The role of calcium in the regulation of apoptosis

Scanning Microscopy

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 777-794

  McConkey, David J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Apoptosis; BCL 2; Calcium; Endonuclease; Oxidative stress

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM ION; CERAMIDE; CYCLOSPORIN A; DAUNORUBICIN; ENDONUCLEASE; INOSITOL TRISPHOSPHATE; MEMBRANE PHOSPHOLIPID; PHOSPHOLIPASE C; PROTEIN BCL 2; PROTEIN GLUTAMINE GAMMA GLUTAMYLTRANSFERASE; PROTEINASE; TACROLIMUS;

ANIMAL CELL; APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; CALCIUM TRANSPORT; CELL CYCLE; CELL DEATH; ENZYME ACTIVATION; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALS; APOPTOSIS; CALCIUM; CERAMIDES; ENDONUCLEASES; ENDOPEPTIDASES; HUMANS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TRANSGLUTAMINASES;

EID: 0030316478     PISSN: 08917035     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (166)

1. Agarwal ML, Larkin HE, Zaidi SI, Mukhtar H, Oleinick NL (1993) Phospholipase activation triggers apoptosis in photosensitized mouse lymphoma cells. Cancer Res 53, 5897-5902.
2. Allbritton NL, Verret CR, Wolley RC, Eisen HN (1988) Calcium ion concentrations and DNA fragmentation in target cell destruction by murine cloned cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 167, 514-527.
3. Amendola A, Lombardi G, Oliverio S, Colizzi V, Piacentini M (1994) HIV-1 gp120-dependent induction of apoptosis in antigen-specific human T cell clones is characterized by "tissue" transglutaminase expression and prevented by cyclosporin A. FEBS Lett 339, 258-264.
4. Anel A, Buferne M, Boyer C, Schmitt-Verhulst AM, Golstein P (1994) T cell receptor-induced Fas ligand expression in cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones is blocked by protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors and cyclosporin A. Eur J Immunol 24, 2469-2476.
5. Aw TY, Nicotera P, Manzo L, Orrenius S (1990) Tributyltin stimulates apoptosis in rat thymocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 283, 46-50.
6. Baffy G, Miyashita T, Williamson JR, Reed JC (1993) Apoptosis induced by withdrawal of interleukin-3 (IL-3) from an IL-3-dependent hematopoietic cell line is associated with repartitioning of intracellular calcium and is blocked by enforced BCL-2 oncoprotein production. J Biol Chem 268, 6511-6519.
7. 2+ and pH. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 186, 782-789.
8. Barry MA, Eastman A (1993) Identification of deoxyribonuclease II as an endonuclease involved in apoptosis. Arch Biochem Biophys 300, 440-450.
9. Basse F, Gaffet P, Rendu F, Bienvenue A (1993) Translocation of spin-labeled phospholipids through the plasma membrane during thrombin- and ionophore A23187-induced platelet aggregation. Biochemistry 32, 2337-2344.
10. 2+ concentration and DNA fragmentation. Cancer Res 52, 1342-1346.
11. Bevers EM, Verahllen PF, Visser AJ, Comfurius P, Zwaal RF (1990) Bidirectional transbilayer lipid movement in human platelets as visualized by the fluorescent membrane probe 1[4-(trimethylammonio)phenyl]-6-phenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene. Biochemistry 29, 5132-5137.
12. 2+-induced loss of phospholipid asymmetry in the human erythrocyte: A study of Scott syndrome, a disorder of calcium-induced phospholipid scrambling. Blood 86, 1983-1991.
13. Bonnefoy-Berard N, Genestier L, Flacher M, Revillard JP (1994) The phosphoprotein phosphatase calcineurin controls calcium-dependent apoptosis in B cell lines. Eur J Immunol 24, 325-329.
14. Bose R, Verheij M, Haimovitz-Friedman A, Scotto K, Fuks Z, Kolesnick R (1995) Ceramide synthase mediates daunorubicin-induced apoptosis: An alternative mechanism for generating death signals. Cell 82, 405-414.
15. Boyd JM, Malstrom S, Subramanian T, Venkatesh LK, Schaeper U, Elangovan B, D'Sa-Eipper C, Chinna- durai G (1994) Adenovirus E1B 19 kDa and BCL-2 proteins interact with a common set of cellular proteins. Cell 79, 341-351.
16. Brown DG, Sun XM, Cohen GM (1993) Dexamethasone-induced apoptosis involves cleavage of DNA to large fragments prior to internucleosomal fragmentation. J Biol Chem 268, 3037-3039.
