Mechanisms of carcinogenesis and molecular epidemiology

British Journal of Hospital Medicine

Volumn 56, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 162-170

  Vainio, Harri ^a   Husgafvel Pursiainen, Kirsti ^b  

^a INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER   (France)

^b FINNISH INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

TUMOR MARKER;

COCARCINOGENESIS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; EPIDEMIOLOGY; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; HUMAN; METHODOLOGY; MUTATION; NEOPLASM; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

COCARCINOGENESIS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; EPIDEMIOLOGY, MOLECULAR; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; MUTATION; NEOPLASMS; RISK FACTORS; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL;

EID: 0030596640     PISSN: 00071064     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (153)

1. Aguilar F, Hussain SP, Cerutti P (1993) Aflatoxin Bf induces the transversion of G->T in codon 249 of the pS3 tumor suppressor gene in human hepatocytes. Proc Nat! Acad Sei USA 90: 8586-90
2. Aguilar F, Harris CG, Sun T, Hollstein M, Cerutti P (1994) Geographical variation of p53 mutational profile in nonmalignant human liver. Science 264: 1317-19
3. Aitio A (1994) Biological monitoring today and tomorrow. ScandJ Work Environ Health 20: 46-58
4. Albertini RJ, O'Neill JP (1995) Human monitoring for somatic mutation in humans. In: Phillips DN, Venitt S, eds. Environmental Metagenesis. Bios Scientific Publishers, Oxford: 341-66
5. Alexandrie A-K, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Seidegârd J, Tornling G, Rannug A (1994) Genetic susceptibility to lung cancer with special emphasis on CYP1A1 and GSTM1: a study on host factors in relation to age at onset, gender and histological cancer types. Carcinogenesis 15: 1785-90
6. Almstad P, Hussain SP, Cerutti P (1994) Ultraviolet B lightinduced mutagenesis of t>53 hotspot codon 248 and 249 in human skin fibroblasts. Mol Carcinog 10: 181-8
7. Anttila S, Hietanen E, Vainio H et al (1991) Smoking and peripheral type of cancer are related to high levels of pulmonary cytochrome P450IA in lung cancer patients. Int ] Grocer 47: 681-5
8. Anttila S, Vainio H, Hietanen E et al (1992) Immunohistochemical detection of pulmonary cytochrome P4501A and metabolic activities associated with P4501A1 and P4501A2 isozymes in lung cancer patients. Environ Health Perspect 98:179-82
9. Ariad S, Seymour L, Bezwoda WR (1991) Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in plasma or breast cancer patients: correlation with stage and rate of progression. Breast Cancer Res Treat 20: 11-17
10. Balmain A, Brown K (1988) Oncogene activation in chemical carcinogenesis. Adv Cancer Res 51: 147-82
11. Barbacid M (1987) Ras genes. Ann Rev Biochem 56: 779-827
12. Bartsch H, Hemminki K, Oneill IK, eds (1988) Methods for Detecting DNA Damaging Agents in Humans: Applications in Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. IARC Scientific Publications No 89. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon
13. Bartsch H, Hollstein M, Mustonen R et al (1995) Screening for putative radon-specific p53 mutation hotspot in German uranium miners. Lancet 346: 8967
14. Bell D, Taylor JA, Paulson DF, Robertson CN, Mohler JL, Lucier GW (1993) Genetic risk and carcinogen exposure: a common inherited defect of the carcinogen-metabolism gene glutathione S-transferase Ml (GSTM1) that increases susceptibility to bladder cancer. / Natl Cancer Inst 85: 1159-64
15. Bell DA, Stephens EA, Castriano T et al (1995) Polyadenylation polymorphism in the acetyltransferase 1 gene (NAT1) increases risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 55: 3537-42
16. Bishop JM (1991) Molecular themes in oncogenesis. Cell 64: 235-48
17. Bishop JM, Capobianco AJ, Doyle HJ et al (1994) Protooncogenes and plasticity in cell signaling. In: The Molecular Genetics of Cancer. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, Vol. LIX. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor: 165-71
