Self-assembly of viruses as models for the design of new macromolecular and supramolecular architectures

Journal of Macromolecular Science - Pure and Applied Chemistry

Volumn 33, Issue 10, 1996, Pages 1479-1496

  Percec, Virgil ^a  

^a CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONFORMATIONS; MOLECULAR ORIENTATION; MOLECULAR STRUCTURE; SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL);

SELF ASSEMBLY; SUPRAMOLECULAR SHAPE FORMATION; TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS;

VIRUSES;

EID: 0030269331     PISSN: 10601325     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10601329608014921     Document Type: Article

References (73)

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29. For the first series of experiment which concluded that polymers containing tapered side groups generated from monodendrons produce tubular architectures, see (a) V. Percec and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr., 30(2), 450 (1989) (b) V. Percec and J. Heck, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 29, 591 (1991) (c) V. Percec and J. Heck, Polym., Bull., 24, 255 (1990) (d) V. Percec and J. Heck, Ibid., 25, 55 (1991) (e) V. Percec and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr., 32(1), 263 (1991) (f) V. Percec and J. Heck, Ibid., 32(3), 698 (1991) (g) V. Percec and J. Heck, Polym. Bull., 25 431 (1991) (h) V. Percec and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr., 33(1), 698 (1992) (i) V. Percec, J. Heck, and G. Ungar, Macromolecules, 24, 4957 (1991).
30. For the first series of experiment which concluded that polymers containing tapered side groups generated from monodendrons produce tubular architectures, see (a) V. Percec and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr., 30(2), 450 (1989) (b) V. Percec and J. Heck, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 29, 591 (1991) (c) V. Percec and J. Heck, Polym., Bull., 24, 255 (1990) (d) V. Percec and J. Heck, Ibid., 25, 55 (1991) (e) V. Percec and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr., 32(1), 263 (1991) (f) V. Percec and J. Heck, Ibid., 32(3), 698 (1991) (g) V. Percec and J. Heck, Polym. Bull., 25 431 (1991) (h) V. Percec and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr., 33(1), 698 (1992) (i) V. Percec, J. Heck, and G. Ungar, Macromolecules, 24, 4957 (1991).
31. For the first series of experiment which concluded that polymers containing tapered side groups generated from monodendrons produce tubular architectures, see (a) V. Percec and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr., 30(2), 450 (1989) (b) V. Percec and J. Heck, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 29, 591 (1991) (c) V. Percec and J. Heck, Polym., Bull., 24, 255 (1990) (d) V. Percec and J. Heck, Ibid., 25, 55 (1991) (e) V. Percec and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr., 32(1), 263 (1991) (f) V. Percec and J. Heck, Ibid., 32(3), 698 (1991) (g) V. Percec and J. Heck, Polym. Bull., 25 431 (1991) (h) V. Percec and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr., 33(1), 698 (1992) (i) V. Percec, J. Heck, and G. Ungar, Macromolecules, 24, 4957 (1991).
32. For the first series of experiment which concluded that polymers containing tapered side groups generated from monodendrons produce tubular architectures, see (a) V. Percec and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr., 30(2), 450 (1989) (b) V. Percec and J. Heck, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 29, 591 (1991) (c) V. Percec and J. Heck, Polym., Bull., 24, 255 (1990) (d) V. Percec and J. Heck, Ibid., 25, 55 (1991) (e) V. Percec and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr., 32(1), 263 (1991) (f) V. Percec and J. Heck, Ibid., 32(3), 698 (1991) (g) V. Percec and J. Heck, Polym. Bull., 25 431 (1991) (h) V. Percec and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr., 33(1), 698 (1992) (i) V. Percec, J. Heck, and G. Ungar, Macromolecules, 24, 4957 (1991).
33. For the first series of experiment which concluded that polymers containing tapered side groups generated from monodendrons produce tubular architectures, see (a) V. Percec and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr., 30(2), 450 (1989) (b) V. Percec and J. Heck, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 29, 591 (1991) (c) V. Percec and J. Heck, Polym., Bull., 24, 255 (1990) (d) V. Percec and J. Heck, Ibid., 25, 55 (1991) (e) V. Percec and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr., 32(1), 263 (1991) (f) V. Percec and J. Heck, Ibid., 32(3), 698 (1991) (g) V. Percec and J. Heck, Polym. Bull., 25 431 (1991) (h) V. Percec and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr., 33(1), 698 (1992) (i) V. Percec, J. Heck, and G. Ungar, Macromolecules, 24, 4957 (1991).
