Proposals for re-evaluation of current autopsy criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease

Neurobiology of Aging

Volumn 18, Issue 4 SUPPL., 1997, Pages

  Jellinger, K A ^a   Bancher, C ^a  

^a GENERAL HOSPITAL LINZ   (Austria)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Clinicopathological correlations; Differential diagnosis; Guidelines; Histopathological diagnostic criteria; Neuropathology; Preclinical disease state; Tissue sampling processing

Indexed keywords

AGING; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AUTOPSY; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; NEOCORTEX; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLE; NEUROPATHOLOGY; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SENILE PLAQUE; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; TISSUE PREPARATION;

EID: 0030660333     PISSN: 01974580     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0197-4580(97)00071-7     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Arai H., Terajima M., Miura L., Higuchi S., Muramatsu T., Machida N., Seiki H., Takase S., Clark C. M., Lee V. M. Y., Trojanowski J. Q., Sasaski H. Tau in cerebrospinal fluid a potential diagnostic marker in Alzheimer's disease . Ann. Neurol. 38:1995;649-652.
2. Arnold S. E., Hyman B. T., Damasio A. R., Van Hoesen G. W. The topographical and neuroanatomical distribution of neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques in cerebral cortex of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Cereb. Cortex. 1:1991;103-116.
3. Arriagada P. V., Growdon J. H., Hedley-Whyte T., Hyman B. T. Neurofibrillary tangles but not senile plaques parallel duration and severity of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 42:1992;631-639.
4. Arriagada P. V., Marzloff K., Hyman B. T. Distribution of Alzheimer-type pathologic changes in nondemented elderly individuals matches the pattern in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 42:1992;1681-1688.
5. Bancher C., Braak H., Fischer P., Jellinger K. Neuropathological staging of Alzheimer lesions and intellectual status in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Neurosci. Lett. 162:1993;179-182.
6. Bancher C., Jellinger K. Neurofibrillary tangle predominant form of senile dementia of Alzheimer type A rare subtype in very old subjects . Acta Neuropathol. 88:1994;565-570.
7. Bancher C., Jellinger K., Eder H. Selective visualization of cortical Lewy bodies by immunocytochemical double-labelling An aid in the diagnosis of combined pathologies . Neurobiol. Aging. 17:1996;S12.
8. Bancher, C.; Paulus, W.; Paukner, K.; Jellinger, K. Neuropathological diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Consensus between practicing neuropathologists?. Alz. Dis. Assoc. Disord. (in press). 1997.
9. Beach T. G., Honer W. G., Hughes L. H. Cholinergic fibre loss associated with diffuse plaques in the non-demented elderly the preclinical stage of Alzheimer's disease? Acta Neuropathol. 93:1997;146-151.
10. Bennett D. A., Cochran E. J. H., Saper C. B. Pathological changes in frontal cortex from biopsy to autopsy in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging. 14:1993;589-596.
11. Berg L., McKeel D. W., Miller J. P., Barty J., Morris J. C. Neuropathological indexes of Alzheimer's disease in demented and nondemented persons aged 80 years and older. Arch. Neurol. 50:1993;349-358.
12. Bierer L. M., Haroutunian V., Gabriel S., Knott P. J., Carlin L. S., Purohit D. P., Perl D. P., Schmeidler J., Kanof P., Davis K. L. Neurochemical correlates of dementia severity in Alzheimer's disease Relative importance of the cholinergic deficits . J. Neurochem. 64:1995;749-760.
13. Bierer L. M., Hof P. R., Purohit D. P., Carlin L., Schmeidler J., Davis K. L., Perl D. P. Neocortical neurofibrillary tangles correlate with dementia severity in Alzheimer's disease. Arch. Neurol. 52:1995;81-88.
14. Blacker D., Albert M. S., Bassett S. S., Go R. C., Harrell L. E., Folstein M. F. Reliability and validity of NINCDS-ADRDA criteria for Alzheimer's disease. The National Institute of Mental Health Genetics Initiative. Arch. Neurol. 51:1994;1198-1204.