18. Bonassi S, Abbondandolo A, Camurri L et al (1995) Are chromosome aberrations in circulating lymphocytes predictive of future cancer onset in humans? Preliminary results of an Italian cohort study. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 79: 133-5
19. Bouchardy C, Benhamou S, Dayer P (1996a) The effect of tobacco on lung cancer risk depends on CYP2D6 activity. Grocer Acs 56: 251-3
20. Bouchardy C, Wikman H, Benhamou S, Hirvonen A, Dayer P, Husgafvel-Pursiainen K (1996b) CYP1A1 genetic polymorphisms, tobacco smoking and lung cancer risk in a French Caucasian population. In: Abstracts of Joint Meeting of the Finnish Society of Toxicology and the British Toxicology Society, Tampere, Finland: 43
21. Brandt-Raur PW (1991) Oncogene proteins as biomarkers in the molecular epidemiology of occupational carcinogenesis: the example of the ras oncogene-encoded p21 protein. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 63: 1-8
22. Brandt-RaufP, DeVivo I, Marion M-J (1995a) The molecular epidemiology of growth signal transduction proteins. / Occup Environ Med 37: 77-83
23. Brandt-Rauf PW, Marion MJ, DeVivo I (1995b) Mutant p21 protein as a biomarker of chemical carcinogenesis in humans. In: Mendelsohn ML, Peeters JP, Normandy MJ, eds. Biomarkers and Occupational Health: Progress and Prospectives. Joseph Henry Press, Washington DC: 163-73
24. Brennan JA, Boyle JO, Koch WM et al (1995a) Association between cigarette smoking and mutation of the p53 gene in squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. N Engl J Med 332: 712-17
25. Brennan JA, Mao L, Hruban RH et al (1995b) Molecular assessment of histopathologic staging in squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. N Engt J Med 332: 429-35
26. Butler MA, Lang NP, Young JF et al (1992) Determination of CYP1A2 and N-acetyltransferase-2 phenotypes in human populations by analysis of caffeine urinary metabolites. Pharmacogenetics 2: 116-27
27. Carbone DP, Minna JD (1992) The molecular genetics of lung cancer. Adv Intern Med 37: 153-71
28. Carr AM, Hoekstra MF (1995) The cellular responses to DNA damage. Trends Cell Biol 5: 32-40
29. Cartwright RA, Glasham RW, Rogers HT et al (1982) Role of N-acetyltransferase phenotypes m bladder carcinogenesis: a pharmacogenetic epidemiological approach to bladder cancer. Lancet ii: 842-5
30. Chakrabarty S, Huang S, Moskal TL, Pritsche HA Jr (1994) Elevated serum levels of transforming growth factor-ex in breast cancer patients. Cancer Lett 79:157-60
31. Chen H, Sandler DP, Taylor JA et al (1996} Increased risk for myelodysplastic syndromes in individuals with glutathione transferase theta 1 (GSTT1) gene defect. Lancet 347: 295-7
32. Chenevix-Trench G, Young], Coggan M, Board P (1995) Glutathione S-transferase Ml and Tl polymorphisms: susceptibility to colon cancer and age of onset. Carcinogenesis 16:1655-7
33. Cole J, Skopek TR (1994) Somatic mutant frequency, mutation rates and mutational spectra in the human population in vivo. Mutât Res 304: 33-105
34. Cox LS, Lane DP (1995) Tumor suppressors, kinases and clamps: how p53 regulates the cell cycle in response to DNA damage. BioEssays 17: 501-8
35. Crawford LV, Piw DC, Bulbrook RD (1982) Detection of antibodies against the cellular protein p53 in sera from patients with breast cancer. Int J Cancer 30: 403-8
36. Davidoff AM, Iglehart JD, Marks JR (1992) Immune response to p53 is dependent upon p53 HSP70 complexes in breast cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 89: 3439-42
37. DeVivo I, Marion MJ, Smith SJ, Carney WP, Brandt-Rauf PW (1994) Mutant c-Ki-ras p21 protein in chemical carcinogenesis in humans exposed to vinyl chloride. Cancer Causes Control 5: 273-8
38. Eaton DL, Gallagher EP, Bammler TK, Kunze KL (1995) Role of cytochrome P4501A2 in chemical carcinogenesis: implications for human variability in expression and enzyme activity. Pharmacogenetics 5: 259-74
