Glucose-stimulated genes and prospects of gene therapy for type I diabetes

Endocrine Reviews

Volumn 18, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 520-540

  Mitanchez, Delphine ^a   Doiron, Bruno ^a   Chen, Ruihuan ^a   Kahn, Axel ^a  

^a Institut Cochin   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GENE THERAPY; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PANCREAS ISLET TRANSPLANTATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

ANIMALS; BASE SEQUENCE; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENE THERAPY; GLUCOSE; HUMANS; INSULIN; ISLETS OF LANGERHANS TRANSPLANTATION; LIVER;

EID: 0030751585     PISSN: 0163769X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1210/er.18.4.520     Document Type: Review

References (226)

1. Goodridge AG 1987 Dietary regulation of gene expression: enzymes involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Annu Rev Nutr 7:157-185
2. Lemaigre FP, Rousseau GG 1994 Transcriptional control of genes that regulate glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in adult liver. Biochem J 303:1-14
3. Vaulont S, Kahn A 1994 Transcriptional control of metabolic regulation genes by carbohydrates. FASEB J 8:28-35
4. Atkinson MA, Maclaren NK 1994 The pathogenesis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 331:1428-1436
5. Asano T, Katagiri H, Tsukuda K, Lin JL, Ishihara H, Yazaki Y, Oka Y 1992 Upregulation of GLUT2 mRNA by glucose, mannose, and fructose in isolated rat hepatocytes. Diabetes 41:22-25
6. Postic C, Burcelin R, Rencurel F, Pegorier JP, Loizeau M, Girard J, Leturque A 1993 Evidence for a transient inhibitory effect of insulin on GLUT2 expression in the liver: studies in viiv and in vitro. Biochem J 293:119-124
7. Inagaki N, Yasuda K, Inoue G, Okamoto Y, Yano H, Someya Y, Ohmoto Y, Deguchi K, Imagawa K, Imura H, Seino Y 1992 Glucose as regulator of glucose transport activity and glucose-transporter mRNA in hamster beta-cell line. Diabetes 41:592-597
8. Yasuda K, Yamada Y, Inagaki N, Yano H, Okamoto Y, Tsuji K, Fukumoto H, Imura H, Seino S, Seino Y 1992 Expression of GLUT1 and GLUT2 glucose transporter isoforms in rat islets of Langerhans and their regulation by glucose. Diabetes 41:76-81
9. Chen L, Alam T, Johnson JH, Hughes S, Newgard CB, Unger RH 1990 Regulation of beta-cell glucose transporter gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:4088-4092
10. Ferrer J, Gomis R, Fernandez Alvarez J, Casamitjana R, Vilardell E 1993 Signals derived from glucose metabolism are required for glucose regulation of pancreatic islet GLUT2 mRNA and protein. Diabetes 42:1273-1280
11. Bonny C, Thompson N, Nicod P, Waeber G 1995 Pancreatic-specific expression of the glucose transporter type 2 gene: identification of cis-elements and islet-specific trans-acting factors. Mol Endocrinol 9:1413-1426
12. Rencurel F, Waeber G, Antoine B, Rocchiccioli F, Maulard P, Girard J, Leturque A 1996 Requirement of glucose metabolism for regulation of glucose transporter type 2 (GLUT2) gene expression in liver. Biochem J 314:903-909
13. Waeber G, Thompson N, Haefliger JA, Nicod P 1994 Characterization of the murine high Km glucose transporter GLUT2 gene and its transcriptional regulation by glucose in a differentiated insulin-secreting cell line. J Biol Chem 269:26912-9
14. Henquin JC, Gembal M, Detimary P, Gao ZY, Warnotte C, Gilon P 1994 Multisite control of insulin release by glucose. Diabete Metab 20:132-137
15. + channels in pancreatic B-cells. Nature 311:271-273
16. Guest P, Hutton J 1992 Biosynthesis of insulin secretory granule proteins. In: Flatt PR (t'd) Nutriment Regulation of Insulin Secretion. Portland Press Research Monograph, Coleraine, pp 59-82
17. Pipeleers DG, Marichal M, Malaisse WJ 1973 The stimulus-secretion coupling of glucose-induced insulin release. XIV. Glucose regulation of biosynthetic activity. Endocrinology 93:1001-1011
18. Maldonato A, Renold AE, Sharp GWG, Cerasi E 1977 Glucose-induced proinsulin biosynthesis: role of islet cyclic AMP. Diabetes 26:538-545
19. Pipeleers DG, Marichal M, Malaisse WJ 1973 The stimulus-secretion coupling of glucose-induced insulin release. XV. Participation of cations in the recognition of glucose by the beta-cell. Endocrinology 93:1012-1018
20. Itoh N, Okamoto H 1980 Translational control of proinsulin synthesis by glucose. Nature 283:100-102
21. 3H) leucine into insulin using isolated mammalian islets of Langherans. Biochim Biophvs Acta 130:519-521
22. Morris GE, Korner A 1970 The effect of glucose on insulin biosynthesis by isolated islets of Langherans in the rat. Biochim Biophys Acta 208:404-413
23. Lin BJ, Nagy BR, Haist RE 1972 Effect of various concentrations of glucose on insulin biosynthesis. Endocrinology 91:309-311
24. Ashcroft SJH, Bunce J, Lowry M, Hansen SE, Hedeskov CJ 1978 The effect of sugars on (pro)insulin biosynthesis. Biochem J 174: 517-526
25. Permutt MA, Kipnis DM 1972 On the mechanism of glucose stimulation. J Biol Chem 247:1194-1199
26. Docherty K, Clark AR 1994 Nutrient regulation of insulin gene expression. FASEB J 8:20-27
27. German MS, Moss LG, Rutter WJ 1990 Regulation of insulin gene expression by glucose and calcium in transfected primary islet cultures. J Biol Chem 265:22063-22066
28. Goodison S, Kenna S, Ashcroft SJ 1992 Control of insulin gene expression by glucose. Biochem J 285:563-568
29. German MS 1993 Glucose sensing in pancreatic islet beta cells: the key role of glucokinase and the glycolytic intermediates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:1781-1785