15. Blennow K., Bogdanovic N., Alafuzoff I., Ekman R., Davidson P. Synaptic pathology in Alzheimer's disease Realtion to severity of dementia, but not to senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, or the Apo E 4 allele . J. Neural. Transm. 103:1996;603-618.
16. Bogdanovic N., Morris J. Diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease in multi-centre brain banking. Cruz-Sanchez F. F., Ravid R., Cuzner M. Neuropathological diagnostic criteria for brain banking. 1995;20-29 IOS Press, Amsterdam.
17. Bouras C., Hof P. R., Giannakopoulos P., Panteleimon G., Michel J. P., Morrison J. H. Regional distribution of neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques in the cerebral cortex of elderly patients A quantitative evaluation of a one-year autopsy population from a geriatric hospital . Cereb. Cortex. 4:1994;138-156.
18. Braak H., Braak E. Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathol. 82:1991;239-259.
19. Braak, H.; Duyckaerts, C.; Braak, E.; Piette, F. Neuropathological staging of Alzheimer-related changes correlates with psychometrically assessed intellectual status. In: Corain B.; et al. (eds.) Alzheimer's disease. Advances in clinical and basic research. Chichester: Wiley; 1993:131-137.
20. Braak H., Braak E., Mandelkow E. M. A sequence of cytoskeleton changes related to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles and neuropil threads. Acta Neuropathol. 87:1994;554-567.
21. Callahan L. M., Coleman P. D. Neurons bearing neurofibrillary tangles are responsible for selected synaptic deficits in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging. 16:1995;311-314.
22. Campbell S. K., Switzer R. C., Martin T. L. Alzheimer's plaques and tangles A controlled and enhanced silver staining method . Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 13:1987;678.
23. Chui H. C., Tierney M., Zarow C., Lewis A., Sobel E., Perlmutter L. S. Neuropathologic diagnosis of Alzheimer disease interrater reliability in the assessment of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles . Alz. Dis. Assoc. Disord. 7:1993;48-54.
24. Cooper P. N., Jackson M., Lennox G., Lowe J., Mann D. M. A. Tau, ubiquitin and alpha B crystallin immunohistochemistry define the principal causes of degenerative frontotemporal dementia. Arch. Neurol. 52:1995;1011-1015.
25. Crystal H., Dickson D., Fuld P., Masur D., Scott R., Mehler M., Masdeu J., Kawas C., Aronson M., Wolfson L. Clinico-pathological studies in dementia Nondemented subjects with pathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease . Neurology. 38:1988;1682-1687.
26. Crystal H. A., Dickson D. W., Sliwinski M. J., Lipton R. B., Grober E., Marks-Nelson H., Antis P. Pathological markers associated with normal aging and dementia in the elderly. Ann. Neurol. 34:1993;566-573.
27. Cullen K. M., Halliday G. M., Cartwright H., Kril J. J. Improved selectivity and sensitivity in the visualization of neurofibrillary tangles, plaques and neuropil threads. Neurodegeneration. 5:1996;177-187.
28. DeKosky S. T., Scheff S. W. Synapse loss in frontal cortex biopsies in Alzheimer's disease correlation with cognitive severity . Ann. Neurol. 27:1990;457-464.
29. Delaere P., Duyckaerts C., He Y., Piette F., Hauw J. J. Subtypes and differential laminar distribution of βA4 deposits without neuritic plaques or tangles in Alzheimer's disease relationship with the intellectual status of 26 cases . Acta Neuropathol. 81:1991;328-338.
30. Dickson D. W., Crystal H. A., Mattiace L. A., Masur D. M., Blau A. D., Davies P., Yen S. M., Aronson M. N. Identification of normal and pathological aging in prospectively studied nondemented elderly humans. Neurobiol. Aging. 13:1991;179-189.
31. Dickson D. W., Crystal H. A., Bevona C., Honer W., Vincent I., Davies P. Correlations of synaptic and pathological markers with cognition of the elderly. Neurobiol. Aging. 16:1995;285-304.
32. Dickson D. W., Davies P., Bevona C., et al. Hippocampal sclerosis A common pathological feature of dementia in very old (≥ 80 years of age) humans . Acta Neuropathol. 88:1994;212-221.