39. Enoch T, Norbury C (1995) Cellular responses to DNA damage: cell-cycle checkpoints, apoptosis and the roles of p53 and ATM. Trends Biochem Sei 20: 426-30
40. Esteve A, S0rlie T, Martel-Planche G et al (1995) Screening forp53 gene mutations in archived tumors of workers occupationafly exposed to carcinogens: examples from analysis of bladder tumors./ Occup Environ Med 37: 59-68
41. Farmer PB (1994) Carcinogen adducts: use in diagnosis and risk assessment. Clin Chem 40: 1438-43
42. Fearon ER, Vogelstein B (1990) A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 61: 759-67
43. Fisher DE (1994) Apoptosis in cancer therapy: crossing the threshold. Cell 78: 539-42
44. Gallagher J, Mumford J, Li X, Shank T, Manchester D, Lewtas J (1993) DNA adduct profiles and levels in placenta, blood and lung in relation to cigarette smoking and smoky coal emissions. In: Phillips DH, Castegnaro M, Bartsch H, eds. Postlahelline Methods for Detection of DNA Adducts. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon: 283-92
45. Grant DM (1993). Molecular genetics of N-acetyltransferases. Pharmacogenetics 3: 45-50
46. Grant SG, Bigbee WL (1993) In vivo somatic mutation and segregation at the human glycophorin A (GPA) locus: phenotypic variation encompassing both gene-specific and chromosomal mechanisms. Mutât Res 288: 163-72
47. Greenblatt MS, Bennett WP, Hollstein M, Harris CC (1994) Mutations in thep53 tumor suppressor gene: clues to cancer etiology and molecular patnogenesis. Cancer Res 55: 4855-78
48. GroopmanJD, Wild CP, Hasler J, Junshi C, Wogan GN, Kensler TW (1993) Molecular epidemiology of aflatoxin exposures: validation of aflatoxin-N7-guanine levels in urine as a biomarker in experimental rat models and humans. Environ Health Perspect 99: 107-13
49. Guengerich FP (1994) Catalytic selectivity of human cytochrome P450 enzymes: relevance to drug metabolism and toxicity. Toxicol Lett 70: 133-8
50. Hagmar L, Br0gger A, Hansteen I-L et al (1994) Cancer risk in humans predicted by increased levels of chromosomal aberrations in lymphocytes: Nordic Study Group on the health risks of chromosome damage. Cancer Res 54: 2919-22
51. Hall PA, Lane DP (1994) Pf3 in tumour pathology: Can we trust immunochemistry? - revisited! JPathol 172: 1-4
52. Harris CC, Hollstein M (1993) Clinical implications of the p53 tumor-suppressor gene. N EnglJ Med 329: 1318-27
53. Hayashi SI, Watanabe J, Nakachi K, Kawajiri K (1991) Genetic linkage of lung cancer-associated Mspl polymorphisms with amino acid replacement in the heme binding region of the human cytochrome P450IA1 gene.J Biocbem 110:407-11
54. Hayes RB, Bi W, Rothman N et al (1993) N-acetylation phenotype and genotype and risk of bladder cancer in benzidine exposedworkers. Carcinogenesis 14: 675-8
55. Heddle JA, Cimino MC, Hayashi M et al (1991) Micronuclei as an index of cytogenetic damage: past, present, and future. Environ Mol Mutagen 18: 277-91
56. Hecht SS, Haley NJ, Huffman D (1991) Monitoring exposure to tobacco products by measurement of nicotine metabolites and derived carcinogens. In: Groopman JD, Skipper PL, eds. Molecular Dosimetry and Human Cancer: Analytical, Epidemioloeical, and Social Considerations. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Ann Arbor, Boston: 325-61
57. Hemminki K (1993) DNA adducts, mutations and cancer. Carcinoeenesis 14: 2007-12
58. Hemminki K, Partanen R, Koskinen H, Smith S, Carney WP, Brandt-Rauf PW (1996) The molecular epidemiology of oncoproteins: serum p53 protein in patients with asbestosis. Chest 109(suppl 3): 225-65
59. Henderson RF (1995) Strategies for use of biological markers of exposure. Toxicol Lett 379: 379-83
60. Hirvonen A, Husgafvel-Pursianen K, Karjalainen A, Anttila S, Vainio H (1992) Point mutational Mspl and Ill/Val polymorphism linked in the CYP1A1 gene: lack of association with susceptibility to lung cancer in a Finnish population. Cancer Epidemiot Biomarkers Prev 1: 485-9
61. Hirvonen A, Husgafvel-Pursianen K, Anttila S, Vainio H (1993) The GSTM1 null genotype as a potential risk modifier for squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Carcinogenesis 14:1479-81
