrane ruffling and invasion. Nature 375:338-340