33. Duyckaerts C., Delaère P., Hauw J. J. Rating of the lesions in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type Concordance between laboratories . J. Neurol. Sci. 97:1990;295-323.
34. Feany M. B., Mattiace L. A., Dickson D. W. Neuropathologic overlap of progressive supranuclear palsy, Pick's disease, and corticobasal degeneration. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 55:1996;53-67.
35. Folstein M. F., Folstein S. E., McHugh P. R. Mini-Mental State. J. Psychiatry Res. 12:1975;189-198.
36. Fuld P. A., Dickson D., Crystal H., Aronson M. K. Primitive plaques and memory dysfunction in normal and impaired elderly persons. N. Engl. J. Med. 316:1987;756.
37. Galasko D., Hansen L. A., Katzman R., Widerholt W., Masliah E., Terry R. D., Hill L. R., Lessin P., Thal L. J. Clinical-neuropathological correlations in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. Arch. Neurol. 51:1994;888-895.
38. Galasko D., Clark C., Chang L., Miller B., Green R. C., Motter R., Seubert P. Assessment of CSF levels of tau protein in mildly demented patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 48:1997;632-635.
39. Gallyas F. Silver staining of Alzheimer's neurofibrillary changes by means of physical development. Acta Morph. Acad. Sci. Hung. 19:1971;1-8.
40. Gearing M., Mirra S. S., Hedreen J. C., Sumi S. M., Hansen L. A., Heyman A. The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD). Part X Neuropathology confirmation of the clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease . Neurology. 45:1995;461-461.
41. Gearing M., Olson D. A., Watts R. L., Mirra S. S. Progressive supranuclear palsy neuropathologic and clinical heterogeneity . Neurology. 44:1994;1015-1024.
42. Gearing M., Schneider L. A., Mori H., Mirra S. S. Progression of Alzheimer's disease pathology from biopsy to autopsy. (abstr.). J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 62:1996;64.
43. Giannakopoulos P., Hof P. R., Giannakopoulos A. -S., Herrmann F. R., Michel J. -P., Bouras C. Regional distribution of neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques in the cerebral cortex of very old patients. Arch. Neurol. 52:1995;1150-1159.
44. Giannakopoulos P., Hof P. R., Kovari E., Vallet P., Hermann F. R., Bouras C. Distinct patterns of neuronal loss and Alzheimer's disease lesion distribution in elderly individuals older than 90 years. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 55:1996;1210-1220.
45. Gomez-Isla T., West H. L., Rebeck G. W., Harr S. D., Growdon J. H., Locasio J. T., Perls T. T., Lipsitz L. A., Hyman B. T. Clinical and pathological correlates of apolipoprotein E ε4 in Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Neurol. 39:1996;62-70.
46. Hanihara T., Amano N., Takahashi T., Nagatomo H., Yagashita S. Distribution of tangles and threads in the cerebral cortex in progressive supranuclear palsy. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 21:1995;319-326.
47. Hansen L. A., Masliah E., Galasko D., Terry R. D. Plaque-only Alzheimer disease is usually the Lewy body variant and vice versa. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 52:1993;648-654.
48. Hansen L. A., Crain B. J. Practical topics in neuropathology Making the diagnosis of mixed and non-Alzheimer's dementias . Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 119:1995;1023-1031.
49. He Y., Duyckaerts C., Deleare P., Piette F., Hauw J. J. Alzheimer's lesions labelled by antiubiquitin antibodies Comparison with other staining techniques. A study of 15 cases with graded intellectual status in ageing and Alzheimer's disease . Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 19:1993;364-371.
50. Heinonen O., Soininen H., Sorvari H., Kosunen O., Paljärvi I., Koivisto E., Riekkienen P. J. Loss of synaptophysin-like immunoreactivity in the hippocampal formation as an early phenomenon in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience. 64:1995;375-384.
51. Hock C., Golombowski S., Naser W., Mueller-Spahn F. Increased levels of τ in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease - Correlation with degree of cognitive impairment. Ann. Neurol. 183:1995;43-45.