34. For the first series of experiment which concluded that polymers containing tapered side groups generated from monodendrons produce tubular architectures, see (a) V. Percec and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr., 30(2), 450 (1989) (b) V. Percec and J. Heck, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 29, 591 (1991) (c) V. Percec and J. Heck, Polym., Bull., 24, 255 (1990) (d) V. Percec and J. Heck, Ibid., 25, 55 (1991) (e) V. Percec and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr., 32(1), 263 (1991) (f) V. Percec and J. Heck, Ibid., 32(3), 698 (1991) (g) V. Percec and J. Heck, Polym. Bull., 25 431 (1991) (h) V. Percec and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr., 33(1), 698 (1992) (i) V. Percec, J. Heck, and G. Ungar, Macromolecules, 24, 4957 (1991).
35. For the first series of experiment which concluded that polymers containing tapered side groups generated from monodendrons produce tubular architectures, see (a) V. Percec and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr., 30(2), 450 (1989) (b) V. Percec and J. Heck, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 29, 591 (1991) (c) V. Percec and J. Heck, Polym., Bull., 24, 255 (1990) (d) V. Percec and J. Heck, Ibid., 25, 55 (1991) (e) V. Percec and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr., 32(1), 263 (1991) (f) V. Percec and J. Heck, Ibid., 32(3), 698 (1991) (g) V. Percec and J. Heck, Polym. Bull., 25 431 (1991) (h) V. Percec and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr., 33(1), 698 (1992) (i) V. Percec, J. Heck, and G. Ungar, Macromolecules, 24, 4957 (1991).
36. For the first series of experiment which concluded that polymers containing tapered side groups generated from monodendrons produce tubular architectures, see (a) V. Percec and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr., 30(2), 450 (1989) (b) V. Percec and J. Heck, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 29, 591 (1991) (c) V. Percec and J. Heck, Polym., Bull., 24, 255 (1990) (d) V. Percec and J. Heck, Ibid., 25, 55 (1991) (e) V. Percec and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr., 32(1), 263 (1991) (f) V. Percec and J. Heck, Ibid., 32(3), 698 (1991) (g) V. Percec and J. Heck, Polym. Bull., 25 431 (1991) (h) V. Percec and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr., 33(1), 698 (1992) (i) V. Percec, J. Heck, and G. Ungar, Macromolecules, 24, 4957 (1991).
37. For the first series of experiment which concluded that polymers containing tapered side groups generated from monodendrons produce tubular architectures, see (a) V. Percec and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr., 30(2), 450 (1989) (b) V. Percec and J. Heck, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 29, 591 (1991) (c) V. Percec and J. Heck, Polym., Bull., 24, 255 (1990) (d) V. Percec and J. Heck, Ibid., 25, 55 (1991) (e) V. Percec and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr., 32(1), 263 (1991) (f) V. Percec and J. Heck, Ibid., 32(3), 698 (1991) (g) V. Percec and J. Heck, Polym. Bull., 25 431 (1991) (h) V. Percec and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr., 33(1), 698 (1992) (i) V. Percec, J. Heck, and G. Ungar, Macromolecules, 24, 4957 (1991).
38. For selected publications on the rational design and self-assembly of tapershaped groups and of the polymers containing tapered side groups, see (a) V. Percec, M. Lee, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, G. Ungar, and A. Alvarez-Castillo, J. Mater. Chem., 2, 931 (1992) (b) V. Percec, J. Heck, M. Lee, G. Ungar, and A. Alvarez-Castillo, Ibid., 2, 1033 (1992) (c) V. Percec, G. Johansson, J. Heck, G. Ungar, and S. V. Batty, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans, 1, p. 1411 (1993) (d) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and D. Abramic, Ibid., p. 447 (1994) (e) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, F. Falkenberg, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, Ibid., p. 2799 (1993) (f) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans., 2, p. 2381 (1993) (g) V. Percec, D. Tomazos, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, Ibid., p. 31 (1994) (h) D. Tomazos, G. Out, J. A. Heck, G. Johansson, V. Percec, and M. Möller, Liq. Cryst., 16, 509 (1994) (i) V. Percec, D. Schlueter, Y. K. Kwon, J. Blackwell, M. Moeller, and P. Slangan, Macromolecules, 28, 8807 (1995) (j) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and J. P. Zhou, Ibid., 29, 646 (1996).