62. Hollstein M, Sidransky D, Vogelstein B, Harris CC (1991) p53 mutations in human cancers. Science 253: 49-53
63. Hollstein M, Shormer B, Greenblatt M et al (1996) Somatic point mutations in the p53 gene of tumors and cell lines: update compilation. Nucleic Acids Res 24: 141-6
64. Hou S-M, Lambert B, Hemminki K (1995) Relationship between HPRT mutant frequency, aromatic DNA adducts and genotypes for GSTM1 and NAT2 in bus maintenance workers. Carcinogenesis 16: 1913-17
65. Hulka BS, Wilcosky TC, Griffith JD, eds (1990) Biological Markers in Epidemiology. Oxford University Press, New York
66. Husgafvel-Pursiainen K, Ridanpää M, Anttila S, Vainio H (1995) p53 and ras gene mutations in lung cancer: implications for smoking and occupational exposures. / Occup Environ Med 37: 69-76
67. Ikeya K, Jaiswal AK, Owens RA, Jones JE, Neben DW, Kimura S (1989) Human CYP1A2 sequence, gene structure, comparison with the mouse and rat orthologous gene, and genetic differences in liver IA2 mRNA concentrations. Mol ndocrinol 3: 1399-408
68. Ilett KF, Castleden WM, Carpenter DS et al (1993) Acetylation phenotype and cytochrome P4501A2 phenotype are unlikely to be associated with peripheral arterial diseases. Clin Pkarmacol Ther 54: 317-22
69. Kamb A (1994) Role of a cell cycle regulator in hereditary and sporadic cancer. In: The Molecular Genetics of Cancer, Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, Vol. LIX, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor 39: 7
70. Kawajiri K, Nakachi K, Imai K, Yoshii A, Shinoda N, Watanabe J (1990) Identification of genetically high risk individuals to lung cancer by DNA polymorphisms of the cytochrome P450IA1 gene. FEBS Lett 263: 131-3
71. Kelierman G, Shaw CR, Luyten-Kellerman M (1973) Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase inducibility and bronchogenic carcinoma. N EnglJ Med 289: 934-7
72. Ketterer B, Taylor J, Meyer D et al (1993) Some functions of glutathione transferases. In: Tew K, Mannewik B, Mantle TJ, Pickett CB, Hayes JD, eds. Structure and Function of Glutathione Transferases. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL: 15-27
73. Kihara M, Kihara M, Noda K (1994) Lung cancer risk of GSTM1 null genotype is dependent on the extent of tobacco smoke exposure. Carcinoeenesis 15: 415-18
74. Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B (1996) Life (and death) in a malignant tumour. Nature 379: 19-20
75. Kouri RE, McKinney CE, Slomiany DJ et al (1982) Positive correlation between high aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity and primary lung cancer as analyzed in cryopreserved lymphocytes. Cancer Res 42: 5030-7
76. Lähdetie J (1995) Occupation- and exposure-related studies on human sperm. J Occup Med 37: 922-30
77. Lane DP (1994) On the expression of the p53 protein in human cancer. Mol Biol Rep 19: 23-9
78. Lehmann AR, Carr AM (1995) The ataxia-telangiectasia gene: a link between checkpoint controls, neurodegeneration and cancer. Trends Genet 11: 375-7
79. Levine AJ (1993) The tumor suppressor genes. Ann Rev Biochem 62: 623-51
80. Lin J, Wu X, Chen J, Chang A, Levine AJ (1994) Functions of the p53 protein in growth regulation and tumor suppression. In: The Molecular Genetics of Cancer. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, Vol. LIX, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor: 215-23
81. London SJ, Daly AK, Fairbrother KS et al (1995) Lung cancer risk in African-Americans in relation to race-specific CYP1A1 polymorphism. Cancer Res 55: 6035-7
82. Lubin R, Zalcman G, Bouchet L et al (1995) Serum p53 antibodies as early markers of lung cancer. Nat Med 1(7): 701-2
83. Luo JC, Zehab R, Anttila S et al (1994) Detection of serum p53 protein in lung cancer patients. / Occup Med 36: 155-60
84. Luo JC, Neugut AI, Garbowski G et al (1995) Levels of p53 antigen in the plasma of patients with adenomas and carcinomas of the colon. Cancer Lett 91: 235-40
