Respiratory epithelial cell culture models for evaluation of ion and drug transport

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews

Volumn 22, Issue 1-2, 1996, Pages 215-249

  Mathias, Neil R ^a   Yamashita, Fumiyoshi ^a   Lee, Vincent H L ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b PSC 704 ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

airway; alveolar; drug transport; ion transport; respiratory epithelial cell culture; tracheal

Indexed keywords

DRUG INTERACTIONS; DRUG PRODUCTS; DRUG THERAPY; MODELS; PHARMACOKINETICS;

AIRWAY; ALVEOLAR; ION TRANSPORT; PHYSICOCHEMICAL FACTORS; RESPIRATORY EPITHELIAL CELL CULTURE; TRACHEAL;

CELL CULTURE;

ATENOLOL; BETAXOLOL; BRADYKININ; DIHYDROLEVOBUNOLOL; LEVOBUNOLOL; MANNITOL; METOPROLOL; PEPTIDE; PROTEIN; PROTIRELIN; SALBUTAMOL; SOTALOL; TIMOLOL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VASOPRESSIN;

AIRWAY; ANIMAL CELL; BRONCHUS; CELL CULTURE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL GROWTH; DRUG TRANSPORT; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; ION TRANSPORT; LUNG ALVEOLUS; MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY; MODEL; NONHUMAN; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM; REVIEW; TRACHEA;

EID: 0030588581     PISSN: 0169409X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0169-409X(96)00420-6     Document Type: Review

References (300)

1. [1] Schanker, L.S. (1978) Drug absorption from the lung. Biochem. Pharmacol. 27, 381-385.
2. [2] Enna, S.J. and Schanker, L.S. (1972) Absorption of drugs from the rat lung. Am. J. Physiol. 223, 1227-1231.
3. [3] Raeburn, D., Underwood, S.L. and Villamil, M.E. (1992) Techniques of drug delivery to the airways, and the assessment of lung function in animal models. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods 27, 143-159.
4. [4] Brazzell, R.K., Smith, R.B. and Kostenbauder, H.B. (1982) Isolated perfused rabbit lung as a model for intravascular and intratracheal administration of bronchodilator drugs I: isoproterenol. J. Pharm. Sci. 71, 1268-1274.
5. [5] Brazzell, R.K. and Kostenbauder, H.B. (1982) Isolated perfused rabbit lung as a model for intravascular and intrabronchial administration of bronchodilator drugs II: isoproterenol prodrugs. J. Pharm. Sci. 71, 1274-1281.
6. [6] French, M.C. and Wishart, G.N. (1985) Isolated perfused rabbit lung as a model to study the absorption of organic aerosols. J. Pharmacol. Methods 13, 241-248.
7. [7] Widdicombe, J.H., Coleman, D.L., Finkbeiner, W.E. and Tuet, I.K. (1985) Electrical properties of monolayers cultured from cells of human tracheal epithelium. J. Appl. Physiol. 58, 1729-1735.
8. [8] Widdicombe, J.H. (1986) Cystic ribrosis and beta-adrenergic response of airway epithelial cell cultures. Am. J. Physiol. 251, R818-R822.
9. [9] Stutts, M.J., Cotton, C.U., Yankaskas, J.R., Cheng, E., Knowles, M.R., Gatzy, J.T. and Boucher, R.C. (1985) Chloride uptake in cultured airway epithelial cells from cystic fibrosis patients and normal individuals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 6677-6681.
10. [10] Knowles, M.R., Clarke, L.L. and Boucher, R.C. (1991) Activation by extracellular nucleotides of chloride secretion in the airway epithelia of patients with cystic fibrosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 325, 533-538.
11. [11] Knowles, M., Stutts, M.J., Spock, A., Fischer, N., Gatzy, J.T. and Boucher, R.C. (1983) Abnormal ion permeation through cystic fibrosis respiratory epithelium. Science 221, 1067-1070.
12. [12] Reiss, T.R., Gruenert, D.C., Nudel, J.A. and Jucoby, D.J. (1991) Infection of cultured human airway epithelial cells by influenza A virus. Life Sci. 49, 1173-1181.
13. [13] Sterk, P.J. (1993) Virus-induced airways hyperresponsiveness in man. Eur. Respir. J. 6, 894-902.
14. [14] Decker, S., Koren, H.S. and Henke, D.C. (1993) Interleukin-8 expression in normal nasal epithelium and its modulation by infection with respiratory syncytial virus and cytokines tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, and inlerleukin-6. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 8, 20-27.
15. [15] Cromwell, O., Hamid, Q., Corrigan, C.G., Barkans, J., Meng, Q., Collins, P.D. and Kay, A.B. (1992) Expression and generation of interleukin-8, IL-6 and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor by bronchial epithelial cells and enhancement by IL-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Immunology 77, 330-337.
16. [16] Paradiso, A.M., Cheng, E.H. and Boucher, R.C. (1991) Effects of bradykinin on intracellular calcium regulation in human cilated airway epithelium. Am. J. Physiol. 261, L63-L69.
17. [17] Jeffery, P.K. (1991) Morphology of the airway wall in asthma and in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 143, 1152-1158.
18. [18] Rennard, S.I., Beckmann, J.D. and Robbins, R.A. (1991) Biology of airway epithelial cells. In: R.G. Crystal and J.B. West (Eds.), The Lung: Scientific Foundations. Raven Press, New York, pp. 157-168.
19. [19] Plopper, C.G., Mariassy, A.T., Wilson, D.W., Alley, J.L., Nishio, S.J. and Nettesheim, P. (1983) Comparison of non-ciliated tracheal epithelial cells in six mammalian species: ultrastructure and population densities. Exp. Lung Res. 5, 281-294.
20. [20] Sleigh, M.A., Blake, J.R. and Liron, N. (1988) The propulsion of mucus by cilia. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 137, 726-731.
21. [21] Inayama, Y., Hook, G.E.R. and Brody, A.R. (1988) The differentiation potential of tracheal basal cells. Lab. Invest. 58, 706-717.
22. [22] Breeze, R.G. and Wheeldon, E.B. (1977) The cells of the pulmonary airways. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 116, 705-777.
23. [23] Harkema, J.R., Mariassy, A.T., St.George, J., Hyde, D.M. and Plopper, C.G. (1991) Epithelial cells of the conducting airway. In: S.G. Farmer and D.W. Hay (Eds.), The Airway Epithelium. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 3-40.
24. [24] Van Scott, M.R., Yankaskas, J.R. and Boucher, R.C. (1986) Culture of airway epithelial cells: research techniques. Exp. Lung Res. 11, 75-94.
25. [25] Adler, K.B., Cheng, P.W. and Kim, K.C. (1990) Characterization of guinea pig tracheal epithelial cell maintained in biphasic organotypic culture: cellular composition and biochemical analysis of released glycoconjugates. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 2, 145-154.
26. [26] Lane, B.P., Miller, S.L. and Drummond, E.J. (1976) Use of tracheal organ culture in toxicity testing. Environ. Health Perspect. 16, 89-98.
27. [27] Trump, B.F., Resau, J. and Barrett, L.A. (1980) Methods of organ culture for human bronchus. In: C.C. Harris, B.F. Trump and G.D. Stoner (Eds.), Methods in Cell Biology. Academic Press, New York, pp. 1-14.
28. [28] Speirs, V. and Cutz, E. (1993) An overview of culture and isolation methods for in vitro studies on pulmonary neuroendocrine cells. Anat. Rec. 236, 35-40.
29. [29] Wu, R., Nolan, E. and Turner, C. (1985) Expression of tracheal differentiated functions in serum-free hormone-supplemented medium. J. Cell. Physiol. 125, 167-181.
30. [30] Kim, K.C. and Brody, J.S. (1989) Use of primary cell culture to study regulation of airway surface epithelial mucus secretion. Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol. 43, 231-239.
31. [31] Fiedler, M.A., Kaetzel, C.S. and Davis, P.B. (1991) Sustained production of secretory component by human tracheal epithelial cells in primary culture. Am. J. Physiol. 261, L255-L261.
32. [32] Mathias, N.R., Robison, T.W., Kim, K.J. and Lee, V.H.L. (1995) Development and characterization of rabbit tracheal epithelial cell culture models for drug transport studies. Pharm. Res. 12, 1499-1505.