39. For selected publications on the rational design and self-assembly of tapershaped groups and of the polymers containing tapered side groups, see (a) V. Percec, M. Lee, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, G. Ungar, and A. Alvarez-Castillo, J. Mater. Chem., 2, 931 (1992) (b) V. Percec, J. Heck, M. Lee, G. Ungar, and A. Alvarez-Castillo, Ibid., 2, 1033 (1992) (c) V. Percec, G. Johansson, J. Heck, G. Ungar, and S. V. Batty, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans, 1, p. 1411 (1993) (d) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and D. Abramic, Ibid., p. 447 (1994) (e) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, F. Falkenberg, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, Ibid., p. 2799 (1993) (f) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans., 2, p. 2381 (1993) (g) V. Percec, D. Tomazos, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, Ibid., p. 31 (1994) (h) D. Tomazos, G. Out, J. A. Heck, G. Johansson, V. Percec, and M. Möller, Liq. Cryst., 16, 509 (1994) (i) V. Percec, D. Schlueter, Y. K. Kwon, J. Blackwell, M. Moeller, and P. Slangan, Macromolecules, 28, 8807 (1995) (j) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and J. P. Zhou, Ibid., 29, 646 (1996).
40. For selected publications on the rational design and self-assembly of tapershaped groups and of the polymers containing tapered side groups, see (a) V. Percec, M. Lee, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, G. Ungar, and A. Alvarez-Castillo, J. Mater. Chem., 2, 931 (1992) (b) V. Percec, J. Heck, M. Lee, G. Ungar, and A. Alvarez-Castillo, Ibid., 2, 1033 (1992) (c) V. Percec, G. Johansson, J. Heck, G. Ungar, and S. V. Batty, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans, 1, p. 1411 (1993) (d) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and D. Abramic, Ibid., p. 447 (1994) (e) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, F. Falkenberg, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, Ibid., p. 2799 (1993) (f) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans., 2, p. 2381 (1993) (g) V. Percec, D. Tomazos, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, Ibid., p. 31 (1994) (h) D. Tomazos, G. Out, J. A. Heck, G. Johansson, V. Percec, and M. Möller, Liq. Cryst., 16, 509 (1994) (i) V. Percec, D. Schlueter, Y. K. Kwon, J. Blackwell, M. Moeller, and P. Slangan, Macromolecules, 28, 8807 (1995) (j) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and J. P. Zhou, Ibid., 29, 646 (1996).
41. For selected publications on the rational design and self-assembly of tapershaped groups and of the polymers containing tapered side groups, see (a) V. Percec, M. Lee, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, G. Ungar, and A. Alvarez-Castillo, J. Mater. Chem., 2, 931 (1992) (b) V. Percec, J. Heck, M. Lee, G. Ungar, and A. Alvarez-Castillo, Ibid., 2, 1033 (1992) (c) V. Percec, G. Johansson, J. Heck, G. Ungar, and S. V. Batty, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans, 1, p. 1411 (1993) (d) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and D. Abramic, Ibid., p. 447 (1994) (e) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, F. Falkenberg, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, Ibid., p. 2799 (1993) (f) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans., 2, p. 2381 (1993) (g) V. Percec, D. Tomazos, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, Ibid., p. 31 (1994) (h) D. Tomazos, G. Out, J. A. Heck, G. Johansson, V. Percec, and M. Möller, Liq. Cryst., 16, 509 (1994) (i) V. Percec, D. Schlueter, Y. K. Kwon, J. Blackwell, M. Moeller, and P. Slangan, Macromolecules, 28, 8807 (1995) (j) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and J. P. Zhou, Ibid., 29, 646 (1996).
42. For selected publications on the rational design and self-assembly of tapershaped groups and of the polymers containing tapered side groups, see (a) V. Percec, M. Lee, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, G. Ungar, and A. Alvarez-Castillo, J. Mater. Chem., 2, 931 (1992) (b) V. Percec, J. Heck, M. Lee, G. Ungar, and A. Alvarez-Castillo, Ibid., 2, 1033 (1992) (c) V. Percec, G. Johansson, J. Heck, G. Ungar, and S. V. Batty, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans, 1, p. 1411 (1993) (d) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and D. Abramic, Ibid., p. 447 (1994) (e) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, F. Falkenberg, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, Ibid., p. 2799 (1993) (f) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans., 2, p. 2381 (1993) (g) V. Percec, D. Tomazos, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, Ibid., p. 31 (1994) (h) D. Tomazos, G. Out, J. A. Heck, G. Johansson, V. Percec, and M. Möller, Liq. Cryst., 16, 509 (1994) (i) V. Percec, D. Schlueter, Y. K. Kwon, J. Blackwell, M. Moeller, and P. Slangan, Macromolecules, 28, 8807 (1995) (j) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and J. P. Zhou, Ibid., 29, 646 (1996).