85. Mao L, Hruban RH, Boyle JO, Tockman M, Sidransky D (1994) Detection of oncogene mutations in sputum precedes diagnosis of lung cancer. Cancer Res 54: 1634-7
86. Mao L, Schoenberg M, Scicchitano M, Erozan Y, Merlo A, Schwab D, Sidransky D (1996) Molecular detection of primary bladder cancer by microsatellite analysis. Science 271: 659-62
87. Marion M-J, DeVivo I, Smith S, Luo J-C, Brandt-Rauf P (1996) The molecular epidemiology of occupational carcmogenesis in vinyl chloride exposed workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health (in press)
88. Marshall C (1991) Tumor suppressor genes. Cell 64: 313-26
89. Mayer J, Warburton D.Jeffrey AM et al (1991) Biologic markers in ethylene oxide-exposed workers and controls. Mutât Res 248: 163-76
90. McLemore TL, Adelberg S, Liu MC et al (1990) Expression of CYP1A1 gene in patients with lung cancer: evidence for cigarette smoke-induced expression of normal lung tissue and for pulmonary carcinomas. / Nat/ Cancer Inst 82: 1333-9
91. McWilliams JE, Sanderson BJ, Harris EL, Richert-Boe K.E, Henner WD (1995) Glutathione S-transferase Ml (GSTM1) deficiency and lung cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 4: 589-94
92. Meyn MS (1995) Ataxia-telangiectasia and cellular responses to DNA damage. Cancer Res 55: 5991-6001
93. Micelli G, Donadeo A, Quaranta M (1992) The p53 tumor suppressor gene -a preliminary clinical study in breast cancer patients. Cell Biophys 21: 25-31
94. Miller ME, Cosgriff JM (1983) Acetylator phenotype in human bladder cancer. / Urol 130: 65-6
95. Moskal TL, Huang S, Elfis LM, Pritsche HA Jr, Chakrabarty S (1995) Serum levels of transforming growth factor (in gastrointestinal cancer patients. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 4: 127-31
96. Nakachi K, Imai K, Hayashi S, Watanabe S, Kawajiri K (1991) Genetic susceptibility of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung in relation to cigarette smoking dose. Cancer Res 51: 5177-89
97. Nazar-Stewart V, Motulsky AG, Eaton DL et al (1993) The glutathione S-transferase (polymorphism as a marker for susceptibility to lung carcinoma. Cancer Res 53: 2313-18
98. Nebert DW (1991) Role of genetics and drug metabolism in human cancer risk. Mutât Res 247: 267-81
99. Nebert DW, McKinnon RA, Puga A (1996) Human drugmetabolizing enzyme polymorphisms: effects on risk of toxicity and cancer. DNA Cell Biol 15: 273-80
100. Norppa H, Luomahaara S, Heikanen H et al (1993) Micronucleus assay in lymphocytes as a tool to biomonitor human exposure to aneuploidogens and clastogens. Environ Health Perspect 101(Suppl 3): 139-43
101. Okamoto A, Demetrick DJ, Spillare EA et al (1994) pl6INK4 mutations and altered expression in human tumors and cell lines. In: The Molecular Genetics o) Cancer. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, Vol. LIX, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor: 49-57
102. Partanen R, Koskinen H, Oksa P, Hemminki K, Carney W, Smith S, Brandt-Rauf P (1995) Serum oncoproteins in asbestosis patients. Clin Cbem 41: 1844-7
103. Perera FP (1996) Molecular epidemiology: insights into cancer susceptibility, risk assessment and prevention. J Natl Cancer Inst 88: 5496-509
104. Perera FP, Hemminki K, Gryzbowska E et al (1992) Molecular and genetic damage in humans from environmental pollution in Poland. Nature 360: 256-8
105. Perera FP, Tang DL, O'Neill JP et al (1993) HPRT and glycophorin A mutations in foundry workers: relationship to PAH exposure and to PAH-DNA adducts. Carcinogenesis 14: 969-73
106. Phillips DN, Farmer PB (1995) Protein and DNA adducts as biomarkers of exposure to environmental mutagens. In: Phillips DN, Venitt S, eds. Environmental Mutagenesis. Bios Scientific Publishers, Oxford: 367-96
107. Price-Evans DA, Maly KA, McKussick VA (I960) Genetic control of isoniazid metabolism in man. Br MedJ ii: 485-91
108. Puisieux A, Lim S, Groopman J, Ozturk M (1991) Selective targeting of the p53 gene mutational hotspots in human cancers by etiologically defined carcinogens. Cancer Res 51: 6185-9
