Salt: A perpetrator of hypertensive target organ disease?

Archives of Internal Medicine

Volumn 157, Issue 21, 1997, Pages 2449-2452

  Messerli, Franz H ^a,d   Schmieder, Roland E ^b   Weir, Matthew R ^c  

^a OCHSNER MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ERLANGEN NUREMBERG   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d OCHSNER CLINIC FOUNDATION   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BLOOD PRESSURE; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FUNCTION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEINURIA; REVIEW; SALT INTAKE; SODIUM EXCRETION; SODIUM INTAKE;

EID: 0030713022     PISSN: 00039926     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/archinte.157.21.2449     Document Type: Review

References (48)

1. Midgley JP, Matthew AG, Greenwood CM, Logan AG. Effect of reduced dietary sodium on blood pressure. JAMA. 1996;275:1590-1597.
2. Elliott P, Stamler J, Nichols R, Intersalt Cooperative Research Group, et al. Intersalt revisited: further analyses of 24 hour sodium excretion and blood pressure within and across populations. BMJ. 1996;312:1249-1253.
3. Antonios TFT, MacGregor GA. Salt: more adverse effects. Lancet. 1996;348:250-251.
4. Godlee F. The food industry fights for salt. BMJ. 1996;312:1239-1240.
5. Luft FC. Salt and hypertension: where things stand. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1995;10:1524-1525.
6. Intersalt Cooperative Research Group. Intersalt: an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure. BMJ. 1988;297:319-328.
7. Burt VL, Whelton P, Roccella EJ, et al. Prevalence of hypertension in the US adult population: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1991. Hypertension. 1995;25:305-313.
8. Hofman A, Hazebroek A, Valkenburg HA. A randomized trial of sodium intake and blood pressure in newborn infants. JAMA. 1983;250:370-373.
9. Forte JG, Miguel JM, Miguel MJ, de Padua F, Rose G. Salt and blood pressure: a community trial. J Hum Hypertens. 1989;3:179-184.
10. Poulter NR, Khaw KT, Hopwood BE, et al. The Kenyan Luo migration study: observations on the Initiation of a rise in blood pressure. BMJ. 1990;300:967-972.
11. Denton D, Weisinger R, Mundy NI, et al. The effect of increased salt Intake on blood pressure of chimpanzees. Nat Med. 1995;1:1009-1016.
12. Daniels SD, Meyer RA, Loggie JM. Determinants of cardiac involvement in children and adolescents with essential hypertension. Circulation. 1990;82:1243-1248.
13. Schmieder RE, Messerli FH, Garavaglia GE, Nunez BD. Dietary salt intake: a determinant of cardiac involvement in essential hypertension. Circulation. 1988;78:951-956.
14. du Cailar G, Ribstein J, Grolleau R, Mimran A. Influence of sodium intake on left ventricular struc- ture in untreated essential hypertensives. J Hypertens. 1989;7(suppl 6):S258-S259.
15. Schmieder RE, Grube E, Impelmann V, Ruddel H, Schulte W. Determinants of myocardial hypertrophy in mild essential hypertension: impact of dietary salt Intake on left ventricular hypertrophy. Z Kardiol. 1990;79:557-564.
16. du Cailar G, Ribstein J, Daures J-P, Mimran A. Sodium and left ventricular mass in untreated hypertensive and normotensive subjects. Am J Physiol. 1992;263;H177-H181.
17. Liebson PR, Grandits G, Prineas R, et al. Echocardiographic correlates of left ventricular structure among 844 mildly hypertensive men and women in the Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS). Circulation. 1993;87:476-486.
18. Kupari M, Koskinen P, Virolainen J. Correlates of left ventricular mass in a population sample aged 36 to 37 years: focus on lifestyle and salt intake. Circulation. 1994;89:1041-1050.
19. Gerdts E, Myking OL, Omvik P. Factors influencing left ventricular mass in hypertensive type-1 diabetic patients. Am J Hypertens. 1996;9:65A. Abstract.
20. Schmieder RE, Langenfeld MRW, Friedrich A, Schobel HP, Gatza CD, Weihprecht H. Angiotensin II related to sodium excretion modulates left ventricular structure in human essential hypertension. Circulation. 1996;94:1304-1309.
21. Jula AM, Karanko HM. Effects on left ventricular hypertrophy of long-term nonpharmacological treatment with sodium restriction in mild-to-moderate essential hypertension. Circulation. 1994;89:1023-1031.
22. Liebson PR, Grandits GA, Dianzumba S, et al. Comparison of five antihypertensive monotherapies and placebo for change in left ventricular mass in patients receiving nutritional-hygienic therapy in the Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS). Circulation. 1995;91:698-706.