17. Bump NJ, Hackett M, Hugunin M, Seshagiri S, Brady K, Chen P, Ferenz C, Franklin S, Ghayur T, Li P, Licari P, Mankovich M, Shi L, Greenberg AH, Miller LK, Wong WW (1995) Inhibition of ICE family proteases by baculovirus antiapoptotic protein p35. Science 269, 1885-1888.
18. Buttke TM, Sandstrom PA (1994) Oxidative stress as a mediator of apoptosis. Immunol Today 15, 7-10.
19. Choi MS, Boise LH, Gottschalk AR, Quintans J, Thompson CB (1995) The role of BCL-XL in CD40-mediated rescue from anti-mu-induced apoptosis in WEHI-231 B lymphoma cells. Eur J Immunol 25, 1352-1357.
20. Cifone MG, Maria RD, Roncaioli P, Rippo RM, Azuma M, Lanier LL, Santoni A, Testi R (1994) Apoptotic signaling through CD95 (Fas/Apo-1) activates acidic sphingomyelinase. J Exp Med 180, 1547-1552.
21. 2+ regulated serine protease associated with the nuclear scaffold. Cell Growth Differentiations, 827-838.
22. Cohen D, DeLeo VA (1993) Ultraviolet radiation-induced phospholipase A2 activation occurs in mammalian cell membrane preparations. Photochem Photobiol 57, 383-390.
23. Cohen JJ, Duke RC (1984) Glucocorticoid activation of a calcium-dependent endonuclease in thymocyte nuclei leads to cell death. J Immunol 132, 38-42.
24. Connor J, Schroit AJ (1990) Aminophospholipid translocation in erythrocytes: Evidence for the involvement of a specific transporter and an endofacial protein, Biochemistry 29, 37-43.
25. Dbaibo GS, Pushkareva MY, Jayadev S, Schwarz JK, Horowitz JM, Obeid LM, Hannun YA (1995) Retinoblastoma gene product as a downstream target for a ceramide-dependent pathway of growth arrest. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92, 1347-1351.
26. deJong D, Prins FA, Mason DY, Reed JC, Ommen GBv, Kluin PM (1994) Subcellular localization of the bcl-2 protein in malignant and normal lymphoid cells. Cancer Res 54, 256-260.
27. Dowd DR, MacDonald PN, Komm BS, Maussler MR, Miesfeld R (1991) Evidence for early induction of calmodulin gene expression in lymphocytes undergoing glucocorticoid-mediated apoptosis. J Biol Chem 266, 18423-18426.
28. Dypbukt JM, Ankarcrona M, Burkitt M, Sjoholm A, Strom K, Orrenius S, Nicotera P (1994) Different pro-oxidant levels stimulate growth, trigger apoptosis, or produce necrosis of insulin-secreting RINm5F cells. The role of intracellular polyamines. J Biol Chem 269, 30553-30560.
29. Fadok VA, Voelker DR, Campbell PA, Cohen JJ, Bratton DL, Henson PM (1992a) Exposure of phosphatidylserine on the surface of apoptotic lymphocytes triggers specific recognition and removal by macrophages. J Immunol 148, 2207-2216.
30. Fadok VA, Savill JS, Haslett C, Bratton DL, Doherty DE, Campbell PA, Henson PM (1992b) Different populations of macrophages use either the vitronectin receptor or the phosphatidylserine receptor to recognize and remove apoptotic cells. J Immunol 149, 4029-4035.
31. Fang W, Rivard JJ, Ganser JA, LeBien TW, Nath KA, Mueller DL, Behrens TW (1995) BCL-xL rescues WEHI 231 B lymphocytes from oxidant mediated death following diverse apoptotic stimuli. J Immunol 155, 66-75.
32. Fernandes-Alnemri T, Litwack G, Alnemri ES (1994) CPP32, a novel human apoptotic protein with homology to Caehorhabditis elegans cell death protein ced-3 and mammalian interleukin-1b-converting enzyme. J Biol Chem 269, 30761-30764.
33. Fernandes-Alnemri T, Litwack G, Alnemri ES (1995) Mch2, a new member of the apoptotic Ced-3/Ice cysteine protease gene family. Cancer Res 55, 2737-2742.
34. 2+-mediated endogenous endonuclease activation in apoptotic thymocytes. J Immunol 155, 5133-5139.
35. Fesus L, Thomazy V, Falus A (1987) Induction and activation of tissue transglutaminase during programmed cell death. FEBS Lett 224, 104-108.
36. Fesus L, Thomazy V, Autuori F, Ceru MP, Tarcsa E, Piacentini M (1989) Apoptotic hepatocytes become insoluble in detergents and chaotropic agents as a result of transglutaminase action. FEBS Lett 245, 150-154.