109. Raunio H, Husgafvel-Pursiainen K, Anttila S, Hietanen E, Hirvonen A, Pelkonen O (1995) Diagnosis of polymorphisms in carcinogen-activating and inactivating enzymes and cancer susceptibility: a review. Gene 159: 113-21
110. Risch A, Wallace DMA, Bathers S, Sim E (1994) Slow Nacetylation is a susceptibility factor in occupational and smoking related bladder cancer. Hum Mol Genet 4: 231-6
111. Roberts-Thomson 1C, Ryan P, Khoo KK, Hart WJ, McMichael AJ, Butler RN (1996) Diet, acetylator phenotype, and risk of colorectal neoplasia. Lancet 347: 1372
112. Robinson DR, Goodall K, Albertini RJ et al (1994) An analysis of in vivo hprt mutant frequency in circulating T-lymphocytes in the normal human population: a comparison of four datasets. Mutât Res 313: 217
113. Ross RK, Yan J-M, Yu MC et al (1992) Urinary aflatoxin biomarkers ana risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 339: 943-6
114. Satoh MS, Lindahl T (1994) Enzymatic repair of oxidative DNA damage. Cancer Res 54:1899-901
115. Savela K, Hemminki K (1991) DNA adducts in lymphocytes and granulocytes of smokers and nonsmokers detectea by the 32P-postlabelling assay. Carcinogenesis 12: 503-8
116. Savitsky K, Bar-Shira A, Gilad S et al (1995) A single ataxia telangiectasia gene with a product similar to PI-3 kinase. Science 268:1749-53
117. Schlessinger J, Bar-Sagi D (1994) Activation of ras and other signaling pathways by receptor tyrosine kinases. In: The Molecular Genetics of Cancer. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, Vol. LIX, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor: 173-9
118. Schlichtholz B, Tredaniel J, Lubin R, Zalcman G, Hirsch A, Soussi T (1994) Analysis of p53 antibodies in sera of patients with lung carcinoma define immunodominant region in the p53 protein. Br] Cancer 69: 809-16
119. Schulte PA, Perera FP, eds (1993) Molecular Epidemiology, Principles and Practices. Academic Press Inc., San Diego
120. Seidegard J, Pero RW, Miller DG, Beattie EJ (1986) A glutathione transferase in human leucocytes as a marker for the susceptibility to lung cancer. Carcinogenesis 7: 751-3
121. Serrano M, Lee H-W, Chin L, Cordon-Cardo C, Beach D, DePinho A (1996) Role of the INK4a locus in tumor suppression and cell mortality. Cell 85: 27-37
122. Shields PC-, Sugimura H, Caporaso NE et al (1992) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts and the CYP1A1 restriction fragment length polymorphism. Environ Health Perspect 98: 191
123. Sidransky D, Hollstein M (1996) Clinical implications of the p53 gene. Ann Rev Med 47: 285-301
124. Sidransky D, Von Eschenbach A, Tsai YC et al (1991) Identification of p53 gene mutations in bladder cancers and urine samples. Science 252: 706-9
125. Sidransky D, Tokino T, Hamilton SR et al (1992) Identification of ras oncogene mutations in the stool of patients with curable colorectal tumors. Science 256: 102-5
126. Skipper PL, Tannenbaum SP (1990) Protein adducts in the molecular dosimetry of chemical carcinogens. Carcinogenesis 11: 507-18
127. Smith G, Stanley LA, Sim E, Strange RC, Wolf CR (1995) Metabolic polymorphisms and cancer susceptibility. Cancer Suru 25: 27-65
128. Sorsa M, Wiibourn J, Vainio H (1992) Human cytogenetic damage as a predictor of cancer risk. In: Vainio H, Magee PN, McGregor DB, McMichael AJ, eds. Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis in Risk Identification. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon: 543-54
129. Stacey M, Thygesen P, Stanley L, Matas N, Risch A, Sim E (1996) Arylamine N-acetyltransferase as a potential biomarker in bladder cancer: fluorescent in situ hybridisation and immunochemistry studies. Biomarkers 1: 55-61
130. Sugimura T (1992) Multistep carcinogenesis: a 1992 perspective. Science 258: 603-7
131. Sukumar S (1990) An experimental analysis of cancer: role of ras oncogenes in multiStep carcinogenesis. Cancer Cells 2: 195-204
132. Swift M, Morrell D, Massey RB, Chase CL (1991) Incidence of cancer in 161 families affected by ataxia-telangiectasia. N Engl J. Med 325:1831-6