43. For selected publications on the rational design and self-assembly of tapershaped groups and of the polymers containing tapered side groups, see (a) V. Percec, M. Lee, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, G. Ungar, and A. Alvarez-Castillo, J. Mater. Chem., 2, 931 (1992) (b) V. Percec, J. Heck, M. Lee, G. Ungar, and A. Alvarez-Castillo, Ibid., 2, 1033 (1992) (c) V. Percec, G. Johansson, J. Heck, G. Ungar, and S. V. Batty, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans, 1, p. 1411 (1993) (d) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and D. Abramic, Ibid., p. 447 (1994) (e) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, F. Falkenberg, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, Ibid., p. 2799 (1993) (f) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans., 2, p. 2381 (1993) (g) V. Percec, D. Tomazos, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, Ibid., p. 31 (1994) (h) D. Tomazos, G. Out, J. A. Heck, G. Johansson, V. Percec, and M. Möller, Liq. Cryst., 16, 509 (1994) (i) V. Percec, D. Schlueter, Y. K. Kwon, J. Blackwell, M. Moeller, and P. Slangan, Macromolecules, 28, 8807 (1995) (j) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and J. P. Zhou, Ibid., 29, 646 (1996).
44. For selected publications on the rational design and self-assembly of tapershaped groups and of the polymers containing tapered side groups, see (a) V. Percec, M. Lee, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, G. Ungar, and A. Alvarez-Castillo, J. Mater. Chem., 2, 931 (1992) (b) V. Percec, J. Heck, M. Lee, G. Ungar, and A. Alvarez-Castillo, Ibid., 2, 1033 (1992) (c) V. Percec, G. Johansson, J. Heck, G. Ungar, and S. V. Batty, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans, 1, p. 1411 (1993) (d) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and D. Abramic, Ibid., p. 447 (1994) (e) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, F. Falkenberg, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, Ibid., p. 2799 (1993) (f) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans., 2, p. 2381 (1993) (g) V. Percec, D. Tomazos, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, Ibid., p. 31 (1994) (h) D. Tomazos, G. Out, J. A. Heck, G. Johansson, V. Percec, and M. Möller, Liq. Cryst., 16, 509 (1994) (i) V. Percec, D. Schlueter, Y. K. Kwon, J. Blackwell, M. Moeller, and P. Slangan, Macromolecules, 28, 8807 (1995) (j) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and J. P. Zhou, Ibid., 29, 646 (1996).
45. For selected publications on the rational design and self-assembly of tapershaped groups and of the polymers containing tapered side groups, see (a) V. Percec, M. Lee, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, G. Ungar, and A. Alvarez-Castillo, J. Mater. Chem., 2, 931 (1992) (b) V. Percec, J. Heck, M. Lee, G. Ungar, and A. Alvarez-Castillo, Ibid., 2, 1033 (1992) (c) V. Percec, G. Johansson, J. Heck, G. Ungar, and S. V. Batty, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans, 1, p. 1411 (1993) (d) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and D. Abramic, Ibid., p. 447 (1994) (e) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, F. Falkenberg, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, Ibid., p. 2799 (1993) (f) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans., 2, p. 2381 (1993) (g) V. Percec, D. Tomazos, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, Ibid., p. 31 (1994) (h) D. Tomazos, G. Out, J. A. Heck, G. Johansson, V. Percec, and M. Möller, Liq. Cryst., 16, 509 (1994) (i) V. Percec, D. Schlueter, Y. K. Kwon, J. Blackwell, M. Moeller, and P. Slangan, Macromolecules, 28, 8807 (1995) (j) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and J. P. Zhou, Ibid., 29, 646 (1996).