23. Kannel WB, Gordon T, Castelli WP, Margolis JR. Electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy and risk of coronary heart disease. Ann Intern Med. 1970;72:813-822.
24. Levy D, Garrison RJ, Savage DD, Kannel WB, Castelli WP. Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Heart Study. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:1561-1566.
25. Langenfeld MRW, Schmieder RE, Schobel HP, Friedrich A. Dietary salt intake and left ventricular diastolic function in early essential hypertension. Presented at the International Society of Hypertension; June 1996; Glasgow, Scotland.
26. Mimram A, Ribstein J, du Cailar G, Halimi J-M. Albuminuria in normals and essential hypertension. J Diabetes Complications. 1994;8:150-156.
27. Campese VM, Parise M, Karubian F, Bigazzi R. Abnormal renal hemodynamics in black salt-sensitive patients with hypertension. Hypertension. 1991;18:805-812.
28. Weir MR, Dengel DR, Behrens MT, Goldberg AP. Salt-Induced increases in systolic blood pressure affect renal hemodynamics and proteinuria. Hypertension. 1995;25:1339-1344.
29. van Paassen P, de Zeeuw D, Navis G, de Jong PE. Does the renin-angiotensin system determine the renal and systemic hemodynamic response to sodium in patients with essential hypertension? Hypertension. 1996;27:202-208.
30. Barba G, Cappuccio FP, Russo L, Stinga F, Iacone R, Strazzullo P. Renal function and blood pressure response to dietary salt restriction in nor- motensive men. Hypertension. 1996;27:1160-1164.
31. Mallamaci F, Leonardis D, Bellizzi V, Zoccali C. Does high salt intake cause hyperfiltration in patients with essential hypertension? J Hum Hypertens. 1996;10:157-161.
32. Dengel DR, Goldberg AP, Mayuga RS, Kairis GM, Weir MR. Insulin resistance, elevated glomerular filtration fraction, and renal injury. Hypertension. 1996;28:127-132.
33. Bigazzi R, Bianchi S, Baldari D, Sgherri G, Baldari G, Campese VM. Microalbuminuria in salt-sensitive patients: a marker for renal and cardiovascular risk factors. Hypertension. 1994;23:195-199.
34. Heeg JE, de Jong PE, van De Hem GK, de Zeeuw D. Efficacy and variability of the antiproteinuric effect of ACE inhibition by lisinopril. Kidney Int. 1989;36:272-279.
35. Bakris GL, Smith A. Effects of sodium intake on albumin excretion in patients with diabetic nephropathy treated with long-acting calcium antagonists. Ann Intern Med. 1996;125:201-204.
36. Bank N, Lahorra G, Aynedjian HS, Wilkes BM. Sodium restriction corrects hyperfiltration of diabetes. Am J Physiol. 1988;254:F668-F676.
37. Dworkin LD, Benstein JA, Tolbert E, Feiner HD. Salt restriction inhibits renal growth and stabilizes injury in rats with established renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1996;7:437-442.
38. Hebert LA, Bain RP, Verme D, et al, for the Collaborative Study Group. Remission of nephrotic range proteinuria in type I diabetes. Kidney Int. 1994;46:1688-1693.
39. Joossens JV. Stroke, stomach cancer and salt: a possible clue to the prevention of hypertension. In: Kesteloot H, Joossens JV, eds. Epidemiology of Arterial Blood Pressure. The Hague, the Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoof; 1980:489-508.
40. Perry IJ, Beevers DG. Salt Intake and stroke: a possible direct effect. J Hum Hypertens. 1992;6:23-25.
41. Reid R, Lindop G, Brown W, Lever AF, Lucie N, Webb D, Similar blood pressure but different outcome in rats with DOC and post-DOC hypertension. J Hypertens. 1983;1:303-310.
42. Avolio AP, Deng FQ, Li WQ, et al. Effects of aging on arterial extensibility in populations with high and low prevalence of hypertension: comparison between urban and rural communities in China. Circulation. 1985;71:202-210.
43. Safar ME, Asmar RG, Benetos A, London GM, Levy BI. Sodium, large arteries and diuretic compounds in hypertension. J Hypertens. 1992;10(suppl 6):S133-S136.
44. Draaijer P, Kool MJ, Maessen JM, et al. Vascular distensibility and compliance in salt-sensitive and salt-resistant borderline hypertension. J Hypertens. 1993;11:1199-1207.
45. Zelis R, Mason DT. Diminished forearm arteriolar dilator capacity produced by mineralocorticoid-Induced salt retention in man: implications concerning congestive heart failure and vascular stiffness. Circulation. 1970;41:589-592.
46. Toblan L, Hanlon S. High sodium chloride diets injure arteries and raise mortality without changing blood pressure. Hypertension. 1990;15:900-903.
47. Piccirillo G, Bucca C, Durante M, et al. Heart rate and blood pressure variabilities in salt-sensitive hypertension. Hypertension. 1996;28:944-952.
48. Julius S. Corcoran lecture: sympathetic hyperactivity and coronary risk in hypertension. Hypertension. 1993;21(pt 2):886-893.