37. Fesus L, Tarcsa E, Kedei N, Autuori F, Piacentini M (1991) Degradation of cells dying by apoptosis leads to accumulation of epsilon (gamma-glutamyl) lysine isodipeptide in culture fluid and blood. FEBS Lett 284, 109-112.
38. Filipski J, Leblanc J, Youdale T, Sikorska M, Walker PR (1990) Periodicity of DNA folding in higher order chromatin structures. EMBO J 9, 1319-1327.
39. Fox JE, Austin CD, Reynolds CC, Steffen PK (1991) Evidence that agonist-induced activation of calpain causes the shedding of procoagulant-containing microvesicles from the membrane of aggregating platelets. J Biol Chem 266, 13289-13295.
40. Furuya Y, Isaacs JT (1993) Differential gene regulation during programmed death (apoptosis) versus proliferation of prostatic glandular cells induced by androgen manipulation. Endocrinology 133, 2660-2666.
41. Gaido ML, Cidlowski JA (1991) Identification, purification, and characterization of a calcium-dependent endonuclease (NUC 18) from apoptotic rat thymocytes. J Biol Chem 266, 18580-18585.
42. +-ATPase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92, 5965-5968.
43. Gulbins E, Bissonnette R, Mahboubi A, Martin S, Nishioka W, Brunner T, Baier G, Baier-Bitterilch G, Byrd C, Lang F, Kolesnick R, Altman A, Green D (1995) FAS-induced apoptosis is mediated via a ceramide-initiated RAS signaling pathway. Immunity 2, 341-351.
44. Haimovitz-Friedman A, Kan CC, Ehleiter D, Persaud RS, McLoughlin M, Fuks Z, Kolesnick RN (1994) Ionizing radiation acts on cellular membranes to generate ceramide and initiate apoptosis. J Exp Med 180, 525-535.
45. Hallahan DE, Virudachalam S, Kuchibhotla J, Kufe DW, Weichselbaum RR (1994) Membrane-derived second messenger regulates X-ray-mediated tumor necrosis factor alpha gene induction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91, 4897-4901.
46. Hayakawa M, Ishida N, Takeuchi K, Shibamoto S, Hori T, Oku N, Ito F, Tsujimoto M (1993) Arachidonic acid-selective cytosolic phospholipase A2 is crucial in the cytotoxic action of tumor necrosis factor. J Biol Chem 268, 11290-11295.
47. Hengartner MO, Horvitz HR (1994) C elegans cell death gene ced-9 encodes a functional homolog of mammalian proto-oncogene bcl-2. Cell 76, 665-676.
48. Hengartner MO, Ellis RE, Horvitz HR (1992) Caenorhabditis elegans gene ced-9 protects cells from programmed cell death. Nature 356, 494-499.
49. Hennet T, Richter C, Peterhans E (1993) Tumour necrosis factor-alpha induces superoxide anion production in mitochondria of L929 cells. Biochem J 289, 587-592.
50. Hewish DR, Burgoyne LA (1973) Chromatin substructure. The digestion of chromatin DNA at regularly spaced sites by a nuclear deoxyribonuclease. Biochem. Biophys Res Comm 52, 504-510.
51. Hockenbery DM, Oltvai ZN, Yin XM, Milliman CL, Korsmeyer SJ (1993) BCL-2 functions in an antioxidant pathway to prevent apoptosis. Cell 75, 241-251.
52. Hollenbach PW, Zilli DL, Laster SM (1992) Inhibitors of transcription and translation act synergistically with tumor necrosis factor to cause the activation of phospholipase A2. J Biol Chem 267, 39-42.
53. Ishida R, Akiyoshi H, Takahashi T (1974) Isolation and purification of calcium and magnesium dependent endonuclease from rat liver nuclei. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 56, 703-708.
54. Jaattela M, Benedict M, Tewari M, Shayman JA, Dixit VM (1995) BCL-X and BCL-2 inhibit TNF and Fas-induced apoptosis and activation of phospholipase A2 in breast carcinoma cells. Oncogene 10, 2297-2305.
55. Jacobson MD, Raff MC (1995) Programmed cell death and Bcl-2 protection in very low oxygen. Nature 374, 814-816.
56. Jacobson MD, Burne JF, Raff MC (1994) Programmed cell death and BCL-2 protection in the absence of a nucleus. EMBO J 13, 1899-1910.
57. Jarvis WD, Jarvis FA, Fornari J, Browning JL, Gewirtz DA, Kolesnick RN, Grant S (1994a) Attenuation of ceramide-induced apoptosis by diglyceride in human myeloid leukemia cells. J Biol Chem 269, 31685-31692.