33. [33] Mathias, N.R., Kim, K.J. and Lee, V.H.L. (1996) Targeted delivery to the respiratory tract: solute permeability of air-interfaced rabbit tracheal epithelial cell monolayers. J. Drug Targeting 4, 79-86.
34. [34] Gruenert, D.C., Finkbeiner, W.E. and Widdicombe, J.H. (1995) Culture and transformation of human airway epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 286, L347-L360.
35. [35] Kunzelmann, K., Yezzi, M.J., Schwiebert, E.M., Kuo, W.L., Chin, L., Stanton, B.A. and Gruenert, D.C. (1993) An immortalized cystic fibrosis tracheal epithelial cell line homozygous for the delta 508 CFTR mutation. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 8, 522-529.
36. - secretion. Am. J. Physiol. 266, L493-L501.
37. [37] Nettesheim, P. and Barrett, J.C. (1984) Tracheal epithelial cell transformation: a model system for the studies on neoplastic progression. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 12, 215-239.
38. [38] Harris, C.C. (1987) Human tissue and cells in cancinogenesis research. Cancer Res. 47, 1-10.
39. [39] Bigby, T.D., Lee, D.M., Meslier, N. and Gruenert, D.C. (1989) Leukotriene A4 hydrolase activity of human airway epithelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 164, 1-7.
40. [40] Terzaghi, M., Nettesheim, P. and Williams, M.L. (1978) Repopulation of denuded tracheal grafts with normal, pre-neoplastic, and neoplastic epithelial cell populations. Cancer Res. 38, 4546-4553.
41. [41] Steele, V.E., Marchok, A.C. and Nettesheim, P. (1978) Establishment of epithelial cell lines following exposure of cultured tracheal epithelium to 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate. Cancer Res. 38, 3563-3565.
42. [42] Stoner, G.D., Harris, C.C., Myers, G.A., Trump, B.F. and Connor, R.D. (1980) Putrescine stimulates growth of human bronchial epithelial cells in primary culture. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 16, 399-406.
43. [43] Lechner, J.F., Haugen, A., Autrup, H., McClendon, I.A., Trump, B.F. and Harris, C.C. (1981) Clonal growth of epithelial cells from normal adult human bronchus. Cancer Res. 41, 2294-2304.
44. [44] Jetten, A.M., Brody, A.R., Deas, M.A., Hook, G.E.R., Rearick, J.I. and Tacher, S.M. (1987) Retinoic acid and substratum regulate the differentiation of rabbit tracheal epithelial cells into squamous and secretory phenotype. Lab. Invest. 56, 654-664.
45. [45] Whitcutt, M.J., Adler, K.B. and Wu, R. (1988) A biphasic chamber for maintaining polarity of differentiation of cultured respiratory tract epithelial cells. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 24, 420-428.
46. [46] Kaartinen, L., Nettesheim, P., Adler, K.B. and Randell, S.H. (1993) Rat tracheal epithelial cell differentiation in vitro. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 29A, 481-492.
47. [47] Wu, R., Martin, M.R., Robinson, C.B., St.George, J.A., Plopper, C.G., Kurland, G., Last, J.A., Cross, C.E., McDonald, R.J. and Boucher, R. (1990) Expression of mucin synthesis and secretion in human tracheobronchial epithelial cells grown in culture. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 3, 467-478.
48. [48] Yamaya, W., Finkbeiner, W.E., Chun, S.Y. and Widdicombe, J.H. (1992) Differentiated structure and function of cultures from human tracheal epithelium. Am. J. Physiol. 262, L713-L724.
49. [49] Kim, K.C. (1985) Possible requirement of collagen-gel substratum for production of mucin like glycoproteins by primary rabbit tracheal epithelial cells in culture. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 21, 617-621.
50. [50] Liedtke, C.M. (1988) Differentiated properties of rabbit tracheal epithelial cells in primary culture. Am. J. Physiol. 255, C760-C770.
51. [51] Kondo, M., Finkbeiner, W.E. and Widdicombe, J.H. (1993) Cultures of bovine tracheal epithelium with differentiated ultrastructure and ion transport. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 29A, 19-24.
52. - transport in an air-liquid interface culture system. Am. J. Physiol. 264, L560-L565.
53. [53] Robison, T.W., Dorio, R.J. and Kim, K.J. (1993) Formation of tight monolayers of guinea pig airway epithelial cells cultured in an air-interface: bioelectric properties. Biotechniques 15, 468-473.
54. [54] Dennery, P.A., Kramer, C.M. and Alpert, S.E. (1990) Effect of fatty acid profiles on the suceptibility of cultured rabbit tracheal epithelial cells to hyperoxic injury. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 3, 137-144.
55. [55] de Jong, P., van Sterkenberg, M.A.J.A., Kempenaar, J.A., Hesseling, S.C., Mulder, A.A., Mommaas, A.M., Dijkman, J.H. and Ponec, M. (1994) Ciliogenesis in the human bronchial epithelial cells cultured at the air-liquid interface. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 10, 271-277.
56. [56] Clark, A.B., Randell, S.H., Nettesheim, P., Gray, T.E., Bagnell, B. and Ostrowski, L.E. (1995) Regulation of ciliated cell differentiation in cultures of rat tracheal epithelial cells. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 12, 329-338.
57. [57] Wu, R. and Smith, D. (1982) Continuous multiplication of rabbit tracheal epithelial cells in a defined, hormone supplemented medium. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 18, 800-812.
58. [58] Zietlin, P.L., Loughlin, G.M. and Guggino, W.B. (1988) Ion transport in cultured fetal and adult rabbit tracheal epithelium. Am. J. Physiol. 254, C691-C698.
59. [59] Lee, T.C., Wu, R., Brody, A.R., Barrett, J.C. and Nettesheim, P. (1984) Growth and differentiation of hamster tracheal epithelial cells in culture. Exp. Lung Res. 6, 27-45.
60. [60] Groelke, J.W., Coalson, J.J. and Baseman, J.B. (1985) Growth requirements of ferret tracheal epithelial cells primary culture. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 179, 309-317.
61. [61] Coleman, D.L., Tuet, I.K. and Widdicombe, J.H. (1984) Electrical properties of dog tracheal epithelial cells grown in monolayer culture. Am. J. Physiol. 246, C355-C359.
62. [62] de Jong, P., van Sterkenberg, M.A.J.A., Kempenaar, J.A., Dijkman, J.H. and Ponec, M. (1993) Serial culturing of human bronchial epithelial cells derived from biopsies. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 29A, 379-387.
63. [63] Adler, K.B., Schwartz, J.E., Whitcutt, M.J. and Wu, R. (1987) A new chamber system for maintaining differentiated guinea pig respiratory epithelial cells between air and liquid phases. Biotechniques 5, 462-465.
64. [64] Van Scott, M.R., Cheng, P.W., Henke, D.C. and Yankaskas, J.R. (1991) Cell culture of airway epithelia. In: S.G. Farmer and D.W.P. Hay (Eds.), The Airway Epithelium: Physiology, Pathophysiology and Pharmacology. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, pp. 135-167.
65. - transport inhibitors on bioelectric properties. Exp. Lung Res. 20, 101-117.
66. [66] Liedtke, C.M. and Tandler, B. (1984) Physiological responsiveness of isolated rabbit tracheal epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 247, C441-C449.
67. - transport across rabbit non-ciliated bronchiolar epithelial (Clara) cells. Am. J. Physiol. 256, C893-C901.
68. [68] Noguchi, Y., Uchida, Y., Endo, T., Ninomiya, H., Nomura, A., Sakamoto, T., Goto, Y., Haraoka, S., Shimokama, T. and Watanabe, T. (1995) The induction of cell differentiation and polarity of tracheal epithelium cultured on the amniotic membrane. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 210, 302-309.
69. [69] Van Scott, M.R., Lee, N.P., Yankaskas, J.R. and Boucher, R.C. (1988) Effect of hormones on growth and function of cultured canine tracheal epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 255, C237-C245.
70. [70] Chopra, D.P., Klinger, M.M. and Sullivan, J.K. (1989) Effects of vitamin A on growth and differentiation of human tracheobronchial epithelial cell cultures in serum-free medium. J. Cell Sci. 93, 133-142.
71. [71] Kinnula, V.L., Adler, K.B., Ackley, N.J. and Crapo, J.D. (1992) Release of reactive oxygen species by guinea pig tracheal epithelial cells in vitro. Am. J. Physiol. 262, L708-L712.