30. Seiden RE, Skoskiewicz MJ, Howie KB, Russell PS, Goodman HM 1986 Regulation of human insulin gene expression in transgenic mice. Nature 321:525-528
31. Bucchini D, Ripoche MA, Stinnakre MG, Desbois P, Lores P, Monthioux E, Absil J, Lepesant JA, Pictet R, Jami J 1986 Pancreatic expression of human insulin gene in transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:2511-2515
32. German M, Ashcroft S, Docherty K, Edlund H, Edlund T, Goodison S, Imura H, Kennedy G, Madsen O, Melloul D, Moss L, Oison K, Permutt MA, Philippe J, Robertson RP, Rutter WJ, Serup P, Stein R, Steiner D, Tsai M-J, Walker MD 1995 The insulin gene promoter. A simplified nomenclature. Diabetes 44:1002-1004
33. Edlund T, Walker MD, Barr PJ, Rutter WJ 1985 Cell-specific expression of the rat insulin gene: evidence for role of two distinct 5′ flanking elements. Science 230:912-916
34. Walker MD, Edlund T, Boulet AM, Rutter WJ 1983 Cell-specific expression controlled by the 5′-flanking region of insulin and chymotrypsin genes. Nature 306:557-561
35. Hanahan D 1985 Heritable formation of pancreatic beta-cell tumours in transgenic mice expressing recombinant insulin/simian virus 40 oncogenes. Nature 315:115-122
36. Efrat S, Surana M, Fleischer N 1991 Glucose induces insulin gene transcription in a murine pancreatic beta-cell line. J Biol Chem 266:11141-11143
37. Karlsson O, Edlund T, Moss JB, Rutter WJ, Walker MD 1987 A mutational analysis of the insulin gene transcription control region: expression in beta cells is dependent on two related sequences within the enhancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:8819-8823
38. Read ML, Clark AR, Docherty K 1993 The helix-loop-helix transcription factor USF (upstream stimulating factor) binds to a regulatory sequence of the human insulin gene enhancer. Biochem J 285:233-237
39. Whelan J, Cordle SR, Henderson E, Weil PA, Stein R 1990 Identification of a pancreatic beta-cell insulin gene transcription factor that binds to and appears to activate cell-type-specific expression: its possible relationship to other cellular factors that bind to a common insulin gene sequence. Mol Cell Biol 10:1564-1572
40. Benezra R, Davis RL, Lockshon D, Turner DL, Weintraub H 1990 The protein Id: a negative regulator of helix-loop-helix DNA binding proteins. Cell 61:49-59
41. Cordle SR, Henderson E, Masuoka H, Weil PA, Stein R 1991 Pancreatic beta-cell-type-specific transcription of the insulin gene is mediated by basic helix-loop-helix DNA-binding proteins. Mol Cell Biol 11:1734-1738
42. Nelson C, Shen LP, Meister A, Fodor E, Rutter WJ 1990 Pan: a transcriptional regulator that binds chymotrypsin, insulin, and AP-4 enhancer motifs. Genes Dev 4:1035-1043
43. German MS, Blanar MA, Nelson C, Moss LG, Rutter WJ 1991 Two related helix-loop-helix proteins participate in separate cell-specific complexes that bind the insulin enhancer. Mol Endocrinol 5:292-299
44. Peyton M, Moss LG, Tsai MJ 1994 Two distinct class A helixloop-helix transcription factors, E2A and BETA1, form separate DNA binding complexes on the insulin gene E box. J Biol Chem 269:25936-25941
45. Murre C, McCaw PS, Baltimore D 1989 A new DMA binding and dimerization motif in immunoglobulin enhancer binding, daughterless, MyoD, and myc proteins. Cell 56:777-783
46. Murre C, McCaw PS, Vaessin H, Caudy M, Jan LY, Jan YN, Cabrera CV, Buskin JN, Hauschka SD, Lassar AB, Weintraub H, Baltimore D 1989 Interactions between heterologous helix-loop-helix proteins generate complexes that bind specifically to a common DNA sequence. Cell 58:537-544
47. Park CW, Walker MD 1992 Subunit structure of cell-specific E box-binding proteins analyzed by quantitation of electrophoretic mobility shift. J Biol Chem 267:15642-15649
48. Robinson GL, Cordle SR, Henderson E, Weil PA, Teitelman G, Stein R 1994 Isolation and characterization of a novel transcription factor that binds to and activates insulin control element-mediated expression. Mol Cell Biol 14:6704-6714
49. Naya FJ, Stellrecht CM, Tsai MJ 1995 Tissue-specific regulation of the insulin gene by a novel basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor. Genes Dev 9:1009-1019
50. Karlsson O, Thor S, NorbergT, Ohlsson H, Edlund T 1990 Insulin gene enhancer binding protein Isl-1 is a member of a novel class of proteins containing both a homeo- and a Cys-His domain. Nature 344:879-882
51. German MS, Wang J, Chadwick RB, Rutter WJ 1992 Synergistic activation of the insulin gene by a LIM-homeo domain protein and a basic helix-loop-helix protein: building a functional insulin minienhancer complex. Genes Dev 6:2165-2176
52. Emens LA, Landers DW, Moss LG 1992 Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha is expressed in a hamster insulinoma line and transactivates the rat insulin I gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:7300-7304
53. Clark AR, Petersen HV, Read ML, Scott V, Michelsen BK, Docherty K 1993 Human insulin gene enhancer-binding proteins in pancreatic alpha and beta cell lines. FEBS Lett 329:139-143
54. Boam DS, Docherty K 1989 A tissue-specific nuclear factor binds to multiple sites in the human insulin-gene enhancer. Biochem J 264:233-239
55. Ohlsson H, Thor S, Edlund T 1991 Novel insulin promoter- and enhancer-binding proteins that discriminate between pancreatic alpha- and beta-cells. Mol Endocrinol 5:897-904
56. Ohlsson H, Karlsson K, Edlund T 1993 IPF1, a homeodomain-containing transactivator of the insulin gene. EMBO J 12:4251-4259
57. Leonard J, Peers B, Johnson T, Ferreri K, Lee S, Montminy MR 1993 Characterization of somatostatin transactivating factor-1, a novel homeobox factor that stimulates somatostatin expression in pancreatic islet cells. Mol Endocrinol 7:1275-1283
