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1842278559
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note
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The use of less expensive bis(phosphine) ligands, such as 1,2-bis-(diphenylphosphino)ethane, l,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane, and 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene, also prevents racemization in these reactions. However, the yields of coupled products are significantly lower due to poor conversion and an increase of side products which arise from β-hydride elimination from Pd(II)-amido complexes. See ref 7.
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22
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Overman has recently used our methodology to aid in the determination of the absolute configuration of an amino alcohol derivative. See: Calter, M.; Hollis, T. K.; Overman, L. E.; Ziller, J.; Zipp, G. G. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 1449-1456.
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1842360335
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note
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The addition of imine inhibits the coupling reaction; therefore, only 10 mol % imine was used.
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24
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2 does not undergo exchange with free butene in solution. See: Whitesides, G. M.; Gaasch, J. F.; Stedronsky, E. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 5258-5270.
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1842344699
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note
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For example, when 2-phenylpyrrolidine and 4-bromobiphenyl were coupled using 2 mol % Pd2(DBA)3, 4 mol % (±)-BINAP, and 1.4 equiv of NaOt-Bu in toluene at 70 °C, a mixture of 46% 2-phenyl-1-pyrroline, 36% biphenyl, and 18% N-(p-biphenyl)-2-phenylpyrrolidine was obtained as determined by GC analysis. The percentages were corrected for the response factors of each component of the mixture.
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