72. [72] Shimizu, T., Nettesheim, P., Eddy, E.M and Randell, S.H. (1992) Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) markers for subpopulations of rat tracheal (RTE) cells. Exp. Lung Res. 18, 323-342.
73. [73] Welsh, M.J. (1987) Electrolyte transport by airway epithelia. Physiol. Rev. 67, 1143-1184.
74. [74] Widdicombe, J.H. (1991) Ion transport by airway epithelia. In: R.G. Crystal and J.B. West (Eds.), The Lung: Scientific Foundations. Raven Press, New York, pp. 263-272.
75. [75] Boucher, R.C. and Larsen, E.H. (1988) Comparison of ion transport by cultured secretory and absorptive canine airway epithelia. Am. J. Physiol. 254, C535-C547.
76. [76] Tessier, G.J., Traynor, T.R., Kannan, M.S. and O'Grady, S.M. (1990) Mechanisms of sodium and chloride transport across equine tracheal epithelium. Am. J. Physiol. 259, L459-L467.
77. [77] Richardson, J., Bouchard, T. and Ferguson, C.C. (1976) Uptake and transport of exogenous proteins by respiratory epithelium. Lab. Invest. 35, 307-314.
78. [78] Rasmussen, R.E. and Bhalla, D.K. (1989) Transport across rat trachea in vitro after exposure to cytoskeletal-active drugs in vitro or to ozone in vivo. Exp. Lung Res. 15, 253-268.
79. [79] Gross, T.J., Cobb, S.M. and Peterson, M.W. (1994) Asbestos exposure increases paracellular transport of fibrin degradation products across human airway epithelium. Am. J. Physiol. 266, L287-L295.
80. [80] Yu, X.Y., Schofield, B.H., Croxton, T., Takahashi, N., Gabrielson, E.W. and Spannhake, E.W. (1994) Physiologic modulation of bronchial epithelial cell barrier function by polycationic exposure. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 11, 188-198.
81. [81] Guo, Y., Schneider, L.A. and Wangensteen, O.D. (1995) HOCl effects on tracheal epithelium: conductance and permeability measurements. J. Appl. Physiol. 78, 1330-1338.
82. 14C-antipyrine. J. Appl. Physiol. 77, 1263-1273.
83. [83] Robison, T.W. and Kim, K.J. (1995) Dual effect of nitrogen dioxide on barrier properties of guinea pig trachea bronchial epithelial monolayers cultured in an air-interface. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 44, 57-71.
84. [84] Wangensteen, O.D., Schneider, L.A., Fahrenkrug, S.C., Brottman, G.M. and Maynard, R.C. (1993) Tracheal epithelial permeability to non-electrolytes: species difference. J. Appl. Physiol. 75, 1009-1018.
85. [85] Price, A.M., Webber S.E. and Widdicombe, J.G. (1990) Transport of albumin by the rabbit trachea in vitro. J. Appl. Physiol. 68, 726-730.
86. [86] Johnson, L.G., Cheng, P.W. and Boucher, R.C. (1989) Albumin absorption by canine bronchial epithelium. J. Appl. Physiol. 66, 2772-2777.
87. +-glucose cotransport in tracheal epithelium. Pflugers Arch. 415, 118-120.
88. [88] Saumon, G., Seigne, E. and Clerici, C. (1990) Evidence for a sodium-dependent sugar transport in rat tracheal epithelium. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1023, 313-318.
89. [89] Kim, K.J. and Crandall, R.D. (1983) Heteropore populations of bullfrog alveolar epithelium. J. Appl. Physiol. 54, 140-146.
90. [90] Adson, A., Raub, T.J., Burton, P.S., Barsuhn, C.L., Hilgers, A.R., Audus, K.L. and Ho, N.F.H, (1994) Quantitative approaches to delineate paracellular diffusion in cultured epithelial cell monolayers. J. Pharm. Sci. 83, 1529-1536.
91. [91] Saha, P., Kim, K.-J., Yamahara, H., Crandall, E.D. and Lee, V.H.L. (1994) Influence of Iipophilicity on β-blocker permeation across rat alveolar epithelial cell monolayers. J. Control. Release 32, 191-200.
92. [92] Yamahara, H., Morimoto, K., Lee, V.H.L. and Kim, K.-J. (1994) Effects of protease inhibitors on vasopressin transport across rat alveolar epithelial cell monolayers. Pharm. Res. 11, 1617-1622.
93. [93] Yamahara, H., Lehr, C.M., Lee, V.H.L. and Kim, K.-J. (1994) Fate of insulin during transit across rat alveolar epithelial cell monolayers. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 40, 294-298.
94. [94] Morimoto, K., Yamahara, H., Lee, V.H.L. and Kim, K.-J. (1993) Dipeptide transport across rat alveolar epithelial cell monolayers. Pharm. Res. 10, 1668-1674.
95. [95] Morimoto, K., Yamahara, H., Lee, V.H.L. and Kim, K.-J. (1994) Transport of thyrotropin-releasing hormone across rat alveolar epithelial cell monolayers. Life Sci. 54, 2083-2092.
96. [96] Deshpande, D., Toledo-Velasquez, D., Wang, L.Y., Malanga, C.J., Ma, J.K.H. and Rojanasakul, Y. (1994) Receptor-mediated peptide delivery in pulmonary epithelial monolayers. Pharm. Res. 11, 1121-1126.
97. [97] Milton, S.G. and Knutson, V.P. (1990) Comparison of the function of the tight junctions of endothelial cells and epithelial cells in regulating the movement of electrolytes and macromolecules across the cell monolayer. J. Cell. Physiol. 144, 498-504.
98. [98] Cereijido, M., Robbin, E.S., Dolan, C.A., Rotunno, C.A. and Sabatini, D.D. (1978) Polarized monolayers formed by epithelial cells on a permeable and translucent support. J. Cell Biol. 77, 853-880.
99. [99] Gonzalez-Mariscal, L. (1992) The relationship between structure and function of tight junctions. In: M. Cereijido (Ed.), Tight Junctions. CRC Press, Florida, pp. 67-75.
100. [100] Madara, J.L. and Dharmsathaphorn, K. (1985) Occluding junction structure-function relationships in a cultured epithelial monolayer. J. Cell Biol. 101, 2124-2133.
101. [101] Corbo, D.C., Liu, J.C. and Chien, Y.W. (1990) Characterization of the barrier properties of mucosal membranes. J. Pharm. Sci. 79, 202-206.
102. [102] Kubo, H., Hosoya, K., Natsume, H., Sugibayashi, K. and Morimoto, Y. (1994) In vitro permeation of various model drugs across rabbit nasal mucosa. Int. J. Pharm. 103, 27-36.
103. [103] Cremashi, D., Rossetti, C., Draghetti, M.T., Manzoni, C. and Aliverti, V. (1991) Active transport of polypeptides in the rabbit nasal mucosa: possible role in the sampling of potential antigens. Pflugers Arch. 419, 425-432.
104. [104] Narawane, M., Podder, S.K., Bundgaard, H. and Lee, V.H.L. (1992) Segmental differences in drug permeability, esterase activity and ketone reductase activity in the albino rabbit intestine. J. Drug Targeting 1, 7-17.
105. [105] Artursson, P. (1990) Epithelial transport of drugs in cell culture, I: A model for studying the passive diffusion of drugs over intestinal absorptive (Caco-2) cells. J. Pharm. Sci. 79, 476-482.
106. [106] van Bree, J.B., de Boer, A.G., Danhof, M., Ginsel, L.A. and Breimer, D.D. (1988) Characterization of an 'in vitro' blood-brain barrier: effects of molecular size and lipophilicity on the cerebrovascular endothelial transport rates of drugs. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 247, 1233-1239.
107. [107] Wang, W., Sasaki, H., Chien, D.S. and Lee, V.H.L. (1991) Lipophilicity influence on conjunctival drug penetration in the pigmented rabbit: a comparison with corneal penetration. Curr. Eye Res. 10, 571-579.
108. [108] Lanman, R.C., Gillilan, R.M. and Schanker, L.S. (1973) Absorption of cardiac glycosides from the respiratory tract. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 187, 105-111.
109. [109] Kim, K.-J., Matsukawa, Y., Lee, V.H.L. and Crandall, E.D. (1995) Characteristics of albumin absorption across rat alveolar epithelial cell monolayers. FASEB J. 9, A569
110. [110] Schanker, L.S. and Hemberger, J.A. (1983) Relation between molecular weight and pulmonary absorption rate of lipid-insoluble compounds in neonatal and adult rats. Biochem. Pharmacol. 32, 2599-2601.