58. Petersen HV, Serup P, Leonard J, Michelsen BK, Madsen OD 1994 Transcriptional regulation of the human insulin gene is dependent on the homeodomain protein STF1/IPF1 acting through the CT boxes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:10465-10469
59. Serup P, Petersen HV, Pedersen EE, Edlund H, Leonard J, Petersen JS, Larsson LI, Madsen OD 1995 The homeodomain protein IPF-1 /STF-1 is expressed in a subset of islet cells and promotes rat insulin 1 gene expression dependent on an intact El helix-loop-helix factor binding site. Biochem J 310:997-1003
60. JonssonJ, CarlssonL, Edlund T, Edlund H 1994 Insulin-promoter- factor 1 is required for pancreas development in mice. Nature 371:606-609
61. MacFarlane WM, Read ML, Gilligan M, Bujalska I, Docherty K 1994 Glucose modulates the binding activity of the beta-cell transcription factor IUF1 in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Biochem J 303:625-631
62. German MS, Moss LG, Wang J, Rutter WJ 1992 The insulin and islet amyloid polypeptide genes contain similar cell-specific promoter elements that bind identical beta-cell nuclear complexes. Mol Cell Biol 12:1777-1788
63. Melloul D, Ben NY, Cerasi E 1993 Glucose modulates the binding of an islet-specific factor to a conserved sequence within the rat I and the human insulin promoters. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 3865-3869
64. Peers B, Leonard J, Sharma S, Teitelman G, Montminy MR 1994 Insulin expression in pancreatic islet cells relies on cooperative interactions between the helix loop helix factor E47 and the homeobox factor STF-1. Mol Endocrinol 8:1798-1806
65. German MS, Wang J 1994 The insulin gene contains multiple transcriptional elements that respond to glucose. Mol Cell Biol 14:4067-4075
66. Odagiri H, Wang J, German MS 1996 Function of the human insulin promoter in primary cultured islet cells. J Biol Chem 271: 1909-1915
67. Sharma A, Fusco-De Mane D, Henderson E, Efrat S, Stein R 1995 The role of the insulin control element and RIPE3b1 activators in glucose-stimulated transcription of the insulin gene. Mol Endocrinol 9:1468-1476
68. Sharma A, Stein R 1994 Glucose-induced transcription of the insulin gene is mediated by factors required for beta-cell-type-specific expression. Mol Cell Biol 14:871-879
69. Boam DS, Clark AR, Docherty K 1990 Positive and negative regulation of the human insulin gene by multiple trans-acting factors. J Biol Chem 265:8285-8296
70. Philippe J, Missotten M 1990 Functional characterization of a cAMP-responsive element of the rat insulin I gene. J Biol Chem 265:1465-1469
71. Pessin JE, Bell GI1992 Mammalian facilitative glucose transporter family: structure and molecular regulation. Annu Rev Physiol 54: 911-930
72. lynedjian PB, Gjinovci A, Renold AE 1988 Stimulation by insulin of glucokinase gene transcription in liver of diabetic rats. J Biol Chem 263:740-744
73. Magnuson MA 1992 Tissue-specific regulation of glucokinase gene expression. J Cell Biochem 48:115-121
74. Pilkis SJ, el-Maghrabi MR, Claus TH 1988 Hormonal regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycolysis. Annu Rev Biochem 57:755-783
75. Matsuda T, Noguchi T, Yamada K, Takenaka M, Tanaka T 1990 Regulation of the gene expression of glucokinase and L-type pyruvate kinase in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes by hormones and carbohydrates. J Biochem 108:778-784
76. Nouspikel T, lynedjian PB 1992 Insulin signalling and regulation of glucokinase gene expression in cultured hepatocytes. Eur J Biochem 210:365-373
77. Sibrowski W, Seitz HJ 1984 Rapid action of insulin and cyclic AMP in the regulation of functional messenger RNA coding for glucokinase in rat liver. J Biol Chem 259:343-346
78. Van Schaftingen E 1989 A protein from rat liver confers to glucokinase the property of being antagonistically regulated by fructose 6-phosphate and fructose 1-phosphate. Eur J Biochem 179:179-184
79. Van Schaftingen E, Vandercammen A 1989 Stimulation of glucose phosphorylation by fructose in isolated rat hepatocytes. Eur J Biochem 179:173-177
80. Detheux M, Vandekerckhove J, Van Schaftingen E 1994 Cloning and sequencing of rat liver cDNAs encoding the regulatory protein of glucokinase. FEBS Lett 339:312
81. Kletzien RF, Harris PK, Foellmi LA 1994 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase: a "housekeeping" enzyme subject to tissue-specific regulation by hormones, nutrients, and oxidant stress. FASEB J 8:174-181
82. Prostko CR, Fritz RS, Kletzien RF 1989 Nutritional regulation of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Transient activation of transcription, Biochem J 258:295-299
83. Miksicek RJ, Towle HC 1982 Changes in the rates of synthesis and messenger RNA levels of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases following induction by diet or thyroid hormone. J Biol Chem 257:11829-11835
84. Granner D, Pilkis S 1990 The genes of hepatic glucose metabolism. J Biol Chem 265:10173-10176
85. Pilkis SJ, Granner DK 1992 Molecular physiology of the regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycolysis. Annu Rev Physiol 54: 885-909
86. Katsurada A, Iritani N, Fukuda H, Noguchi T, Tanaka T 1987 Influence of diet on the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of malic enzyme induction in the rat liver. Eur J Biochem 168:487-491
87. Vaulont S, Munnich A, Decaux JF, Kahn A 1986 Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of L-type pyruvate kinase gene expression in rat liver. J Biol Chem 261:7621-7625