58. Jarvis WD, Kolesnick RN, Fornari FA, Traylor RS, Gewirtz DA, Grant S (1994b) Induction of apoptotic DNA damage and cell death by activation of the sphingomyelin pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91, 73-77.
59. 2+ ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin. Exp Cell Res 212, 84-92.
60. 2+ channels exposed to serum from patients with type I diabetes. Science 261, 86-90.
61. Kaiser N, Edelman IS (1977) Calcium dependence of glucocorticoid-induced lymphocytolysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74, 638-642.
62. Kaiser N, Edelman IS (1978) Further studies on the role of calcium in glucocorticoid-induced lymphocytolysis. Endocrinology 103, 936-942.
63. Kane DJ, Sarafian TA, Anton R, Hahn H, Gralla EB, Valentine JS, Ord T, Bredesen DE (1993) BCL-2 inhibition of neural death: Decreased generation of reactive oxygen species. Science 262, 1274-1277.
64. Kaneko Y, Tsukamoto A (1994) Thapsigargin-induced persistent intracellular calcium pool depletion and apoptosis in human hepatoma cells. Cancer Lett 79, 147-155.
65. Kaufmann SH (1989) Induction of endonucleolytic DNA cleavage in human acute myelogenous leukemia cells by etoposide, camptothecin, and other cytotoxic anticancer drugs: A cautionary note. Cancer Res 49, 5870-5878.
66. Kaufmann SH, Desnoyers S, Ottaviano Y, Davidson NE, Poirier GG (1993) Specific proteolytic cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase: An early marker of chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Cancer Res 53, 3976-3985.
67. Khan AA, Soloski MJ, Sharp AH, Schilling G, Sabatini DM, Li SH, Ross CA, Snyder SH (1996) Lymphocyte apoptosis: Mediation by increased type 3 nositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor. Science 273, 503-508.
68. Kolesnick R, Golde DW (1994) The sphingomyelin pathway in tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 signaling. Cell 77, 325-328.
69. Korystov YN, Shaposhnikova VV, Dobrovinskaya OR, Eidus LK (1993) Intercellular interactions in the interphase death of irradiated thymocytes. Radiat Res 134, 301-306.
70. Kumar S, Kinoshita M, Noda M, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA (1994) Induction of apoptosis by the mouse Nedd2 gene, which encodes a protein similar to the product of Caenorhabditis elegans cell death gene ced-3 and the mammalian IL-1b-converting enzyme. Genes Dev 8, 1613-1626.
71. Lam M, Dubyak G, Distelhorst CW (1993) Effect of glucocorticoid treatment on intracellular calcium homeostasis in mouse lymphoma cells. Mol Endocrinol 7, 686-693.
72. 2+ fluxes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91.
73. Lazebnik YA, Cole S, Cooke CA, Nelson WG, Earnshaw WC (1993) Nuclear events of apoptosis in vitro in cell-free mitotic extracts: A model system for analysis of the active phase of apoptosis. J Cell Biol 123, 7-22.
74. Lazebnik YA, Takahashi A, Moir RD, Goldman RD, Poirier GG, Kaufmann SH, Earnshaw WC (1995) Studies of the lamin proteinase reveal multiple parallel biochemical pathways during apoptotic execution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92, 9042-9046.
75. Lennon SV, Martin SJ, Cotter TG (1990) Induction of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in tumour cells by widely diverging stimuli. Biochem Soc Trans 18, 343-345.
76. Lennon SV, Martin SJ, Cotter TG (1991) Dose-dependent induction of apoptosis in human tumour cell lines by widely divergent stimuli. Cell Prolif 24, 203-204.
77. Levick V, Coffey H, D'Mello SR (1995) Opposing effects of thapsigargin on the survival of developing cerebellar granule neurons in culture. Brain Res 676, 325-335.
78. Li J, Eastman A (1995) Apoptosis in an interleukin-2-dependent cytotoxic T lymphocyte cell line is associated with intracellular acidification. J Biol Chem 270, 3203-3211.
79. Liu J, Liu JD, Farmer J, Lane WS, Friedman J, Weissman I, Schreiber SL (1991) Calcineurin is a common target of cyclophilin-cyclosporin A FKBP-FK506 complexes. Cell 66, 807-815.
80. Lozano J, Berra E, Municio MM, Diaz-Meco MT, Domingez I, Sanz L, Moscat J (1994) Protein kinase C zeta isoform is critical for kB-dependent promoter activation by sphingomyelinase. J Biol Chem 269, 19200-19202.