111. [111] Taylor, G. (1990) The absorption and metabolism of xenobiotics in the lung. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 5, 37-61.
112. [112] Gatzy, J.T. and Boucher, R.C. (1982) Paths of hydrophilic solute flow across excised canine airways. Fed. Proc. 41, 1244.
113. [113] Man, S.F.P., Hulbert, W.C., Mok, K., Ryan, T. and Thomson, A.B.R. (1986) Effects of sulfur dioxide on pore populations of canine tracheal epithelium. J. Appl. Physiol. 60, 416-426.
114. [114] Landis, E.M. and Pappenheimer, J.R. (1963) Exchange of substances through the capillary wall. In: W.F. Hamilton and P. Dow (Eds.), Hand Bood of Physiology: Circulation, Section 2, Vol. 2. American Physiology Society, Washington DC, pp. 961-1034.
115. [115] Matsukawa, Y., Yamahara, H., Lee, V.H.L., Crandall, E.D. and Kim, K.-J. (1994) Fluxes of horseradish peroxidase and dextrans across rat alveolar epithelial cell monolayers. Pharm. Res. 11, S255.
116. [116] Basset, G., Saumon, G., Bouchonnet, F. and Crone, C. (1988) Apical sodium-sugar transport in pulmonary epithelium in situ. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 942, 11-18.
117. [117] Enna, S.J. and Schanker, L.S. (1973) Phenol red absorption from the rat lung; evidence of carrier transport. Life Sci. 12, 231-239.
118. [118] Cloutier, M.M. and Lesniak, K.M. (1985) p-Aminohippurate transport in canine tracheal epithelium. J. Appl. Physiol. 59, 1585-1589.
119. [119] Colthorpe, P., Farr, S.J., Taylor, G., Smith, I.J. and Wyatt, D. (1992) The pharmacokinetics of pulmonary-delivered insulin: a comparison of intratracheal and aerosol administration to the rabbit. Pharm. Res. 9, 764-768.
120. [120] Patton, J.S., Trinchero, P. and Platz, R.M. (1994) Bioavailability of pulmonary delivered peptides and proteins: α-interferon, calcitonin, amd parathyroid hormone. J. Control. Release 28, 79-85.
121. [121] Patton, J.S. and Platz, R.M. (1992) Routes of delivery: case studies of pulmonary delivery of peptides and proteins for systemic action. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 8, 179-196.
122. [122] Niven, R.W., Lott, F.D. and Cribbs, J.M. (1993) Pulmonary absorption of recombinant methionyl human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (r-huG-CSF) after intratracheal instillation to the hamster. Pharm. Res. 10, 1604-1610.
123. [123] Ma, T.Y., Hollander, D., Riga, R. and Bhalla, D. (1993) Autoradiographic determination of permeation pathway of permeability prones across intestinal and tracheal epithelia. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 122, 590-600.
124. [124] Alton, E.W.F.W. and Geddes, D.M. (1995) Gene therapy for respiratory disease: potential applications and difficulties. Thorax 50, 484-486.
125. [125] Curiel, D.T., Pilewski, J.M. and Albelda, S.M. (1996) Gene therapy approaches for inherited and acquired lung diseases. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 14, 1-18.
126. [126] Clerici, C., Couette, S., Loiseau, A., Herman, P. and Amiel, C. (1995) Evidence for Na-K-Cl cotransport in alveolar epithelial celis: effect of phorbol ester and osmotic stress. J. Membr. Biol. 147, 295-304.
127. [127] Yoakum, G.H., Lechner, J.F., Gabrielson, E.W., Korba, B.E., Malan-Shibley. L., Willey, J.C., Valerio, M.G., Shamsuddin, A.M., Trump, B.F. and Harris, C.C. (1985) Transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells transfected by Harvey ras oncogene. Science 227, 1174-1179.
128. [128] Reddel, R.R., Ke, Y., Gerwin, B.I., McMenamin, M.G., Lechner, J.F., Su, R.T., Brash, D.E., Park, J.B., Rhim, J.S. and Harris, C.C. (1988) Transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells by infection with SV40 or adenovirus-12 SV40 hybrid virus, or transfection via strontium phosphate coprecipitation with a plasmid containing SV40 early region genes. Cancer Res. 48, 1904-1909.
129. [129] Iannuzzi, M.C., Weber, J.L., Yankaskas, J., Boucher, R.C. and Collins, F.S. (1988) The introduction of biologically active foreign genes into human respiratory epithelial cells using electroporation. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 138, 965-968.
130. [130] Lu, L., Zeitlin, P.L., Guggino, W.B. and Craig, R.W. (1989) Gene transfer by lipofection in rabbit and human secretory epithelial cells. Pflugers Arch. 415, 198-203.
131. [131] Knowles, M.R., Hohneker, K.W., Zhou, Z., Olsen, J.C., Noah, T.L., Hu, P.C., Leigh, M.W., Engelhardt, J.F., Edwards, L.J. and Jones, K.R. (1995) A controlled study of adenoviral-vector-mediated gene transfer in the nasal epithelium of patients with cystic fibrosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 333, 823-831.
132. [132] Teramoto, S., Johnson, L.G., Huang, W., Leigh, M.W. and Boucher, R.C. (1995) Effect of adenoviral vector infection on cell proliferation in cultured primary airway epithelial cells. Hum. Gene Ther. 6, 1045-1053.
133. [133] Stanley, C., Rosenberg, M.B. and Friedmann, T. (1991) Gene transfer into rat airway epithelial cells using retroviral vectors. Somatic Cell. Mol. Genet. 17, 185-190.
134. [134] Sztul, E. (1994) Transepithelial transport of secretory immunoglobulins. In: P.J. Barnes and R.A. Stockley (Eds.), Molecular Biology of Lung Disease. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Boston, pp. 261-278.
135. [135] Johnson, L.G., Olsen, J.C., Sarkadi, B., Moore, K.L., Swanstrom, R. and Boucher, R.C. (1992) Efficiency of gene transfer for restoration of normal airway epithelial function in cystic fibrosis. Nat. Genet. 2, 21-25.
136. [136] Ferkol, T., Kaetzel, C.S. and Davis, P.B. (1993) Gene transfer into respiratory epithelial cells by targeting the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor. J. Clin. Invest. 92, 2394-2400.
137. [137] Ferkol, T., Perales, J.C., Eckman, E., Kaetzel, C.S., Hanson, R.W. and Davis, P.B. (1995) Gene transfer into airway epithelium of animals by targeting the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor. J. Clin. Invest. 95, 493-502.
138. [138] Curiel, D.T., Agarwal, S., Romer, M.U., Wagner, E., Cotton, M., Birnstiel, M.L. and Boucher, R.C. (1992) Gene transfer to respiratory epithelial cells via the receptor-mediated endocytosis pathway. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 6, 247-252.
139. [139] Pfeifer, A.M.A., Lechner, J.F., Masui, T., Reddel, R.R., Mark, G.E. and Harris, C.C. (1989) Control of growth and squamous differentiation in normal human bronchial epithelial cells by chemical and biological modifiers and transferred genes. Environ. Health Perspect. 80, 209-220.
140. [140] Cohn, J.A., Kole, J. and Yankaskas, J.R. (1993) Protein phosphorylation responses in normal and cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cell lines. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 9, 401-404.
141. [141] Finkbeiner, W.E., Carrier, S.D. and Teresi, C.E. (1994) Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) phenotypic analysis of cell cultures of human tracheal epithelium, tracheobronchial glands, and lung carcinomas. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 9, 547-556.
142. [142] Cozens, A.L., Yezzi, M.J., Yamaya, M., Steiger, D., Wagner, J.A., Garber, S.S., Chin, L., Simon, E.M., Cutting, G.R., Gardner, P., Friend, D.S., Basbaum, C.B. and Gruenert, D.C. (1992) A transformed human epithelial cell line that retains tight junctions post crisis. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 28A, 735-744.
143. [143] Collier, I.E., Wilhem, S.M., Eisen, A.Z., Marmer, B.L., Grant, G.A., Seltzer, J.L., Kronberger, A., He, C., Bauer, E.A. and Goldber, G.I. (1988) H-ras oncogene-transformed human bronchial epithelial cells (TBE-1) secrete a single metalloprotease capable of degrading basement membrane collagen. J. Biol. Chem. 263, 6579-6587.