88. Meyer S, Hoppner W, Seitz HJ 1991 Transcriptional and post-transcriptional effects of glucose on liver phosphoenolpyruvate-carboxykinase gene expression. Eur J Biochem 202:985-991
89. Semenkovich CF, Coleman T, Goforth R 1993 Physiologic concentrations of glucose regulate fatty acid synthase activity in HepG2 cells by mediating fatty acid synthase mRNA stability. J Biol Chem 268:6961-6970
90. Back DW, Wilson SB, Morris SM, Goodridge AG 1986 Hormonal regulation of lipogenic enzymes in chick embryo hepatocytes in culture. Thyroid hormone and glucagon regulate malic enzyme mRNA level at post-transcriptional steps. J Biol Chem 261:12555-12561
91. Hod Y, Hanson RW 1988 Cyclic AMP stabilizes the mRNA for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) against degradation. J Biol Chem 263:7747-7752
92. Decaux JF, Marcillat O, Pichard AL, Henry J, Kahn A 1991 Glucose-dependent and -independent effect of insulin on gene expression. J Biol Chem 266:3432-3438
93. Decaux JF, Antoine B, Kahn A 1989 Regulation of the expression of the L-type pyruvate kinase gene in adult rat hepatocytes in primary culture. J Biol Chem 264:11584-11590
94. Lefrancois-Martinez AM, Diaz-Guerra MJ, Vallet V, Kahn A, Antoine B 1994 Glucose-dependent regulation of the L-pyruvate kinase gene in a hepatoma cell line is independent of insulin and cyclic AMP. FASEB J 8:89-96
95. Levrat F, Vallet V, Berbar T, Miquerol L, Kahn A, Antoine B 1993 Influence of the content in transcription factors on the phenotype of mouse hepatocyte-like cell lines (mhAT). Exp Cell Res 209:307-316
96. Antoine B, Levrat F, Vallet V, Berbar T, Cartier N, Dubois N, Briand P, Kahn A 1992 Gene expression in hepatocyte-like lines established by targeted carcinogenesis in transgenic mice. Exp Cell Res 200:175-185
97. Giffhorn-Katz S, Katz NR 1986 Carbohydrate-dependent induction of fatty acid synthase in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Eur J Biochem 159:513-518
98. Shih HM, Towle HC 1992 Definition of the carbohydrate response element of the rat S14 gene. Evidence for a common factor required for carbohydrate regulation of hepatic genes. J Biol Chem 267: 13222-13228
99. Doiron B, Cuif MH, Kahn A, Diaz-Guerra MJ 1994 Respective roles of glucose, fructose, and insulin in the regulation of the liver-specific pyruvate kinase gene promoter. J Biol Chem 269:10213-10216
100. Van Schaftingen E, Vandercammen A, Detheux M, Davies DR 1992 The regulatory protein of liver glucokinase. Adv Enzyme Regul 32:133-148
101. Van Schaftingen E, Davies DR 1991 Fructose administration stimulates glucose phosphorylation in the livers of anesthetized rats. FASEB J 5:326-330
102. Foufelle F, Gouhot B, Pegorier JP, Perdereau D, Girard J, Ferre P 1992 Glucose stimulation of lipogenic enzyme gene expression in cultured white adipose tissue. A role for glucose 6-phosphate. J Biol Chem 267:20543-20546
103. Marie S, Diaz-Guerra MJ, Miquerol L, Kahn A, lynedjian PB 1993 The pyruvate kinase gene as a model for studies of glucose-de- pendent regulation of gone expression in the endocrine pancreatic beta-cell type. J Biol Chem 268:23881-23890
104. Zabos P, Kyner D, Mendelsohn N, Schreiber C, Waxman S, Christman J, Acs G 1978 Catabolism of 2-deoxyglucose by phagocytic leukocytes in the presence of 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate. Proc Nat] Acad Sci USA 75:5422-5426
105. Jenkins AB, Furier SM, Kraegen EW 1986 2-deoxy-D-glucose metabolism in individual tissues of the rat in vivo. Int J Biochem 18:311-318
106. Dills Jr WL, Parsons PD, Westgate CL, Komplin NJ 1994 Assay, purification, and properties of bovine liver D-xylulokinase. Protein Expr Purif 5:259-265
107. Doiron B, Cuif M, Chen R, Kahn A 1996 Transcriptional glucose-signaling through the Glucose Response Element is mediated by the pentose phosphate pathway. J Biol Chem 271:5321-5324
108. Nishimura M, Fedorov S, Uyeda K 1994 Glucose-stimulated synthesis of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in rat liver. Dephosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate, 2-kinase:fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase and activation by a sugar phosphate. J Biol Chem 269:26100-26106
109. Nishimura M, Uyeda K 1995 Purification and characterization of a novel xylulose 5-phosphate-activated protein phosphatase catalyzing dephosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate,2-kinasc:fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase. J Biol Chem 270:26341-26346
110. Matschinsky FM 1996 Banting Lecture 1995. A lesson in metabolic regulation inspired by the glucokinase glucose sensor paradigm. Diabetes 45:223-241
111. De Vos A, Heimberg H, Quartier E, Huypens P, Bouwens L, Pipeleers D, Schuit F 1995 Human and rat beta cells differ in glucose transporter but not in glucokinase gene expression. J Clin Invest 96:2489-2495
112. Tal M, Liang Y, Najafi H, Lodish HF, Matschinsky FM 1992 Expression and function of GLUT-1 and GLUT-2 glucose transporter isoforms in cells of cultured rat pancreatic islets. J Biol Chem 267:17241-17247
113. Hughes SD, Quaade C, Johnson JH, Ferber S, Newgard CB 1993 Transfection of AtT-20ins cells with GLUT-2 but not GLUT-1 confers glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Relationship to glucose metabolism. J Biol Chem 268:15205-15212
114. Valera A, Solanes G, Fernandez-Alvarez J, Pujol A, Ferrer J, Asins G, Gomis R, Bosch F 1994 Expression of GLUT-2 antisense RNA in beta cells of transgenic mice leads to diabetes. J Biol Chem 269:28543-28546
115. Gould GW, Holman GD 1993 The glucose transporter family: structure, function and tissue-specific expression. Biochem J 295: 329-341