81. Makrigiannis AP, Blay J, Hoskin DW (1994) Cyclosporin A inhibits 2-chloroadenosine-induced DNA cleavage in mouse thymocytes. Int J Immunopharmacol 16, 995-1001.
82. 2+. Oncogene 12, 2259-2266.
83. Marti A, Jehn B, Costello E, Keon N, Ke G, Martin F, Jaggi R (1994) Protein kinase A and AP-1 (c-Fos/JunD) are induced during apoptosis of mouse mammary epithelial cells. Oncogene 9, 1213-1223.
84. Martikainen P, Isaacs J (1990) Role of calcium in the programmed cell death of rat ventral prostatic glandular cells. Prostate 17, 175-187.
85. Martin SJ, Green DR (1995) Protease activation during apoptosis: Death by a thousand cuts? Cell 82, 349-352.
86. Martin SJ, O'Brien GA, Nishioka WK, McGahon AJ, Mahboubi A, Saido TC, Green DR (1995) Proteolysis of fodrin (non-erythroid spectrin) during apoptosis. J Biol Chem 270, 6425-6428.
87. Mayer M, Noble M (1994) N-acetyl-L-cysteine is a pluripotent protector against cell death and enhancer of trophic factor-mediated cell survival in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91, 7496-7500.
88. McConkey DJ (1996) Calcium-dependent, interleukin 1β-converting enzyme (ICE) inhibitor-insensitive degradation of lamin B, and DNA fragmentation in isolated thymocyte nuclei. J. Biol. Chem. in press.
89. McConkey DJ, Hartzell P, Nicotera P, Wyllie AH, Orrenius S (1988) Stimulation of endogenous endonuclease activity in hepatocytes exposed to oxidative stress. Toxicol Lett 42, 123-130.
90. McConkey DJ, Hartzell P, Amador-Perez JF, Orrenius S, Jondal M (1989a) Calcium-dependent killing of immature thymocytes by stimulation via the CD3/T cell receptor complex. J Immunol 143, 1801-1806.
91. McConkey DJ, Nicotera P, Hartzell P, Bellomo G, Wyllie AH, Orrenius S (1989b) Glucocorticoids activate a suicide process in thymocytes through an elevation of cytosolic Ca concentration. Arch Biochem Biophys 269, 365-370.
92. 2+ increase in the target. FASEB J 4, 2661-2664.
93. McConkey DJ, Fosdick L, D'Adamio L, Jondal M, Orrenius S (1994) Co-receptor (CD4/CD8) engagement enhances CD3-induced apoptosis in thymocytes. Implications for negative selection. J Immunol 153, 2436-2443.
94. Melino G, Annicchiarico-Petruzzeli M, Piredda L, Candi E, Gentile V, Davies PJ, Piacentini M (1994) Tissue transglutaminase and apoptosis: Sense and antisense tranfection studies with human neuroblastoma cells. Mol Cell Biol 14, 6584-6596.
95. Montague JW, Gaido ML, Frye C, Cidlowski JA (1994) A calcium-dependent nuclease from apoptotic rat thymocytes is homologous with cyclophilin. Recombinant cyclophilins A, B, and C have nuclease activity. J Biol Chem 269, 18877-18880.
96. Murphy K, Heimberger A, Loh DY (1990) Induction by antigen of intrathymic apoptosis of CD4 + CD8 + thymocytes in vivo. Science 250, 1720-1723.
97. Mutch DG, Powell CB, Kao MS, Collins JL (1992) Resistance to tumor necrosis factor alpha in malignant gynecological cell lines is associated with the expression of protein(s) that prevent the activation of phospholipase A2 by tumor necrosis factor alpha. Cancer Res 52, 866-872.
98. Nakagama T, Ueda Y, Yamada H, Shores EW, Singer A, June CH (1992) In vivo calcium elevations in thymocytes with T cell receptors that are specific for self ligands. Science 257, 96-99.
99. Neamati N, Fernandez A, Wright S, Kiefer J, McConkey DJ (1995) Degradation of lamin B1 precedes oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation in apoptotic thymocytes and isolated thymocyte nuclei. J Immunol 154, 3788-3795.
100. Nicholson DW, Ali A, Thornberry NA, Vaillancourt JP, Ding CK, Gallant M, Gareau Y, Griffin PR, Labelle M, Lazebnik YA, Munday NA, Raju SM, Smulson ME, Yamin XT, Yu VL, Miller DK (1995) Identification and inhibition of the ICE/ced-3 protease necessary for mammalian apoptosis. Nature 376, 37-43.