144. [144] Bonfil, R.D., Reddel, R.R., Ura, H., Reich, R., Fridman, R., Harris, C.C. and Klein-Szanto, A.J.P. (1989) Invasive and metastatic potential of a v-Ha-ras-transformed human bronchial epithelial cell line. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 81, 587-594.
145. [145] Ross, G.F., Morris, R.E., Ciraolo, G., Huelsman, K., Bruno, M., Whitsett, J.A., Baatz, J.E. and Korfhagen, T.R. (1995) Surfactant protein A-polylysine conjugates for delivery of DNA to airway cells in culture. Hum. Gene Ther. 6, 31-40.
146. [146] Baatz, J.E., Bruno, M.D., Ciraolo, P.J., Classer, S.W., Stripp, B.R., Smyth, K.L. and Korfhagen, T.R. (1994) Utilization of modified surfactant-associated protein B for delivery of DNA to airway epithelial cells in culture. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 2547-2551.
147. [147] Haies, D.M., Gil, J. and Weibel, E.R. (1981) Morphometric study of rat lung cells. I. Numerical and dimensional characteristics of parenchymal cell population. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis, 123, 533-541.
148. [148] Weibel, E.R., Gehr, P., Haies, D., Gil, J. and Bachofen, M. (1976) The cell population of the normal lung. In: A. Bouhuys (Ed.), Lung cells in disease. North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 3-16.
149. [149] Bensch, K., Schaeffer, K. and Avery, M. (1964) Granular pneumocytes: electron microscopic evidences of their exocrine function. Science 145, 1318-1319.
150. [150] Dobbs, L., Geppert, M., Williams, M., Greenleaf, R. and Mason, R. (1980) Metabolic properties and ultrastructure of alveolar type II cells isolated with elastase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 618, 510-523.
151. [151] Whitsett, J.A., Weaver, T., Hall, W., Ross, G. and Dion, C. (1985) Synthesis of surfactant-associated glycoprotein A by rat type II epithelial cells. Primary translation products and post-translational modification. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 828, 162-171.
152. + transport by cultured monolayers of pulmonary alveolar type II cells in primary culture. Am. J. Physiol. 245, C78-C83.
153. [153] Mason, R.J., Williams, M.C., Widdicombe, J.H., Sanders, M.J., Misfeldt, D.S. and Berry, J.L.C. (1982) Transepithelial transport by pulmonary alveolar type II cells in primary culture. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 6033-6037.
154. [154] Kikkawa, Y. and Yoneda, K. (1974) The type II epithelial cells of the lung. I. Method of isolation. Lab. Invest. 30, 76-84.
155. [155] Goodman, B.E. and Crandall, E.D. (1982) Dome formation in primary cultured monolayers of alveolar epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 243, C96-C100.
156. [156] Cheek, J.M., Evans, M.J. and Crandall, E.D. (1989) Type I cell-like morphology in tight alveolar epithelial monolayers. Exp. Cell Res. 184, 375-387.
157. [157] Dobbs, L.G. (1990) Isolation and culture of alveolar type II cells. Am. J. Physiol. 258, L134-L147.
158. [158] Augustin-Voss, H.G., Schoon, H.-A., Stockhofe, N. and Ueberschar, S. (1989) Isolation of bovine type II pneumocytes in high yield and purity. Lung 167, 1-10.
159. [159] Dobbs, L.G., Gonzalez, R. and Williams, M.C. (1986) An improved method for isolating type II cells in high yield and purity. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 134, 141-145.
160. [160] Robinson, P.C., Voelker, D.R. and Mason, R.J. (1984) Isolation and culture of human alveolar type II epithelial cells. Characterization of their phospholipid secretion. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 130, 1156-1160.
161. [161] Borok, Z., Danto, S.I., Zabski, S.M. and Crandall, E.D. (1994) Defined medium for primary culture de novo of adult rat alveolar epithelial cells. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 30A, 99-104.
162. [162] Lafranconi, W.M., Spall, R.D., Sipes, I.G., Duhamel, R.C., Meezan, E, and Brendel, K. (1983) Rapid isolation of type II pneumocytes with magnetic removal of macrophages. Exp. Lung Res. 4, 191-204.
163. [163] Wilson, J.S., Steinkamp, J.A. and Lehnen, B.E. (1986) Isolation of viable type II alveolar epithelial cells by flow cytometry. Cytometry 7, 157-162.
164. [164] Finkelstein, J.N. and Shapiro, D.L. (1982) Isolation of type II alveolar epithelial cells using low protease concentrations. Lung 160, 85-98.
165. [165] Leary, J.F., Finkelstein, J.N., Notter, R.H. and Shapiro, D.L. (1982) Isolation of type II pneumocytes by laser flow cytometry. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 125, 326-330.
166. [166] Simon, R.H., McCoy, J.P., Jr., Chu, A.E., Dehart, P.D. and Goldstein, I.J. (1986) Binding of Griffonia simplicifolia lectin to rat pulmonary alveolar macrophages and its use in purifying type II alveolar epithelial cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 885, 34-42.
167. [167] Crapo, J.D., Barry, B.E., Gehr, P., Bachofen, M. and Weibel, E.R. (1982) Cell number and cell characteristics of the normal human lung. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 126, 332-337.
168. [168] Belinsky, S.A., Lechner, J.F. and Johnson, N.F. (1995) An improved method for the isolation of type II and Clara cells from mice. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 31, 361-366.
169. [169] Greenleaf, R.D., Mason, R.J. and Williams, M.C. (1979) Isolation of alveolar type II cells by centrifugal elutriation. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 15, 673-684.
170. [170] Funkhouser, J.D., Cheshire, L.B., Ferrara, T.B. and Peterson, R.D. (1987) Monoclonal antibody identification of a type II alveolar epithelial cell antigen and expression of the antigen during lung development. Dev. Biol. 119, 190-198.
171. [171] Rochat, T.R., Casale, J.M. and Hunninghake, G.W. (1988) Characterization of type II alveolar epithelial cells by flow cytometry and fluorescent markers. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 112, 418-425.
172. [172] Cott, G.R., Walker, S.R. and Mason, R.J. (1987) The effect of substratum and serum on the lipid synthesis and morphology of alveolar type II cells in vitro. Exp. Lung Res. 13, 427-447.
173. [173] Rannels, S.R., Yarnell, J.A., Fisher, C.S., Fabisiak, J.P. and Rannels, D.E. (1987) Role of laminin in maintenance of type II pneumocyte morphology and function. Am. J. Physiol. 253, C835-C845.
174. [174] Danto, S.I., Zabski, S.M. and Crandall, E.D. (1992) Reactivity of alveolar epithelial cells in primary culture with type I cell monoclonal antibodies. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 6, 296-306.
175. [175] Shannon, J.M., Mason, R.J. and Jennings, S. (1987) Function of alveolar type II epithelial cells in vitro: effects of cell shape, cell-matrix interaction and cell-cell interaction. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 931, 143-156.
176. [176] Shannon, J.M., Emrie, P.A., Fisher, J.H., Kuroki, Y., Jennings, S.D. and Mason, R.J. (1990) Effect of a reconstituted basement membrane on expression of surfactant apoproteins in cultured adult rat alveolar type II cells. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 2, 183-192.
177. [177] Papadopoulos, T., Ionescu, L., Dammrich, J., Toomes, H. and Muller-Hermelink, H.K. (1990) Type I and type IV collagen promote adherence and spreading of human type II pneumocytes in vitro. Lab. Invest. 62, 562-569.
178. [178] Clark, R.A.F., Mason, R.J., Folkvord, J.M. and McDonald, J.A. (1986) Fibronectin mediates adherence of rat alveolar type II epithelial cells by the fibroblastic cell-attachment domain. J. Clin. Invest. 77, 1831-1840.
179. [179] Rannels, D.E. and Rannels, S.R. (1987) Influence of the extracellular matrix on type II cell differentiation. Chest 96, 165-173.
180. [180] Borok, Z., Hami, A., Danto, S.I., Zabski, S.M. and Crandall, E.D. (1995) Rat serum inhibits progression of alveolar epithelial cells toward type I cell phenotype in vitro. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 12, 50-55.
181. [181] Massey, T.E., Geddes, B.A. and Forkert, P.-G. (1987) Isolation of non-ciliated bronchiolar epithelial (Clara) cells and alveolar type II cells from mouse lungs. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 65, 2368-2372.