116. 115a.Antoine B, Lefrançois-Martinez AM, Le Guillou G, Leturque A, Wandewalle A, Kahn A 1997 Role of the GLUT2 glucose transporter in the response of the L-type pyruvate kinase gene to glucose in liver-derived cells. J Biol Chem, in press
117. Thompson KS, Towle HC 1991 Localization of the carbohydrate response element of the rat L-type pyruvate kinase gene. J Biol Chem 266:8679-8682
118. Cuif MH, Cognel M, Boquet D, Tremp G, Kahn A, Vaulont S 1992 Elements responsible for hormonal control and tissue specificity of L-type pyruvate kinase gene expression in transgenic mice. Mol Cell Biol 12:4852-4861
119. Vaulont S, Puzenat N, Kahn A, Raymondjean M 1989 Analysis by cell-free transcription of the liver-specific pyruvate kinase gene promoter. Mol Cell Biol 9:4409-4415
120. Vaulont S, Puzenat N, Levrat F, Cognet M, Kahn A, Raymondjean M 1989 Proteins binding to the liver-specific pyruvate kinase gene promoter. A unique combination of known factors. J Mol Biol 209:205-219
121. 119a.Yamada K, Tanaka T, Nogushi T 1997 Members of the nuclear factor 1 family and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 bind to overlapping sequences ot the L-II element on the rat pyruvate kinase L gene promoter and regulate its expression. Biochem J 324:917-925
122. Bergot MO, Diaz-Guerra MJ, Puzenat N, Raymondjean M, Kahn A 1992 Cis-regulation of the L-type pyruvate kinase gene promoter by glucose, insulin and cyclic AMP. Nucleic Acids Res 20:1871-1877
123. Diaz Guerra MJ, Bergot MO, Martinez A, Cuif MH, Kahn A, Raymondjean M 1993 Functional characterization of the L-type pyruvatc kinase gene glucose response complex. Mol Cell Biol 13:7723-7733
124. Liu Z, Thompson KS, Towle HC 1993 Carbohydrate regulation of the rat L-type pyruvate kinase gene requires two nuclear factors: LF-AI and a member of the c-myc family. J Biol Chem 268:12787-12795
125. Cuif MH, Porteu A, Kahn A, Vaulont S 1993 Exploration of a liver-specific, glucose/insulin-responsive promoter in transgenic mice. J Biol Chem 268:13769-13772
126. Miquerol L, Cluzeaud F, Porteu A, Alexandre Y, Vandewalle A, Kahn A 1996 Tissue specificity of L-pyruvate kinase transgenes results from the combinatorial effect of proximal promoter and distal activator regions. Gene Expr 5:315-330
127. Shih HM, Liu Z, Towle HC 1995 Two CACGTG motifs with proper spacing dictate the carbohydrate regulation of hepatic gene transcription. J Biol Chem 270:21991-21997
128. 125a.Kaytor EN, Shih HM, Towle HC 1997 Carbohydrate regulation of hepatic gene expression. Evidence against a role tor the upstream stimulatory factor. J Biol Chem 272:7525-7531
129. Daniel S, Kim KH 1996 Spl mediates glucose activation of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase promoter. J Biol Chem 271:1385-1392
130. Baxevanis AD, Vinson CR 1993 Interactions of coiled coils in transcription factors: where is the specificity? Curr Opin Genet Dev 3:278-285
131. Beckmann H, Kadesch T 1991 The leucine zipper of TFE3 dictates helix-loop-helix dimcrization specificity. Genes Dev 5:1057-1066
132. Blackwood EM, Eisenman RN 1991 Max: a helix-loop-helix zipper protein that forms a sequence-specific DN A-binding complex with Myc. Science 251:1211-1217
133. Fisher DE, Carr CS, Parent LA, Sharp PA 1991 TFEB has DNAbinding and oligomerixation properties of a unique helix-loop-helix/leucine-zipper family. Genes Dev 5:2342-2352
134. Blanar MA, Rutter WJ 1992 Interaction cloning: identification of a helix-loop-helix zipper protein that interacts with c-Fos. Science 256:1014-1018
135. Sirito M, Lin Q, Maity T, Sawadogo M 1994 Ubiquitous expression of the 43- and 44-κDa forms of transcription factor USF in mammalian cells. Nucleic Acids Res 22:427-433
136. Sirito M, Walker S, Lin Q, Kozlowski MT, Klein WH, Sawadogo M 1992 Members of the USF family of helix-loop-helix proteins bind DNA as homo- as well as heterodimers. Gene Expr 2:231-40
137. Gregor PD, Sawadogo M, Roeder RG 1990 The adenovirus major late transcription factor USF is a member of the helix-loop-helix group or regulatory proteins and binds to DNA as a dimcr. Genes Dev 4:1730-1740
138. Viollet B, Lefrancois-Martinez AM, Hertrion A, Kahn A, Raymondjean M, Martinez A 1996 Immunoehemical characterization and transacting properties of upstream stimulatory factor isoforms. J Biol Chem 271:1405-1415
139. Cai M, Davis RW 1990 Yeast centromere binding protein CBF1, of the helix-loop-helix protein family, is required for chromosome stability and methionine prototrophy. Cell 61:437-446
140. Hunter T, Karin M 1992 The regulation of transcription by phosphorylalion. Cell 70:375-387
141. Pognonec P, Kato H, Roeder RG 1992 The helix-loop-helix / leucine repeat transcription factor USF can be functionally regulated in a redox-depenclent manner. J Biol Chem 267:24563-24567
142. Keleher CA, Redd MJ, Schultz J, Carlson M, Johnson AD 1992 Ssn6-Tupl is a general repressor of transcription in yeast. Cell 68:709-719
143. Lefrancois-Martinez AM, Martinez A, Antoine B, Raymond jean M, Kahn A 1995 Upstream stimulatory factor proteins are major components of the glucose response complex of the L-type pyruvate kinase gene promoter. J Biol Chem 270:2640-2643
144. 14()a. Vallet VS, Henrion AA, Bucchini D, Casado M, Raymondjean M, Kahn A, Vaulont S 1997 Glucose-dependent liver gene expression in USF2- / - mice. J Biol Chem, in press
145. Riccio A, Pedone PV, Lund LR, Olesen T, Olsen HS, Andreasen PA 1992 Transforming growth factor beta 1-responsive element: closely associated binding sites for USF and CCAAT-binding transcription factor-nuclear factor I in the type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor gene. Mol Cell Biol 12:1846-1855