52. Hof P. R., Morrison J. H. The cellular basis of cortical disconnection in Alzheimer disease and related dementing conditions. Terry R. D., Katzmann R., Bick K. L. Alzheimer Disease. 1994;197-229 Raven Press, New York.
53. Hyman B. T., Marzloff K., Arriagada P. V. The lack of accumulation of senile plaques or amyloid burden in Alzheimer's disease suggests a dynamic balance between amyloid deposition and resolution. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 52:1993;594-600.
54. Ikeda K., Akiyama H., Arai T., Sahara N., Mori H., Usami M., Sakata M., Mizutani T., Wakabayashi K., Takahashi H. A subset of senile dementia with high incidence of the ApoE e2 allele. Ann. Neurol. 41:1997;693-698.
55. Iqbal K., Braak H., Braak E., Grundke-Iqbal I. Silver labeling of Alzheimer neurofibrillary changes and brain β amyloid. J. Histotechnol. 16:1993;335-342.
56. Jackson M., Lowe J. The new neuropathology of degenerative frontotemporal dementias. Acta Neuropathol. 91:1996;127-134.
57. Jellinger K. A. Structural basis of dementia in neurodegenerative disorders. Neuropathological overview. J. Neural. Transm. (Suppl). 47:1996;1-29.
58. Jellinger K., Bancher C., Fischer P., Lassmann H. Quantitative histopathologic validation of senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Eur. J. Gerontol. 3:1992;146-156.
59. Jellinger K. A., Bancher C. Classification of dementias based on functional morphology. Jellinger K. A., Ladurner G., Windisch M. New trends in the diagnosis and therapy of Alzheimer's disease. 1994;9-39 Springer-Verlag, Wien, New York.
60. Jellinger K. A., Bancher C., Fischer P. Letter to the editor. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 54:1995;129-130.
61. Katzman R., Terry R., DeTeresa R., Brown T., Davies P., Fuld P., Renbig X., Peck A. Clinical, pathological, and neurochemical changes in dementia A subgroup with preserved mental status and numerous neocortical plaques . Ann. Neurol. 23:1988;138-144.
62. Kazee A. M., Eskin T. A., Lapham L. W., Gabriel R. R., McDaniel R. D., Hamill R. W. Clinicopathologic correlates in Alzheimer's disease - Assessment of clinical and pathologic diagnostic criteria. Alz. Dis. Assoc. Disord. 7:1993;152-164.
63. Kennard M. L., Feldman H., Yamada T., Jefferies W. A. Serum levels of the iron binding protein p97 are elevated in Alzheimer's disease. Nature Med. 2:1996;1230-1235.
64. Khachaturian Z. S. Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Arch. Neurol. 42:1985;1097-1105.
65. Klatka L. A., Schiffer R. B., Powers J. M., Kazee A. M. Incorrect diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. A clinicopathological study. Arch. Neurol. 53:1996;35-42.
66. Kosunen O., Soininen H., Paljarvi L., Heinonen O., Talasniemi S., Riekkinen S. Diagnostic accuracy of Alzheimer's disease A neuropathologic study . Acta Neuropathol. 91:1996;185-193.
67. Lamy C., Duyckaerts C., Delaere P., Payan Ch., Fermanian J., Poulain V., Hauw J. J. Comparison of seven staining methods for senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in a prospective study of 15 elderly patients. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 89:1989;563-578.
68. Langui D., Probst A. S., Ulrich J. Alzheimer's changes in non-demented and demented patients a statistical approach to their relationships . Acta Neuropathol. 89:1995;57-62.
69. Lassmann H., Weiler R., Fischer P., Bancher C., Jellinger K. Synaptic pathology in Alzheimer's disease Immunological data for markers of synaptic and large dense core vesicles . Neuroscience. 46:1992;1-8.
70. Mackenzie I. R. A. Senile plaques do not progressively accumulate with normal aging. Acta Neuropathol. 87:1994;520-525.
71. Mackenzie I. R. A., McLachlan R. S., Kubu C. S., Miller L. A. Prospective neuropsychological assessment of nondemented patients with biopsy proven senile plaques. Neurology. 46:1996;425-429.