182. [182] Sikpi, M.O., Nair, C.R., Johns, A.E. and Das, S.K. (1986) Metabolic and ultrastructural characterization of guinea pig alveolar type II cells by centrifugal elutriation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 877, 20-30.
183. [183] Pfleger, R.C. (1977) Type II epitheilial cells from the lung of Syrian hamsters: isolation and metabolism. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 27, 152-166.
184. [184] Bignon, J., Jaurand, M.C., Pinchon, M.C., Sapin, C. and Warner, J.M. (1976) Immunoelectron microscopic and immunochemical demonstrations of serum proteins in the alveolar lining of the rat lung. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 113, 104-120.
185. [185] Leslie, C.C., McCormick-Shannon, K., Robinson, P.C. and Mason, R.J. (1985) Stimulation of DNA synthesis in cultured rat alveolar type II cells. Exp. Lung Res. 8, 53-66.
186. 3H]Thymidine incorporation does not correlate with growth state in cultured alveolar type II cells. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 3. 159-164.
187. [187] Leslie, C.C., McCormick-Shannon, K., Mason, R.J. and Shannon, J.M. (1993) Proliferation of rat alveolar epithelial cells in low density primary culture. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 9, 64-72.
188. [188] Diglio, C.A. and Kikkawa, Y. (1977) The type II epithelial cells of the lung. IV. Adaptation and behavior of isolated type II cells in culture. Lab. Invest. 37, 622-631.
189. [189] Dobbs, L.G., Williams, M.C. and Brandt, A.E. (1985) Changes in biochemical characteristics and pattern of lectin binding of alveolar type II cells with time in culture. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 846, 155-166.
190. 2. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 22, 142-150.
191. [191] Mason, R.J. and Dobbs, L.G. (1980) Synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol by alveolar type II cells in primary culture. J. Biol. Chem. 255, 5101-5107.
192. [192] Whitsett, J.A., Ross, G., Weaver, T., Rice, W., Dion, C. and Hull, W. (1985) Glycosylation and secretion of surfactant-associated glycoprotein A. J. Biol. Chem. 260, 15273-15279.
193. [193] Liley, H.G., Ertsey, R., Gonzales, L.W., Odom, M.W., Huwgood, S., Dobbs, L.G. and Ballard, P.L. (1988) Synthesis of surfactant components by cultured type II cells from human lung. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 961, 86-95.
194. [194] Edelson, J.D., Shannon, J.M. and Mason, R.J. (1988) Alkaline phosphatase: a marker of alveolar type II cell differentiation. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 138, 1268-1275.
195. [195] Schneeberger-Keely, E.E. and Karnovsky, M.J. (1968) The ultrastructural basis of alveolar-capillary membrane permeability to peroxidase used as a tracer. J. Cell Biol. 37, 781-793.
196. [196] Taylor, A.E. and Gaar, K.A. (1970) Estimation of equivalent pore radii of pulmonary capillary and alveolar membranes. Am. J. Physiol. 218, 1133-1140.
197. [197] Matthay, M.A., Berthiaume, Y. and Staub, N.C. (1985) Long-term clearance of liquid and protein from the lungs of unanesthetized sheep. J. Appl. Physiol. 59, 928-934.
198. [198] Goodman, B.E., Kim, K.-J. and Crandall, E.D. (1987) Evidence for active sodium transport across alveolar epithelium of isolated rat lung. J. Appl. Physiol. 62, 703-710.
199. [199] Bassel, G., Crone, C. and Saumon, G. (1987) Significance of active ion transport in transalveolar water absorption: a study on isolated rat lung. J. Physiol. 384, 311-324.
200. [200] Cott, G., Sugahara, K. and Mason, R. (1986) Stimulation of net active ion transport across type II cell monolayers. Am. J. Physiol. 250, C535-C547.
201. [201] Cheek, J.M., Kim, K.-J. and Crandall, E.D. (1989) Tight monolayers of rat alveolar epithelial cells: bioelectric properties and active sodium transport. Am. J. Physiol. 256, C688-C693.
202. - fluxes to net ion transport by alveolar epithelium. Respir. Physiol. 85, 245-256.
203. [203] Kim, K.-J., Suh, D.-J., Lubman, R.L., Danto, S.I., Borok, Z. and Crandall, E.D. (1992) Studies on the mechanisms of active ion fluxes across alveolar epithelial cell monolayers. J. Tissue Culture Methods 14, 187-194.
204. [204] Lubman, R.L. and Crandall, E.D. (1992) Regulation of intracellular pH in alveolar epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 262, L1-L14.
205. + antiport in type II alveolar epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 252, C490-C498.
206. + antiport activity in rat alveolar epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 266, L138-L147.
207. 3 exchange modulates intracellular pH in rat type II alveolar epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 263, 5599-5606.
208. 3 exchanger isoform AE2 is restricted to the basolateral surface of alveolar epithelial cell monolayers. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 12, 211-219.
209. 3 symport modulates intracellular pH in alveolar epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 260, L555-L561.
210. 3 cotransporter activity in alveolar epithelial cells. Respir. Physiol. 100, 15-24.
211. - secretion by rat alveolar epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 257, L438-L445.
212. [212] Busa, W.B. (1986) Mechanisms and consequences of pH-mediated cell regulation. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 48, 389-402.
213. [213] Moolenaar, W.H. (1986) Effects of growth factors on intracellular pH regulation. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 363-376.
214. - exchange and growth factor-induced cytosolic pH changes. Role in cellular proliferation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 988, 73-97.
215. [215] Chander, A. (1989) Regulation of lung surfactant secretion by intracellular pH. Am. J. Physiol. 257, L354-L360.
216. [216] Nielson, D.W., Goerke, J. and Clements, J.A. (1981) Alveolar subphase pH in the lungs of anesthetized rabbits. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 7119-7123.
217. [217] Fuller, R.W. and Collier, J.G. (1983) The pharmacokinetic assessment of sodium cromoglycale. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 35, 289-292.
218. [218] Tmovec, T., Durisova, M., Bezek, S., Kallay, Z., Navarova, J., Tomcikova, O., Kettner, M. and Erichleb, M. (1984) Pharmacokinetics of gentamycin administered intratracheally or as an inhalation aerosol to guinea pigs. Drug Metab. Dispos. 12, 641-644.
219. [219] Woolfrey, S.G., Taylor, G., Kellaway, I.W. and Smith, A. (1986) Pulmonary absorption of carboxyfluorescein in the rat. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 38, 304-306.
220. [220] Morita, T., Yamamoto, Y., Hashida, M. and Sezaki, H. (1993) Effects of various absorption promoters on pulmonary absorption of drugs with different molecular weights. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 16, 259-262.
221. [221] Niven, R.W., Rypacek, F. and Byron, P.R. (1990) Solute absorption from the airways of the isolated rat lung. III. absorption of several peptidase-resistant, synthetic polypeptides: poly-(2-hydroxyethyl)-aspartamides. Pharm. Res. 7, 990-994.
222. [222] Byron, P.R., Sun, Z., Katayama, H. and Rypacek, F. (1994) Solute absorption from the airways of the isolated rat lung. IV. mechanisms of absorption of fluorophore-labelled poly-a,b-[N(2-hydroxyethyl)-DL-aspartamide]. Pharm. Res. 11, 221-225.
223. [223] Wang, L.Y., Toledo-Velasquez, D., Schwegler-Berry, D., Ma, J.K.H. and Rojanasakul, Y. (1993) Transport and hydrolysis of enkephalins in cultured alveolar epithelial monolayers. Pharm. Res. 10, 1662-1667.
224. [224] Wang, L.Y., Ma, J.K.M., Pan, W.F., Toledo-Velasquez, D., Malanga, C.J. and Rojanasakul, Y. (1994) Alveolar permeability enhancement by oleic acid and related fatty acids: evidence for a calcium-dependent mechanism. Pharm. Res. 11, 513-517.
225. [225] Fujita, T., Kawahara, I., Yamamoto, M., Yamamoto, A. and Muranishi, S. (1995) Comparison of the permeability of macromolecular drugs across cultured intestinal and alveolar epithelial cell monolayers. Pharm. Sci. 1, 231-234.
226. [226] Kobayashi, S., Kondo, S. and Juni, K. (1995) Permeability of peptides and proteins in human cultured alveolar A549 cell monolayer. Pharm. Res. 12, 1115-1119.