133. Takeshima Y, Seyama T, Bennett WP et al (1993) fil mutations in lung cancers from non-smoking atomic-bomb survivors. Lancet 342: 1520-1
134. Tales AD, Grummt T, Tornqvist M et al (1991) Biological and chemical monitoring of occupational exposure to ethylene oxide. Mutât Res 250: 483-97
135. Tales AD, Grummt T, van Dam FJ et al (1994) Measurement of frequencies of HPRT mutants, chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei, sister-chromatid exchanges and cells with high frequencies of SCEs in styrene/dichloromethane-exposed workers. Mutât Res 313: 249-62
136. Tefre T, Rydborg D, Haugen A et al (1991) Human CYP1A1 (cytochrome P450) gene: lack of association between the Mspl restriction fragment length polymorphism and the incidence of lung cancer in a Norwegian population. Pharmacogenetics I: 20-5
137. Trivers GE, Cawley HL, DeBenedetti CM et al (1995) Antip53 antibodies in sera of workers occupationally exposed to vinyl chloride. J Natl Cancer Inst 87: 1400-7
138. Trizna Z, dayman GL, Spitz MR, Briggs KL, Goepfert H (1995) Glutathione S-transferase genotypes as risk factors for head and neck cancer. Am ] Surg 170: 499-501
139. Tucker JD, Auletta A, Cimino MC et al (1993) Sister-chromatid exchange: second report of the Gene-Tox program. Mutât Res 297:101-80
140. Vainio H, Magee PN, McGregor DB, eds (1992) Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis in Risk Identification. IARC Scientific Publications No. 116. IARC, Lyon.
141. Vamio H, Sorsa M, Falck K (1984) Bacterial urinary assay in monitoring exposure to mutagens. In: Berlin A, Hemmmki K, Draper M, Vainio H, eds. IARC Scientific Publications no. 59. IARC, Lyon: 247-58
142. van Rooij JG, Veeger MM, Bodelier-Bade MM, Scheepers PT, Jongeneelen FJ (1994) Smoking and dietary intake of polycychc aromatic hydrocarbons as sources of interindividual variability in the baseline excretion of 1-hydroxypyrene in urine. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 66(1): 55-65
143. van Schooten FJ, Jongeneelen FJ, Hillebrand MJ (1995) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in white blood cell DNA and 1-hydropyrene in the urine form aluminum workers: relation with job category and synergistic effect of smoking. Cancer Epiaemiol Biomarkers Prev 4(1): 69-77
144. Villa E, Dugani A, Rebecchi AM et al (1996) Identification of subjects at risk for colorectal carcinoma through a test based on K-ras determination in the stool. Gastroenterology IIC: 1346-53
145. Vincis P, Bartsch H, Caporaso N et al (1994) Geneticallybased N-acetyltransferase metabolic polymorphism and low-level environmental exposure to carcinogens. Nature 369: 154-6
146. Vineis P, Caporaso N (1995) Tobacco and cancer: epidemiology and the laboratory. Environ Health Perspect 103: 156-60
147. Virji MA, Rosendale B, Piper M et al (1992) Circulating levels of a mutant p53 protein in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 33: A1508
148. Volkmann M, Muller M, Hoffmann W et al (1993) The humoral immunoresponse to p53 in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in specific for malignancy and independent of the a-fetoprotein status. Hepatology 18: 559-65
149. Wei Q, Matanoski GM, Farmer ER, Hedayati MA, Grossman L (1994) DNA repair and susceptibility to skin cancer. Am J Epidemiol 140: 589-607
150. Weinoerg R (1991) Tumor suppressor genes. Science 254: 1138-46
151. Wild CP, Ridanpää M, Anttila S et al (1995) p53 antibodies in the sera of lung cancer patients: comparison with p}3 mutation in the tumour tissue. Int J Cancer (Pred Oncol) 64: 176-81
152. Winter SF, Minna JD, Johnson BE et al (1992) Development of antibodies against p53 in lung cancer patients appears to be dependent on the type of p53 mutation. Cancer Res 52: 4168-74
153. Wolf CR, Smith CAD, Forman D (1994) Metabolic polymorphisms in carcinogen metabolizing enzymes and cancer susceptibility. In: Ponder BAJ, ecf. Genetics of Malignant Disease. British Medical Bulletin 50. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh: 718-31