72. Masliah E. Mechanisms of synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Histol. Histopathol. 10:1995;505-519.
73. Masliah E., Terry R. D., Mallory M., Alford M., Hansen L. A. Diffuse plaques do not accentuate synapse loss in Alzheimer's disease. Am. J. Pathol. 137:1990;1293-1297.
74. Masliah E., Mallory M., Hansen L., DeTeresa R., Alford M., Terrry R. Synaptic and neuritic alterations during the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci. Lett. 174:1994;67-72.
75. McKee A. C., Kosik K. S., Kowall N. W. Neuritic pathology and dementia in Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Neurol. 30:1992;156-165.
76. McKeel D. W. Jr, Ball M. J., Price J. L., Smith D. S., Miller J. P., Berg L. Interlaboratory histopathologic assessment of Alzheimer's neuropathology different methodologies yield comparable diagnostic results . Alz. Dis. Assoc. Disord. 7:1993;136-153.
77. McKeith I. G., Galasko D., Kosaka K., Perry E. K., Dickson D. W., Hansen L. A., Salmon D. P., Lowe J., Mirra S. S., Byrne E. J., Quinn N. P., Edwardson J. A., Ince P. G., Bergeron C., Burns A., Miller B. L., Loverstone S., Collerton D., Jansen E. N. H., de Vos R. A. I., Wilcock G. K., Jellinger K. A., Perry R. H. Clinical and pathological diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) Report of the CDLB International Workshop . Neurology. 47:1996;1113-1124.
78. McKhann G. D., Drachmann D. A., Folstein M. F., et al. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of the Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease . Neurology. 34:1984;939-944.
79. Mercken M., Vandermeeren M., Lübke U., Six J., Boons J., Vanmechelen E., Van de Voorde A., Gheuens J. Monoclonal antibodies with selective specificity for Alzheimer Tau are directed against phosphatase-sensitive epitopes. Acta Neuropathol. 84:1992;265-272.
80. Mirra S. S., Gearing M., McKeel D., Crain B. J., Hughes J. P., Van Belle G., Heyman A. Interlaboratory comparison of neuropathology assessments in Alzheimer's disease A study of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's disease (CERAD) . J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 53:1994;303-315.
81. Mirra S. S., Gearing M., Heyman A. CERAD guide to the neuropathological assessment of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. 1994;CERAD, Durham, NC.
82. Mirra S. S., Hart M. N., Terry R. D. Making the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 117:1993;132-144.
83. Mirra S. S., Heyman A., McKeel D., Sumi S. M., Crain B. J., Brownlee L. M., Vogel F. S., Hughes J. P., Van Belle G.;, Berg L. The Consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer's disease (CERAD). II Standardization of the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer's disease . Neurology. 41:1991;479-486.
84. Morris J. C., McKeel D. W. Jr, Storandt M., Rubin E. M., Price J. L., Grant E. A., Ball M. J., Berg L. Very mild Alzheimer's disease Informant-based clinical, psychometric, and pathological distinction from normal aging . Neurology. 41:1991;469-478.
85. Morris J. C., Storandt M., McKeel D. W., Rubin E. H., Price J. L., Grant E. A., Berg L. Cerebral amyloid deposition and diffuse plaques in "normal" aging Evidence for presymptomatic and very mild Alzheimer's disease . Neurology. 46:1996;707-719.
86. Motter R., Vigo-Pelfrey C., Kholodenko D., Barbour R., Johnsonwood K., Galasko D., Chang L., Miller B., Clark C., Green R., Olson D., Southwick P., Wolfert R., Munroe B., Lieberbrug I., Seubert P., Schenk D. Reduction of β-amyloid peptide 42 in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Neurol. 38:1995;643-648.
87. Munroe W. A., Southwick P. C., Chang L., Scharre D. W., Exhols C. L., Fu P. C., Whaley J. M., Wolfert R. L. Tau protein in cerebrospinal fluid as an aid in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 25:1995;207-217.
88. Nagy Z., Esiri M. M., Jobst K. A., Morris J. K., King E. M. -F., McDonald B., Litchfield S., Smith A. Relative roles of plaques and tangles in the dementia of Alzheimer's disease correlations using three sets of neuropathological criteria . Dementia. 6:1995;21-31.