146. Nitsch D, Schutz G 1993 The distal enhancer implicated in the developmental regulation of the tyrosine aminotransferase gene is bound by liver-specific and ubiquitous factors. Mol Cell Biol 13: 4494-4504
147. Lucas PC, O'Brien RM, Mitcheu JA, Davis CM, Imai E, Forman BM, Samuels HH, Granner DK 1991 A retinoic acid response element is part of a pleiotropic domain in the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:2184-2188
148. 143a.Viollet B, Kahn A, Raymondjean M 1997 PKA-dependent phosphorylation modulates DNA-binding activity of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4. Mol Cell Biol, in press
149. Daniel S, Zhang S, De PRA, Kim KH 1996 Dephosphorylation of Sp1 by protein phosphatase 1 is involved in the glucose-mediated activation of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase gene. J Biol Chem 271: 14692-14697
150. The Diabetes Control, Complications Trial Research Group 1993 The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 329:977-986
151. Remuzzi G, Ruggenenti P, Mauer SM 1994 Pancreas and kidney/ pancreas transplants: experimental medicine or real improvement? Lancet 343:27-31
152. Groth CG, Korsgren O, Tibell A, Tollemar J, Moller E, Bolinder J, Ostman J, Reinholt FP, Hellerstrom C, Andersson A 1994 Transplantation of porcine fetal pancreas to diabetic patients. Lancet 344:1402-1404
153. Korbutt GS, Ao Z, Warnock GL, Rajotte RV 1995 Large-scale isolation of viable porcine neonatal islet cell (NIC) aggregates. Transplant Proc 27:3267
154. Lau HT, Vu M, Fontana A, Stoeckert CJ 1996 Prevention of islet allograft rejection with engineered myoblasts expressing FasL in mice. Science 273:109-112
155. Santerre RF, Cook R A, Crisel RM, Sharp JD, Schmidt RJ, Williams DC, Wilson CP 1981 Insulin synthesis in a clonal cell line of simian virus 40-transformed hamster pancreatic beta cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:4339-4343
156. Gazdar AF, Chick WL, Oie HK, Sims HL, King DL, Weir GC, Lauris V 1980 Continuous, clonal, insulin- and somatostatinsecreting cell lines established from a transplantable rat islet cell tumor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77:3519-3523
157. Chick WL, Warren S, Chute RN, Like AA, Lauris V, Kitchen KC 1977 A transplantable insulinoma in the rat. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 74:628-632
158. Miyazaki J, Araki K, Yamato E, Ikegami H, Asano T, Shibasaki Y, Oka Y, Yamamura K 1990 Establishment of a pancreatic beta cell line that retains glucose-inducible insulin secretion: special reference to expression of glucose transporter isoforms. Endocrinology 127:126-132
159. Efrat S, Linde S, Kofod H, Spector D, Delannoy M, Grant S, Hanahan D, Baekkeskov S 1988 Beta-cell lines derived from transgenic mice expressing a hybrid insulin gene-oncogene. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 85:9037-9041
160. Ferber S, BeltrandelRio H, Johnson JH, Noel RJ, Cassidy LE, Clark S, Becker TC, Hughes SD, Newgard CB 1994 GLUT-2 gene transfer into insulinoma cells confers both low and high affinity glucose-stimulated insulin release. Relationship to glucokinase activity. I Biol Chem 269:11523-11529
161. Efrat S, Leiser M, Surana M, Tal M, Fusco DD, Fleischer N 1993 Murine insulinoma cell line with normal glucose-regulated insulin secretion. Diabetes 42:901-907
162. Maki T, Lodge JP, Carretta M, Ohzato H, Borland KM, Sullivan SJ, Staruk J, Muller TE, Solomon BA, Chick WL, Monaco AP 1993 Treatment of severe diabetes mellitus for more than one year using a vascularized hybrid artificial pancreas. Transplantation 55:713-717
163. Sullivan SJ, Maki T, Borland KM, Mahoney MD, Solomon BA, Muller TE, Monaco AP, Chick WL 1991 Biohybrid artificial pancreas: long-term implantation studies in diabetic, pancreatectomized dogs. Science 252:718-721
164. Maki T, Otsu I, O'Neil JJ, Dunleavy K, Mullon CJ, Solomon BA, Monaco AP 1996 Treatment of diabetes by xenogeneic islets without immunosuppression. Use of a vascularized bioartificial pancreas. Diabetes 45:342-347
165. Lacy PE, Hegre OD, Gerasimidi VA, Gentile FT, Dionne KE 1991 Maintenance of normoglycemia in diabetic mice by subcutaneous xenografts of encapsulated islets. Science 254:1782-1784
166. Lanza RP, Borland KM, Lodge P, Carretta M, Sullivan SJ, Muller TE, Solomon BA, Maki T, Monaco AP, Chick WL 1992 Treatment of severely diabetic pancreatectomized dogs using a diffusionbased hybrid pancreas. Diabetes 41:886-889
167. Revers RR, Henry R, Schmeiser L, Kolterman O, Cohen R, Bergenstal R, Polonsky K, Jaspan J, Rubenstein A, Frank B, Galloway JF, Olefsky JM 1984 The effects of biosynthetic human proinsulin on carbohydrate metabolism. Diabetes 33:762-770
168. Revers RR, Henry R, Schmeiser L, Kolterman O, Cohen R, Rubenstein A, Frank B, Galloway J, Olefsky JM 1984 Biosynthetic human insulin and proinsulin have additive but not synergistic effects on total body glucose disposal. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 58:1094-1098
169. Davidson HW, Rhodes CJ, Hutton JC 1988 Intraorganellar calcium and pH control proinsulin cleavage in the pancreatic beta cell via two distinct site-specific endopeptidases. Nature 333:93-96
170. Smeekens SP, Montag AG, Thomas G, Albiges RC, Carroll R, Benig M, Phillips LA, Martin S, Ohagi S, Gardner P, Hewson HS, Steinert DF 1992 Proinsulin processing by the subtilisin-related proprotein convertases furin, PC2, and PC3. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:8822-8826