227. [227] Ashton, P., Wang, W. and Lee, V.H.L. (1991) Location of penetration and metabolic barriers to levobunolol in the corneal epithelium of the pigmented rabbit. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 259, 719-724.
228. [228] Lee, V.H.L., Chien, D.S. and Sasaki, H. (1988) Ocular ketone reductase distribution and its role in the metabolism of ocularly applied levobunolol in the pigmented rabbit. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 246, 871-878.
229. [229] Berg, M.M., Kim, K.J., Lubman, R.L. and Crandall, E.D. (1989) Hydrophilic solute transport across rat alveolar epithelium. J. Appl. Physiol. 66, 2320-2327.
230. [230] Chandra, T., Miller, I.F. and Yeates, D.B. (1992) A pore transport model for pulmonary alveolar epithelium. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 20, 481-494.
231. [231] Brown, S.E.S., Kim, K.-J., Goodman, B.E., Wells, J.R. and Crandall, E.D. (1985) Sodium-amino acid cotransport by type II alveolar epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 59, 1616-1622.
232. [232] Hautamaki, D., Greene, B. and Souba, W.W. (1992) Characterization of L-glutamine transport by type II alveolar cells. Am. J. Physiol. 262, L459-L465.
233. [233] Christensen, H.N. (1969) Some special kinetic problems of transport. Adv. Enzymol. Rel. Areas Mol. Biol. 32, 1-20.
234. 2 to evaluate the cosubstrate: amino acid transport stoichiomelry in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. J. Cell Physiol. 115, 131-136.
235. [235] Le Cam, A. and Freychet, P. (1977) Neutral amino acid transport: characterization of the A and L system in isolated rat hepatocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 252, 148-156.
236. [236] O'Brodovich, H., Rafii, B. and Post, M. (1990) Bioelectric properties of fetal alveolar epithelial monolayers. Am. J. Physiol. 258, L201-L206.
237. [237] Kerr, J.S., Reicherter, J. and Fisher, A.B. (1982) 2-Deoxy-D-glucose uptake by rat granular pneumocytes in primary culture. Am. J. Physiol. 243, C14-C19.
238. [238] Clerici, C., Soler, P. and Saumon, G. (1991) Sodium-dependent phosphate and alanine transports but sodium-independent hexose transport in type II alveolar epithelial cells in primary culture. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1063, 27-35.
239. [239] Barker, P.M., Boyd, C.A.R., Ramsden, C.A., Strang, L.B. and Walters, D.V. (1989) Pulmonary glucose transport in the fetal sheep. J. Physiol. 409, 15-27.
240. [240] Kerr, J.S., Fisher, A.B. and Kleinzeller, A. (1981) Transport of glucose analogues in rat lung. Am. J. Physiol. 241, E191-E195.
241. [241] Wangensteen, D. and Bartlett, M. (1984) D-and L-glucose transport across the pulmonary epithelium. J. Appl. Physiol. 57, 1722-1730.
242. [242] Basset, G., Crone, C. and Saumon, G. (1987) Fluid absorption by rat lung in situ: pathways for sodium entry in the luminal membrane of alveolar epithelium. J. Physiol. 384, 325-345.
243. [243] Oelberg, D.G., Xu, F. and Shabarek, F. (1994) Sodium-coupled transport of glucose by plasma membranes of type II pneumocytes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1194, 92-98.
244. [244] Smith, L.L. and Wyatt, I. (1981) The accumulation of putrescine into slices of rat lung and brain and its relationship to the accumulation of paraquat. Biochem. Pharmacol. 30, 1053-1058.
245. [245] Smith, L.L., Wyatt, I. and Cohen, G.M. (1982) The accumulation of diamines and polyamines into rat lung slices. Biochem. Pharmacol. 31, 3029-3033.
246. [246] Rannels, E.D., Addison, J.L. and Bennett, R. (1986) Increased pulmonary uptake of exogenous polyamines after unilateral pneumonectomy. Am. J. Physiol. 250, E435-E440.
247. [247] Nemery, B., Smith, L.L. and Aldridge, W.N. (1987) Putrescine and 5-hydroxytryptamine accumulation in rat lung slices: cellular localization and responses to cell-specific lung injury. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 91, 107-120.
248. [248] Williams-Ashman, H.G. and Canallakis, Z.W. (1979) Polyamines in mammalian biolgy and medicine. Perspect. Biol. Med. 22, 421-453.
249. [249] Janne, J., Poso, H. and Raina, A. (1978) Polyamines in rapid growth and cancer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 473, 241-293.
250. [250] Tabor, C.W. and Tabor, H. (1976) 1,4-Diaminobutane (putrescine), spermidine and spermine. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 45, 285-306.
251. [251] Gordonsmith, R.H., Brook-Taylor, S., Smith, L.L. and Cohen, G.M. (1983) Structural requirements of compounds to inhibit pulmonary diamine accumulation. Biochem. Pharmacol. 32, 3701-3709.
252. [252] Smith, L.L. (1985) The identification and characterization of a polyamme accumulation system in the lung. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 13, 332-334.
253. [253] Oreffo, V.I.C., John, R.A. and Richards, R.J. (1991) Diamine uptake by rat lung type II cells in vitro. Biochem. Pharmacol. 41, 1209-1215.
254. [254] Aldridge, V.N. and Nemry, B. (1984) Toxicology of trialkylphosphorothioates with particular reference to lung toxicity. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 4, S215-S223.
255. [255] Kameji, R., Rannels, S.R., Pegg, A.E. and Rannels, E.D. (1989) Spermidine uptake by type II pulmonary epithelial cells in primary culture. Am. J. Physiol. 256, C160-C167.
256. [256] Dodia, C., Fisher, A.B., Chander, A. and Kleinzeller, A. (1992) Inhibitors of choline transport in alveolar type II epithelial cells. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 6, 426-429.
257. [257] Williams, M.C. (1984) Endocytosis in alveolar type II cells: effect of charge and size of tracers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 6054-6058.
258. [258] Williams, M.C. (1984) Uptake of lectins by pulmonary alveolar type II cells: subsequent deposition into lamellar bodies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 6383-6387.
259. [259] Hastings, R.H., Wright, J.R., Albertine, K.H., Ciriales, R. and Matthay, M.A. (1994) Effect of endocytosis inhibitors on alveolar clearance of albumin, immunoglobulin G, and SP-A in rabbits. Am. J. Physiol. 266, L544-L552.
260. [260] Kuroki, Y., Mason, R.J. and Voelker, D.R. (1988) Alveolar type II cells express a high-affinity receptor for pulmonary surfactant protein A. Proc. Natl. Acacl. Sci. USA 85, 5566-5570.
261. [261] Kalina, M., McCormack, F.X., Crowley, H., Voelker, D.R. and Mason, R.J. (1993) Internalization of surfactant protein A (SP-A) into lamellar bodies of rat alveolar type II cells in vitro. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 41, 57-70.
262. [262] Wright, J.R. (1990) Clearance and recycling of pulmonary surfactant. Am. J. Physiol. 259, L1-L12.
263. [263] Lacaze-Masmonteil, T. (1993) Pulmonary surfactant proteins. Crit. Care Med. 21, S376-S379.
264. [264] Tsuzuki, A., Kuroki, Y. and Akino, T. (1993) Pulmonary surfactant protein A-mediated uptake of phosphatidylcholine by alveolar type II cells. Am. J. Physiol. 265, L193-L199.
265. [265] Bates, S.R., Dodia, C. and Fisher, A.B. (1994) Surfactant protein A regulates uptake of pulmonary surfactant by lung type II cells on microporous membranes. Am. J. Physiol. 267, L753-L760.
266. [266] Walther, F.J., David-Cu, R., Supnet, M.C., Longo, M.L., Fan, B.R. and Bruni, R. (1993) Uptake of antioxidants in surfactant liposomes by cultured alveolar type II cells is enhanced by SP-A. Am. J. Physiol. 265, L330-L339.
267. [267] Breslin, J.S. and Weaver, T.E. (1992) Binding, uptake, and localization of surfactant protein B in isolated rat alveolar type II cells. Am. J. Physiol. 262, L699-L707.
268. [268] Bates, S.R., Beers, M.F. and Fisher, A.B. (1992) Binding and uptake of surfactant protein B by alveolar type II cells. Am. J. Physiol. 263, L333-L341.