89. Nitsch R. M., Rebeck G. W., Deng M., Richardson I., Tennis M., Shenk D. B., Vigo-Pelfrey C., Lieberburg I., Wurtmann R. J., Hyman B. T., Growdon J. H. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of amyloid β-protein in Alzheimer's disease Inverse correlation with severity of dementia and effect of apolipoprotein E genotype . Ann. Neurol. 37:1995;512-518.
90. Ohm T. G., Müller H., Braak H., Bohl J. Close-meshed prevalence rates of different stages as a tool to uncover the rate of Alzheimer's disease-related neurofibrillary changes. Neuroscience. 64:1995;209-217.
91. Paulus W., Bancher C., Jellinger K. Interrater reliability in the neuropathologic diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 42:1992;329-332.
92. Perry E. K., Court J. A., Lloyd S., Johnson M., Griffiths M. H., Spurden D., Piggott M. A., Turner J., Perry R. H. β-amyloidosis in normal aging and transmitter signaling in human temporal lobe. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 777:1996;388-392.
93. Pirttila T., Mehta P. D., Soininen H., Kim K. S., Heinonen O., Paljärvi L., Kosunen O., Riekkinen P., Wisniewski H. M. Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of soluble amyloid β-protein and apolipoprotein E in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Arch. Neurol. 53:1996;189-193.
94. Pratt S., Prinz M., Mitrovic T., Cervos-Navarro J. Neuropathological diagnostic criteria for vascular dementia. Cruz-Sanchez F. F., Ravid R., Cuzner M. Neuropathological diagnostic criteria for brain banking. 1995;55-64 IOS Press, Amsterdam.
95. Price J. L., Davis P. B., Morris J. C., White D. L. The distribution of tangles, plaques and related immunohistochemical markers in healthy aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging. 12:1992;295-312.
96. Reisberg B., Ferris S. H., DeLeon M. J. Senile dementia of the Alzheimer type diagnostic and differential diagnostic features with special reference to functional assessment staging (FAST) . Traber J., Gispen W. H. Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer Type. 1985;18-37 Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York-Tokio.
97. Reusche E. Silver staining of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in paraffin section. A simple and effective method. Path. Res. Pract. 187:1991;1045-1049.
98. Rösler N., Wichart I., Jellinger K. Total tau protein immunoreactivity in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 60:1996;237-238.
99. Samuel W., Masliah E., Hill R., Butters N., Terry R. Hippocampal connectivity and Alzheimer's dementia Effects of synapse loss and tangle frequency in a two-component model . Neurology. 44:1994;2081-2088.
100. Samuel W., Terry R. D., DeTeresa R., Butters N., Masliah E. Clinical correlates of cortical and nucleus basalis pathology in Alzheimer dementia. Arch. Neurol. 51:1994;772-778.
101. Scheff S. W., Price D. A. Synapse loss in the temporal lobe in Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Neurol. 33:1993;190-199.
102. Schmitt F. A., Wekstein D. R., Davis D. Neuropathological findings in cognitively normal older adults. Neurobiol. Aging. 15:(Suppl):1994;S109-S110.
103. Selkoe D. Alzheimer's disease A central role for amyloid . J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 53:1994;438-447.
104. Seubert, P.; Motter, R.; Schenk, D.; Green, E.; Chang, L.; Miller, B.; Clark, C.; Galasko, D. Elevation of CSF Tau in early stage Alzheimer's disease (abstr.). Neurology 46:2A:16; 1996.
105. Sevush S., Duara R., Rivero J., Pascal S., Barker W. W. Clinicopathological study of probable Alzheimer's disease Assessment of criteria for excluding cerebrovascular disease . Alz. Dis. Assoc. Disord. 9:1996;208-212.
106. Sparks D. L., Lui H., Scheff S. W., Cyone C. M., Hunsaker J. C. Temporal sequence of plaque formation in the cerebral cortex of non-demented individuals. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 52:1993;135-142.
107. Spillantini M. G., Crowther R. A., Goedert M. Comparison of the neurofibrillary pathology in Alzheimer's disease and familial presenile dementia with tangles. Acta Neuropathol. 92:1996;42-48.