101. Nikonova LV, Beletsky IP, Umansky SR (1993) Properties of some nuclear nucleases of rat thymocytes and their changes in radiation-induced apoptosis. Eur J Biochem 215, 893-901.
102. Norvell A, Mandik L, Monroe JG (1995) Engagement of the antigen receptor on immature murine B lymphocytes results in death by apoptosis. J Immunol 154, 4404-4413.
103. Obeid LM, Linardic CM, Karolak LA, Hannun YA (1993) Programmed cell death induced by ceramide. Science 259, 1769-1771.
104. Oberhammer F, Wilson JW, Dive C, Morris ID, Hickman JA, Wakeling AE, Walker PR, Sikorska M (1993) Apoptotic death in epithelial cells: Cleavage of DNA to 300 and/or 50 kb fragments prior to, or in the absence of internucleosomal fragmentation. EMBO J 12, 3679-3684.
105. Oberhammer FA, Hochegger K, Froschl G, Tiefenbacher R, Pavelka M (1994) Chromatin condensation during apoptosis is accompanied by degradation of lamin A+B without enhanced activation of cd/c2 kinase. J Cell Biol 1267, 827-837.
106. Oltvai ZN, Korsmeyer SJ (1994) Checkpoints of dueling dimers foil death wishes. Cell 79, 189-192.
107. 2+ in toxic cell killing. Trends Pharmacol Sci 10, 281-285.
108. Parry SL, Holman MJ, Hasbold J, Klaus GGB (1994) Plastic-immobilized anti-m or anti-d antibodies induce apoptosis in mature murine B lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 24, 974-979.
109. Peitsch MC, Polzar B, Stephan H, Crompton T, MacDonald HR, Mannherz HG, Tschopp J (1993) Characterization of the endogenous deoxyribonuclease involved in nuclear DNA degradation during apoptosis (programmed cell death). EMBO J 12, 371-377.
110. Petit PX, Lecoeur H, Zorn E, Dauguet C, Mignotte B, Gougeon ML (1995) Alterations in mitochondrial structure and function are early events of dexamethasone-induced thymocyte apoptosis. J Cell Biol 130, 157-167.
111. Pronk GJ, Ramer K, Amiri P, Williams LT (1996) Requirement of an ICE-like protease for induction of apoptosis and ceramide generation by REAPER. Science 271, 808-810.
112. Pushkareva M, Obeid LM, Hannun YA (1995) Ceramide: An endogenous regulator of apoptosis and growth suppression. Immunol Today 16, 294-297.
113. Rajotte D, Haddad P, Haman A, Haman EJ, Cragoe J, Hoang T (1992) Role of protein kinase C and the Na+/H+ antiporter in suppression of apoptosis by granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor interleukin-3. J Biol Chem 267, 9980-9987.
114. 2+ dependent endonuclease from human spleen: Purification, properties, and role in apoptosis. Biochemistry 32, 9129-9136.
115. 2+: Their relationship to apoptosis and oncogenesis. FEBS Lett 325, 104-107.
116. Robertson LE, Chubb S, Meyn RE, Story M, Ford R, Hittelman WN, Plunkett W (1993) Induction of apoptotic cell death in chronic lymphocytic leukemia by 2-chloro-2′-deoxyadenosine and 9-beta-D-arabinosyl-2′-fluroadenine. Blood 81, 143-150.
117. Rosing J, van Rijn JL, Bevers EM, van Dieijen G, Comfurius P, Zwaal RF (1985) The role of activated human platelets in prothrombin and factor X activation. Blood 65, 319-332.
118. Sarin A, Adams DH, Henkart PA (1993) Protease inhibitors selectively block T cell receptor-triggered programmed cell death in a murine T cell hybridoma and activated peripheral T cells. J Exp Med 178, 1693-1700.
119. Sarin A, Nakajima H, Henkart PA (1995) A protease-dependent TCR-induced death pathway in mature lymphocytes. J. Immunol 154, 5806-5812.
120. Savill J, Fadok V, Henson P, Haslett C (1993) Phagocytic recognition of cells undergoing apoptosis. Immunol Today 14, 131-136.
121. Schewe M, Muller P, Korte T, Herrmann A (1992) The role of phospholipid asymmetry in calcium phosphate-induced fusion of human erythrocytes. J Biol Chem 267, 5910-5915.
122. Schulze-Osthoff K, Walczak H, Droge W, Krammer PH (1994) Cell nucleus and DNA fragmentation are not required for apoptosis. J Cell Biol 127, 15-20.