171. Roe MW, Lancaster ME, Mertz RJ, Worley III JF, Dukes ID 1993 Voltage-dependent intracellular calcium release from mouse islets stimulated by glucose. J Biol Chem 268:9953-9956
172. Prentki M, Matschinsky FM 1987 Ca2+, cAMP,and phospholipid-derived messengers in coupling mechanisms of insulin secretion. Physiol Rev 67:1185-1248
173. Wollheim CB, Sharp GW 1981 Regulation of insulin release by calcium. Physiol Rev 61:914-973
174. Moore HP, Walker MD, Lee F, Kelly RB 1983 Expressing a human proinsulin cDNA in a mouse ACTH-secreting cell. Intracellular storage, proteolytic
175. Smeekens SP, Avruch AS, LaMendola J, Chan SJ, Steiner DF 1991 Identification of a cDNA encoding a second putative prohormone convertase related to PC2 in AtT20 cells and islets of Langerhans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:340-344
176. Bennett DL, Bailyes EM, Nielsen E, Guest PC, Rutherford NG, Arden SD, Hutton JC 1992 Identification of the type 2 proinsulin processing endopeptidase as PC2, a member of the eukaryote subtilisin family. J Biol Chem 267:15229-15236
177. Luini A, Lewis D, Guild S, Corda D, Axelrod J 1985 Hormone secretagogues increase cytosolic calcium by increasing cAMP in corticotropin-secreting cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:8034-8038
178. Hughes SD, Johnson JH, Quaade C, Newgard CB 1992 Engineering of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and biosynthesis in non-islet cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:688-692
179. Newgard CB 1992 Cellular engineering for the treatment of metabolic disorders: prospects for therapy in diabetes. Biotechnology 10:1112-1120
180. Newgard CB 1994 Cellular engineering and gene therapy strategies for insulin replacement in diabetes. Diabetes 43:341-350
181. Becker TC, Noel RJ, Johnson JH, Lynch RM, Hirose H, Tokuyama Y, Bell GI, Newgard CB 1996 Differential effects of overexpressed glucokinase and hexokinase I in isolated islets. Evidence for functional segregation of the high and low Km enzymes. J Biol Chem 271:390-394
182. Epstein PN, Boschero AC, Atwater I, Cai X, Overbeek PA 1992 Expression of yeast hexokinase in pancreatic b-cells of transgenic mice reduces blood glucose, enhances insulin secretion, and decreases diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 89:12038-12042
183. Becker TC, BeltrandelRio H, Noel RJ, Johnson JH, Newgard CB 1994 Overexprcssion of hexokinase I in isolated islets of Langer-hans via recombinant adenovirus. Enhancement of glucose metabolism and insulin secretion at basal but not stimulatory glucose fevels. J Biol Chem 269:21234-21238
184. Friedmann T 1989 Progress toward human gene therapy. Science 244:1275-1281
185. Scharfmann R, Axelrod JH, Verma IM 1991 Long-term in vivo expression of retrovirus-mediated gene transfer in mouse fibroblast implants. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 88:4626-4630
186. VollenweiderF, Irminger JC, Gross DJ, Villa KL, Halban PA 1992 Processing of proinsulin by transfected hepatoma (PAO) cells. J Biol Chem 267:14629-14636
187. Valera A, Fillat C, Costa C, Sabater J, Visa J, Pujol A, Bosch F1994 Regulated expression of human insulin in the liver of transgenic mice corrects diabetic alterations. FASEB J 8:440-447
188. O'Brien RM, Lucas PC, Forest CD, Magnuson MA, Granner DK 1990 Identification of a sequence in the PEPCK gene that mediates a negative effect of insulin on transcription. Science 249:533-537
189. Liu JS, Park EA, Gurney AL, Roesler WJ, Hanson RW 1991 Cyclic AMP induction of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) gene transcription is mediated by multiple promoter elements. J Biol Chem 266:19095-19102
190. Inagaki N, Maekawa T, Sudo T, Ishii S, Seino Y, Imura H 1992 c-Jun represses the human insulin promoter activity that depends on multiple cAMP response elements. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:1045-1049
191. Kelly RB 1985 Pathways of protein secretion in eukaryotes. Science 230:25-32
192. Groskreutz DJ, Sliwkowski MX, German CM 1994 Genetically engineered proinsulin constitutively processed and secreted as mature, active insulin. J Biol Chum 269:6241-6245
193. Gregori C, Ginot F, Decaux JF, Weber A, Berbar T, Kahn A, Pichard AL 1991 Expression of the rat aldolase B gene: a liverspecific proximal promoter and an intronic activator. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 176:722-729
194. Sabourin JC, Kern AS, Gregori C, Porteu A, Cywiner C, Chatelet FP, Kahn A, Pichard AL 1996 An intronic enhancer essential for tissue-specific expression of the aldolase B transgenes. J Biol Chem 271:3469-3473
195. Ferre T, Pujol A, Riu E, Bosch F, Valera A 1996 Correction of diabetic alterations by glucokinase. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 93: 7225-7230
196. Crystal RG 1995 Transfer of genes to humans: early lessons and obstacles to success. Science 270:404-410
197. Tripathy SK, Black HB, Goldwasser E, Leiden JM 1996 Immune responses to transgene-encoded proteins limit the stability of gene expression after injection of replication -defective adenovirus vectors. Nat Med 2:545-550
198. Burns JC, Friedmann T, Driever W, Burrascano M, Yee JK 1993 Vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein pseudotyped retroviral vectors: concentration to very high titer and efficient gene transfer into mammalian and nonmammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:8033-8037