108. Stern Y., Gurland B., Tatemichi T. K., Ming Xin Tang., Wilder D., Mayeux R. Influence of education and occupation on the incidence of Alzheimer's disease. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 271:1994;1004-1010.
109. Terry R. D., Hansen L. A., DeTeresa R., Davies P., Tobias H., Katzman R. Senile dementia of the Alzheimer type without neocortical neurofibrillary tangles. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 46:1987;262-268.
110. Terry R. D., Masliah E., Salmon D. P. Physical basis of cognitive alterations in Alzheimer's disease synapse loss is the major correlate of cognitive impairment . Ann. Neurol. 30:1991;572-580.
111. Tierney M. C., Fischer H., Lewis A. J., Zorzitto M. L., Snow W. G., Reid D. W., Nieuwstraten P. The NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group criteria for the clinical diagnosis of probable Alzheimer's disease clinicopathological study of 57 cases . Neurology. 38:1988;356-364.
112. Trojanowski J. Q., Shin R. W., Schmidt M. L., Lee V. M. Y. Relationship between plaques, tangles, and dystrophic processes in Alzheimers disease. Neurobiol. Aging. 16:1995;335-340.
113. Troncoso J. C., Margin L. J., Dal Forno G., Kawas C. H. Neuropathology in controls and demented subjects from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Neurobiol. Aging. 17:1996;365-371.
114. Troncoso J. C., Suknov R. R., Kawas C. H., Koliatsos V. E. In situ labelling of dying cortical neurons in normal aging and in Alzheimer's disease Correlations with senile plaques and disease progression . J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 55:1996;1134-1142.
115. Ulrich J., Spillantini M. G., Goedert M., Dukas L., Stähelin H. B. Abundant neurofibrillary tangles without senile plaques in a subset of patients with senile dementia. Neurodegeneration. 1:1992;257-284.
116. Vermersch P., David J. P., Frigard B., Falletbianco C., Wattez A., Petit H., Delacourte A. Cortical mapping of Alzheimer pathology in brains of aged non-demented subjects. Progr. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 19:1995;1035-1047.
117. Verny M., Duyckaerts C., Agid Y., Hauw J. J. The significance of cortical pathology in progressive supranuclear palsy. Clinico-pathological data in 10 cases. Brain. 119:1996;1123-1136.
118. Victoroff J., Mack W. J., Lyness S. A., Chui H. C. Multicenter clinicopathological correlation in dementia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 152:1995;1476-1484.
119. Vigo-Pelfrey C., Seubert P., Barbour R., Blomquist C., Lee D., Coria F., Chang L., Miller B., Lieberburg I., Shenk D. Elevation of microtubule-associated protein tau in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 45:1995;788-793.
120. Wang D., Munoz D. G. Qualitative and quantitative differences in senile plaque dystrophic neurites of Alzheimer's disease and normal aged brain. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 54:1995;548-556.
121. West M. J., Coleman P., Flood D., Troncoso J. Differences in the pattern of hippocampal neuronal loss in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. Lancet. 344:1994;769-772.
122. Wilcock G. K., Esiri M. M. Plaques, tangles and dementia. A quantitative study. J. Neurol. Sci. 56:1982;343-356.
123. Wisniewski H. M., Rabe A., Zigman W., Silverman W. Editorial Neuropathological diagnosis of Alzheimer disease . J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 48:1989;606-609.
124. Xuereb J. H., Gertz H. J., Huppert F., Brayne C., Wischik C. M., Mukaetova-Ladinska E. The application of Braak's staging model of Alzheimer-type pathology to neuropathological diagnosis of dementia (abstr.). Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 21:1995;44.
125. Yamamoto T., Hirano A. A comparative study of modified Bielschowsky, Bodian and thioflavin S stain on Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 12:1986;3-9.
126. Zhan S. -S., Veerhuis R., Kamphorst W., Eikelenboom P. Distribution of beta amyloid associated proteins in plaques in Alzheimer's disease and in the non-demented elderly. Neurodegeneration. 4:1995;291-297.