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We examined a series of embryos of turtles (Chelydra serpentina and Chrysemys picta), an alligator (A. mississippiensis), and birds from diverse orders including Struthio, Phalacrocorax, Anas, and Gallus. Embryos were fixed in 10% formalin, stained with alcian blue, and cleared in glycerol.
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Archaeopteryx is considered a member of a monophyletic class Aves on the basis of the following synapomorphies: (i) presence of feathers with rachis, barbs, and barbules; (ii) reflexed hallux; (iii) opisthopubic pubis with hypopubic cup; (iv) scapula articulating with coracoid at 90° angle.
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We thank N. Shubin and L. Witmer for valuable discussion on the manuscript. S. Whitfield did the illustrations and R. Cheeks helped with photography. Permission to modify drawings for Fig. 1 courtesy of Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. A.C. B. thanks P. Alberch for early support of these ideas.
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