199. Yee JK, Miyanohara A, La Porte P, Bouic K, Burns JC, Friedmann T 1994 A general method for the generation of high-titer, pantropic retroviral vectors: highly efficient infection of primary hepatocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:9564-9568
200. Naldini L, Blömer U, Gallay P, Ory D, Mulligan R, Gage FH, Verma IM, Trono D 1996 In vivo gene delivery and stable transduction of nondividing cells by a lentiviral vector. Science 272: 263-267
201. Grossman M, Wilson JM 1993 Retroviruses: delivery vehicle to the liver. Curr Opin Genet Dev 3:110-114
202. Grossman M, Raper SE, Kozarsky K, Stein EA, Engelhardt JF, Muller D, Lupien PJ, Wilson JM 1994 Successful ex vivo gene therapy directed to liver in a patient with familial hypercholester-olaemia. Nat Genet 6:335-341
203. Grossman M, Rader DJ, Muller DW, Kolansky DM, Kozarsky K, Clark BR, Stein EA, Lupien PJ, Brewer HJ, Raper SE, Wilson JM 1995 A pilot study of ex vivo gene therapy for homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. Nat Med 1:1148-1154
204. Kolodka TM, Finegold M, Kay MA, Woo SL 1993 Hepatic gene therapy: efficient retroviral-mediated gene transfer into rat hepatocytes in vivo. Somat Cell Mol Genet 19:491-497
205. Kolodka TM, Finegold M, Moss L, Woo SL 1995 Gene therapy for diabetes mellitus in rats by hepatic expression of insulin. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 92:3293-3297
206. Pages JC, Andreoletti M, Bennoun M, Vons C, Elcheroth J, Lehn P, Houssin D, Chapman J, Briand P, Benarous R, Franco D, Weber A 1995 Efficient retroviral-mediated gene transfer into primary culture of murine and human hepatocytes: expression of the LDL receptor. Hum Gene Ther 6:21-30
207. Overturf K, AI DM, Tanguay R, Brantly M, Ou CN, Finegold M, Grompe M 1996 Hepatocytes corrected by gene therapy are selected in vivo in a murine model of hereditary tyrosinaemia type I. Nat Genet 12:266-273
208. Wilson JM 1996 Round two for liver gene therapy. Nat Genet 12:232-3
209. Chen R, Doiron B, Kahn A 1995 Glucose responsiveness of a reporter gene transduced into hepatocytic cells using a retroviral vector. FEES Lett 365:223-226
210. lynedjian PB, Jotterand D, Nouspikel T, Asfari M, Pilot PR 1989 Transcriptional induction of glucokinase gene by insulin in cultured liver cells and its repression by the glucagon-cAMP system. J Biol Chem 264:21824-21829
211. Rongnoparut P, Verdon CP, Gehnrich SC, Sul HS 1991 Isolation and characterization of the transcriptionally regulated mouse liver (B-type) phosphofructokinase gene and its promoter. J Biol Chem 266:8086-8091
212. Espinet C, Vargas AM, el-Maghrabi MR, Lange AJ, Pilkis SJ 1993 Expression of the liver 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase mRNA in FAO-1 cells. Biochem J 293:173-179
213. Cifuentes ME, Espinet C, Lange AJ, Pilkis SJ, Hod Y 1991 Hormonal control of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase / fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase gene expression in rat hepatoma cells. J Biol Chem 266:1557-1563
214. Lemaigre FP, Lause P, Rousseau GG 1994 Insulin inhibits glucocorticoid-induced stimulation of liver 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase gene transcription. FEBS Lett 340:221-225
215. Nasrin N, Ercolani L, Denaro M, Kong XF, Rang I, Alexander M 1990 An insulin response element in the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene binds a nuclear protein induced by insulin in cultured cells and by nutritional manipulations in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 87:5273-5277
216. Fukuda H, Katsurada A, Iritani N 1992 Effects of nutrients and hormones on gene expression of ATP citrate-lyase in rat liver. Eur J Biochem 209:217-222
217. Fukuda H, Iritani N, Katsurada A, Noguchi T 1996 Insulin- and polyunsaturated fatty acid-responsive region(s) of rat ATP citrate lyase gene promoter. FEBS Lett 380:204-207
218. Brun T, Roche E, Kim KH, Prentki M 1993 Glucose regulates acetyl-CoA carboxylase gene expression in a pancreatic beta-cell line (INS-1). J Biol Chem 268:18905-18911
219. Hutchison JS, Winberry L, Nakayama R, Holten D 1984 Kinetics for changes in enzyme synthesis and mRNA content and hormones required for induction of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in hepatocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta 781:30-38
220. Ma XJ, Salati LM, Ash SE, Mitchell DA, Klautky SA, Fantozzi DA, Goodridge AG 1990 Nutritional regulation and tissue-specific expression of the malic enzyme gene in the chicken. Transcriptional control and chromatin structure. J Biol Chem 265:18435-18441
221. Suzuki H, Kawarabayasi Y, Kondo J, Abe T, Nishikawa K, Kimura S, Hashimoto T, Yamamoto T 1990 Structure and regulation of rat long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase. ] Biol Chem 265:8681-8685
222. Shin DH, Paulauskis JD, Moustaid N, Sut HS 1991 Transcriptional regulation of p90 with sequence homology to Eschcrichia col: glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase. J Biol Chem 266:23834-23839
223. StrobI W, Gorder NL, Fienup G A, Lin-Lee YC, Gotto Jr AM, Patsch W 1989 Effect of sucrose diet on apolipoprotein biosynthesis in rat liver. Increase in apolipoprotein E gene transcription. J Biol Chem 264:1190-1194
224. Ntambi JM 1992 Dietary regulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 gene expression in mouse liver. J Biol Chem 267:10925-10930
225. Jump DB, Bell A, Lepar G, Hu D 1990 Insulin rapidly induces rat liver S14 gene transcription. Mol Endocrinol 4:1655-1660
226. Jump DB, Bell A, Santiago V 1990 Thyroid hormone and dietary carbohydrate interact to regulate rat liver S14 gene transcription and chromatin structure. J Biol Chem 265:3474-3478