123. Shaposhnikova VV, Dobrovinskaya OR, Eidus LK, Korystov YN (1994) Dependence of thymocyte apoptosis on protein kinase C and phospholipase A2. FEBS Lett 348, 317-319.
124. Shi Y, Sahai BM, Green DR (1989) Cyclosporin A inhibits activation-induced cell death in T cell hybridomas and thymocytes. Nature 339, 625-626.
125. Shimizu S, Eguchi Y, Kosaka H, Kamiike W, Matsuda H, Tsujimoto Y (1995) Prevention of hypoxia-induced cell death by Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Nature 374, 811-813.
126. Sims PJ, Wiedmer T, Esmon CT, Weiss HJ, Shattil SJ (1989) Assembly of the platelet prothrombinase complex is linked to vesiculation of the platelet plasma membrane. Studies in Scott syndrome: An isolated defect in platelet procoagulant activity. J Biol Chem 264, 17049-17057.
127. Slater AF, Nobel CS, Maellaro E, Bustamante J, Kimland M, Orrenius S (1995) Nitrone spin traps and a nitroxide antioxidant inhibit a common pathway of thymocyte apoptosis. Biochem J 306, 771-778.
128. Smith CA, Williams GT, Kingston R, Jenkinson EJ, Owen JJT (1989) Antibodies to CD3/T cell receptor complex induce death by apoptosis in immature T cells in thymic cultures. Nature 337, 181-184.
129. Squier MKT, Miller ACK, Malkinson AM, Cohen JJ (1994) Calpain activation in apoptosis. J Cell Physiol 159, 229-237.
130. Story MD, Stephens LC, Tomosovic SP, Meyn RE (1992) A role for calcium in regulating apoptosis in rat thymocytes irradiated in vitro. Int J Radiat Biol 61, 243-251.
131. 2+-induced phospholipid redistribution in the human erythrocyte membrane. J Biol Chem 269, 6347-6354.
132. 2+-dependent cleavage of DNA into kilobase pair fragments is responsible for the initial degradation of DNA in apoptosis. J Biol Chem 269, 14857-14860.
133. Taresa E, Kedei N, Thomazy V, Fesus L (1992) An involucrin-like protein in hepatocytes serves as a substrate for tissue transglutaminase during apoptosis. J Biol Chem 267, 25648-25651.
134. Tepper CG, Jayadev S, Liu B, Bielawska A, Wolff R, Yonehara S, Hannun YA, Seldin MF (1995) Role for ceramide as an endogenous mediator of Fas-induced cytotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92, 8443-8447.
135. Tewari M, Quan LT, O'Rourke K, Desnoyers S, Salvesen GS, Dixit VM (1995) Yama/CPP32b, a mammalian homolog of ced-3, is a crmA-inhibitable protease that cleaves the death substrate poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Cell 81, 801-809.
136. Thompson CB (1995) Apoptosis in the pathogenesis and treatment of disease. Science 267, 1456-1462.
137. Tokes ZA, Clawson GA (1989) Proteolytic activity associated with the nuclear scaffold. The effect of self-digestion on lamins. J Biol Chem 264, 15059-15065.
138. Trent JC, McConkey DJ, Loughlin SM, Harbison MT, Fernandez A, Ananthaswamy HN (1996) Ras signaling in tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis. EMBO J, in press.
139. Treves S, Trentini PL, Ascanelli M, Bucci G, Di Virgilio F (1994) Apoptosis is dependent on intracellular zinc and independent of intracellular calcium in lymphocytes. Exp Cell Res 211, 339-343.
140. Tsubata T, Wu J, Honjo T (1993) B-cell apoptosis induced by antigen receptor crosslinking is blocked by a T cell signal through CD40. Nature 364, 645-648.
141. Utsugi T, Schroit AJ, Connor J, Bucana CD, Fidler IJ (1991) Elevated expression of phosphatidylserine in the outer membrane leaflet of human tumor cells and recognition by activated human blood monocytes. Cancer Res 51, 3062-3066.
142. Vanderbilt JN, Bloom KS, Anderson JN (1982) Endogenous nuclease: Properties and effects on transcribed genes in chromatin. J Biol Chem 257, 13009-13017.
143. Verhoven B, Schlegel RA, Williamson P (1995) Mechanisms of phosphatidylserine exposure, a phagocyte recognition signal, on apoptotic T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 182, 1597-1601.
144. Verkleij AJ, Zwaal RF, Roelofsen B, Comfurius P, Kastelijn D, van Deenen LL (1973) The asymmetric distribution of phospholipids in the human red cell membrane. A combined study using phospholipases and freezeetch electron microscopy. Biochem Biophys Acta 323, 178-193.