269. [269] Pinto, R.A., Hawgood, S., Clements, J.A., Benson, B.J., Naidu, A., Hamilton, R.L. and Wright, J.R. (1995) Association of surfactant protein C with isolated alveolar type II cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1255, 16-22.
270. [270] Wan, J., Shah, D. and Shen, W.C. (1991) Brefeldin A induces missorting of transferrin receptors and increases receptor-mediated transcytosis of transferrin in filter-grown MDCK cells. J. Cell Biol. 115, 259a
271. [271] Wan, J., Taub, M.E., Shah, D. and Shen, W.C. (1992) Brefeldin A enhances receptor-mediated transcytosis of transferrin in filter-grown Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cells. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 13446-13450.
272. [272] Drumm, M.L., Pope, H.A., Cliff, W.H., Rommens, J.M., Marvin, S.A., Tsui, L.C., Collins, F.S., Frizzell, R.A. and Wilson, J.M. (1990) Correction of the cystic fibrosis defect in vitro by retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. Cell 62, 1227-1233.
273. [273] Rich, D.P., Anderson, M.P., Gregory, R.J., Cheng, S.H., Paul, S., Jefferson, D.M., McCann, J.D., Klinger, K.W., Smith, A.E. and Welsh, M.J. (1990) Expression of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator corrects defective chloride channel regulation in cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells. Nature 347, 358-363.
274. [274] Rosenfeld, M.A., Yoshimura, K., Trapnell, B.C., Yoneyama, K., Rosenthal, E.R., Dalemans, W., Fukayama, M., Bargon, J., Stier, L.E., Stratford-Perricaudet, L., Perricaudet, M., Guggino, W.B., Pavirani, A., Lecocq, J.P. and Crystal, R.G. (1992) In vivo transfer of the human cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene to the airway epithelium. Cell 68, 143-155.
275. [275] Grubb, B.R., Pickles, R.J., Ye, H., Yankaskas, J.R., Vick, R.N., Engelhardt, J.F., Wilson, J.M., Johnson, L.G. and Boucher, R.C. (1994) Inefficient gene transfer by adenovirus vector to cystic fibrosis airway epithelia of mice and humans. Nature 371, 802-806.
276. [276] Goldman, M., Yang, Y. and Wilson, J.M. (1995) Gene therapy in a xenograft model of cystic fibrosis lung corrects chloride transport more effectively than the sodium defect. Nat. Genet. 9, 126-131.
277. [277] Hyde, S.C., Gill, D.R., Higgins, C.F., Trezise, A.E.O., MacVinish, L.J., Cuthbert, A.W., Ratcliff, R., Evans, M.J. and Colledge, W.H. (1993) Correction of the ion transport defect in cystic fibrosis transgenic mice by gene therapy. Nature 362, 250-255.
278. [278] Logan, J.L., Bebok, Z., Walker, L.C., Peng, S., Felgner, P.L., Siegal, G.P., Frizzell, R.A., Dong, J., Howard, M., Matalon, S., Lindsey, J.R., DuVall, M. and Sorscher, E.J. (1995) Cationic lipids for reporter gene and CFTR transfer to rat pulmonary epithelium. Gene Ther. 2, 38-49.
279. [279] Rosenfeld, M.A., Siegfried, W., Yoshimura, K., Yoneyama, K., Fukayama, M., Stier, L.E., Paakko, P.K., Gilardi, W.B., Stratford-Perricaudet, L., Perricaudet, M., Jallat, S., Pavirani, A., Lecocq, L.P. and Crystal, R.G. (1991) Adenovirus-mediated transfer of a recombinant α1-antitrypsin gene to the lung epithelium in vivo. Science 252, 431-434.
280. [280] Canonico, A.E., Conary, J.T., Meyrick, B.O. and Brigham, K.L. (1994) Aerosol and intravenous transfection of human α1-antitrypsin gene to lung of rabbits. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 10, 24-29.
281. [281] Xing, Z., Braciak, T., Jordana, M., Croitoru, K., Graham, F.L. and Gauldie, J. (1994) Adenovirus-mediated cytokine gene transfer at tissue sites. J. Immunol. 153, 4059-4069.
282. [282] Xing, Z., Ohkawara, Y., Jordana, M., Graham, F.L. and Gauldie, J. (1996) Transfer of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene to rat lung induces eosinophilia, monocytosis, and fibrotic reactions. J. Clin. Invest. 97, 1102-1110.
283. [283] Xing, Z., Braciak, T., Ohkawara, Y., Sallenave, J.M., Foley, R., Sime, P.J., Jordana, M., Graham, F.L. and Gauldie, J. (1996) Gene transfer for cytokine functional studies in the lung: the multifunctional role of GM-CSF in pulmonary inflammation. J. Leuk. Biol. 59, 481-488.
284. [284] Carbone, D.P. and Minna, J.D. (1994) In vivo gene therapy of human lung cancer using wild-type p53 delivered by retrovirus. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 86, 1437-1438.
285. [285] Fujikawa, T., Cai, D.W., Georges, R.N., Mukhopadhyay, T., Grimm, E.A. and Roth, J.A. (1994) Therapeutic effect of a retroviral wild-type p53 expression vector in an orthotopic lung cancer model. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 86, 1458-1462.
286. [286] Korst, R.J., Bewig, B. and Crystal, R.G. (1995) In vitro and in vivo transfer and expression of human surfactant SP-A-and SP-B-associated protein cDNAs mediated by replication-deficient, recombinant adenoviral vectors. Hum. Gene Ther. 6, 277-287.
287. [287] Yei, S., Bachurski, C.J., Weaver, T.E., Wert, S.E., Trapnell, B.C. and Whitsett, J.A. (1994) Adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of human surfactant protein B to respiratory epithelial cells. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 11, 329-336.
288. [288] Fortunati, E., Bout, A., Zanta, M.A., Valerio, D. and Scarpa, M. (1996) In vitro and in vivo gene transfer to pulmonary cells mediated by cationic liposomes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1306, 55-62.
289. [289] Steele, M.P., Levine, R.A., Joyce-Brady, M. and Brody, J.S. (1992) A rat alveolar type II cell line developed by adenovirus 12SE1A gene transfer. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 6, 50-56.
290. [290] Mallampalli, R.K., Floerchinger, C.S. and Hunninghake, G.W. (1992) Isolation and immortalization of rat pre-type II cell lines. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 28A, 181-187.
291. [291] Shapiro, D.L., Nardone, L.L., Rooney, S.A., Motoyama, E.K. and Munoz, J.L. (1978) Phospholipid biosynthesis and secretory by a cell line (A549) which resembles type II alveolar epithelial cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 530, 197-207.
292. [292] Mason, R.J. and Williams, M.C. (1980) Phospholipid composition and ultrastructure of A549 cells and other cultured pulmonary epithelial cells of presumed type II cell origin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 617, 36-50.
293. [293] Beck, J.C., Zock, L.T. and Finkbeiner, W.E. (1992) An air interface culture system promotes differentiation of human tracheal epithelium. Mol. Biol. Cell 3, 76a.
294. [294] Alcorn, J.L., Gao, E., Chen, Q., Smith, M.E., Gerard, R.D. and Mendelson, C.R. (1993) Genomic elements involved in transcriptional regulation of the rabbit surfactant protein-A gene. Mol. Endocrinol. 7, 1072-1085.
295. [295] Cappelletti, G., Incani, C. and Maci, R. (1994) Paraquat induces irreversible actin cytoskeleton disruption in cultured human lung cells. Cell Biol. Toxicol. 10, 255-263.
296. [296] Brown, D.M. and Donaldson, K. (1991) Injurious effects of wool and grain dusts on alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages in vitro. Br. J. Ind. Med. 48, 196-202.
297. 1. Am. J. Physiol. 266, C1440-C1452.
298. [298] Renkin, E.M. (1954) Filtration, diffusion and molecular sieving through porous cellulose membranes. J. Gen. Physiol. 38, 225-243.
299. [299] Goodman, B.E., Anderson, J.L., Clemens, J.W., Kircher, K.J., Stormo, M.L., Waltz, J.S., Waltz, W.F. and White, J.W. (1994) Differences in sodium and D-glucose transport between hamster and rat lungs. J. Appl. Physiol. 76, 2578-2585.
300. [300] Wangensteen, D. and Yankovich, R. (1979) Alveolar epithelium transport of albumin and sucrose: concentration difference effect. J. Appl. Physiol. 47, 846-850.