145. Voelkel-Johnson C, Thorne TE, Laster SM (1995) Susceptibility to TNF in the presence of inhibitors of transcription or translation is dependent on the activity of cytosolic phospholipase A2 in human melanoma tumor cells. J Immunol 156, 201-207.
146. Wang L, Miura M, Bergeron L, Zhu H, Yuan J (1994) Ich-1, an ICE/ced-3-related gene, encodes both positive and negative regulators of programmed cell death. Cell 78, 739-750.
147. Wever GF, Abromson-Leeman S, Cantor H (1995) A signaling pathway coupled to T cell receptor ligation by MMTV superantigen leading to transient activation and programmed cell death. Immunity 2, 363-372.
148. Williamson P, Bevers EM, Smeets EF, Comfurius P, Schlegel RA, Zwaal RF (1995) Continuous analysis of the mechanism of activated transbilayer lipid movement in platelets. Biochemistry 34, 10448-10455.
149. Wolfe JT, Ross D, Cohen GM (1994) A role for metals and free radicals in the induction of apoptosis in thymocytes. FEBS Lett 352, 58-62.
150. Wolff RA, Dobrowsky RT, Bielawska A, Obeid LM, Hannun YA (1994) Role of ceramide-activated protein phosphatase in ceramide-mediated signal transduction. J Biol Chem 269, 19605-19606.
151. Wyllie AH (1980) Glucocorticoid-induced thymocyte apoptosis is associated with endogenous endonuclease activation. Nature 284, 555-556.
152. Wyllie AH, Kerr JFR, Currie AR (1980) Cell death: The significance of apoptosis. Int Rev Cytol 68, 251-305.
153. Wyllie AH, Morris RG, Smith AL, Dunlop D (1984) Chromatin cleavage in apoptosis: Association with condensed chromatin morphology and dependence on macromolecular synthesis. J. Pathol 142, 67-77.
154. Wyllie AH, Arends MJ, Morris RG, Walker SW, Evan G (1992) The apoptosis endonuclease and its regulation. Sem Immunol 4, 389-397.
155. Xie K, Huang S, Dong Z, Juang SH, Gutman M, Xie QW, Nathan C, Fidler IJ (1995) Transfection with the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene suppresses tumorigenicity and abrogates metastasis by K-1735 murine melanoma cells. J Exp Med 181, 1333-1343.
156. Xue D, Horvitz HR (1995) Inhibition of the Caenorhabditis elegans cell-death protease CED-3 by a CED-3 cleavage site in baculovirus p35 protein. Nature 377, 248-251.
157. Yao B, Zhang Y, Delikat S, Mathias S, Basu S, Kolesnick R (1995) Phosphorylation of Raf by ceramide-activated protein kinase. Nature 378, 307-310.
158. Yao XR, Scott DW (1993) Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to the blk tyrosine kinase prevent anti-m-mediated growth inhibition and apoptosis in a B-cell lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90, 7946-7950.
159. Yazdanbakhsh K, Choi JW, Li Y, Lau LF, Choi Y (1995) Cyclosporin A blocks apoptosis by inhibiting the DNA binding activity of the transcription factor Nur77. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92, 437-441.
160. Yuan J, Shaham S, Ledoux S, Ellis HM, Horvitz HR (1993) The C elegans cell death gene ced-3 encodes a protein similar to mammalian interleukin-1b-converting enzyme. Cell 75, 641-652.
161. Zamzani N, Marchetti P, Castedo M, Decaudin D, Macho A, Hirsch T, Susin SA, Petit PX, Mignotte B, Kroemer G (1995a) Sequential reduction of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and generation of reactive oxygen species in early programmed cell death. J Exp Med 182, 367-377.
162. Zamzani N, Marchetti P, Castedo M, Zanin C, Vayssiere JL, Petit PX, Kroemer G (1995b) Reduction in mitochondrial potential constitutes an early irreversible step of programmed lymphocyte death in vivo. J Exp Med 181, 1661-1672.
163. 2+ and endonuclease activation in radiation-induced lymphoid cell death. Exp Cell Res 207.
164. Zhivotovsky B, Gahm A, Andarcrona M, Nicotera P, Orrenius S (1995) Multiple proteases are involved in thymocyte apoptosis. Exp Cell Res 221, 404-412.
165. Zornig M, Busch G, Beneke R, Gulbins E, Lang F, Ma A, Korsmeyer SJ, Moroy
166. Zwaal R. F, Roelofsen B, Comfurius P, van Deenen LL (1975) Organization of phospholipids in human red cell membranes as detected by the action of various purified phospholipases. Biochem Biophys Acta 406, 83-96.