46. For selected publications on the rational design and self-assembly of tapershaped groups and of the polymers containing tapered side groups, see (a) V. Percec, M. Lee, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, G. Ungar, and A. Alvarez-Castillo, J. Mater. Chem., 2, 931 (1992) (b) V. Percec, J. Heck, M. Lee, G. Ungar, and A. Alvarez-Castillo, Ibid., 2, 1033 (1992) (c) V. Percec, G. Johansson, J. Heck, G. Ungar, and S. V. Batty, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans, 1, p. 1411 (1993) (d) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and D. Abramic, Ibid., p. 447 (1994) (e) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, F. Falkenberg, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, Ibid., p. 2799 (1993) (f) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans., 2, p. 2381 (1993) (g) V. Percec, D. Tomazos, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, Ibid., p. 31 (1994) (h) D. Tomazos, G. Out, J. A. Heck, G. Johansson, V. Percec, and M. Möller, Liq. Cryst., 16, 509 (1994) (i) V. Percec, D. Schlueter, Y. K. Kwon, J. Blackwell, M. Moeller, and P. Slangan, Macromolecules, 28, 8807 (1995) (j) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and J. P. Zhou, Ibid., 29, 646 (1996).
47. For selected publications on the rational design and self-assembly of tapershaped groups and of the polymers containing tapered side groups, see (a) V. Percec, M. Lee, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, G. Ungar, and A. Alvarez-Castillo, J. Mater. Chem., 2, 931 (1992) (b) V. Percec, J. Heck, M. Lee, G. Ungar, and A. Alvarez-Castillo, Ibid., 2, 1033 (1992) (c) V. Percec, G. Johansson, J. Heck, G. Ungar, and S. V. Batty, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans, 1, p. 1411 (1993) (d) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and D. Abramic, Ibid., p. 447 (1994) (e) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, F. Falkenberg, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, Ibid., p. 2799 (1993) (f) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans., 2, p. 2381 (1993) (g) V. Percec, D. Tomazos, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, Ibid., p. 31 (1994) (h) D. Tomazos, G. Out, J. A. Heck, G. Johansson, V. Percec, and M. Möller, Liq. Cryst., 16, 509 (1994) (i) V. Percec, D. Schlueter, Y. K. Kwon, J. Blackwell, M. Moeller, and P. Slangan, Macromolecules, 28, 8807 (1995) (j) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and J. P. Zhou, Ibid., 29, 646 (1996).
48. For publications on the structural characterization of the supramolecular tubular architectures self-assembled by tapered building blocks, see (a) Y. K. Kwon, S. Chvalun, A.-I. Schneider, J. Blackwell, V. Percec, and J. Heck, Macromolecules, 27, 6129 (1994) (b) Y. K. Kwon, C. Danko, S. Chvalun, J. Blackwell, J. Heck, and V. Percec, Macromol. Symp., 87, 103 (1994) (c) Y. K. Kwon, S. N. Chvalun, J. Blackwell, V. Percec, and J. Heck, Macromolecules, 28, 1552 (1995).
49. For publications on the structural characterization of the supramolecular tubular architectures self-assembled by tapered building blocks, see (a) Y. K. Kwon, S. Chvalun, A.-I. Schneider, J. Blackwell, V. Percec, and J. Heck, Macromolecules, 27, 6129 (1994) (b) Y. K. Kwon, C. Danko, S. Chvalun, J. Blackwell, J. Heck, and V. Percec, Macromol. Symp., 87, 103 (1994) (c) Y. K. Kwon, S. N. Chvalun, J. Blackwell, V. Percec, and J. Heck, Macromolecules, 28, 1552 (1995).
50. For publications on the structural characterization of the supramolecular tubular architectures self-assembled by tapered building blocks, see (a) Y. K. Kwon, S. Chvalun, A.-I. Schneider, J. Blackwell, V. Percec, and J. Heck, Macromolecules, 27, 6129 (1994) (b) Y. K. Kwon, C. Danko, S. Chvalun, J. Blackwell, J. Heck, and V. Percec, Macromol. Symp., 87, 103 (1994) (c) Y. K. Kwon, S. N. Chvalun, J. Blackwell, V. Percec, and J. Heck, Macromolecules, 28, 1552 (1995).
51. For some recent reviews on the self-assembly of taper-shaped groups, see (a) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, and G. Ungar, Macromol. Symp., 77, 237 (1994) (b) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, and G. Ungar, J. Macromol. Sci. - Pure Appl. Chem., A31, 1031 (1994) (c) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, P. Chu, and G. Ungar, Ibid., A31, 1719 (1994) (d) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, P. Chu, and G. Ungar, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 254, 137 (1994) (e) V. Percec and G. Johansson, Macromol. Symp., 96, 173 (1995) (f) V. Percec, G. Johansson, D. Schlueter, J. C. Ronda, and G. Ungar, Ibid., 101, 43 (1996).
52. For some recent reviews on the self-assembly of taper-shaped groups, see (a) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, and G. Ungar, Macromol. Symp., 77, 237 (1994) (b) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, and G. Ungar, J. Macromol. Sci. - Pure Appl. Chem., A31, 1031 (1994) (c) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, P. Chu, and G. Ungar, Ibid., A31, 1719 (1994) (d) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, P. Chu, and G. Ungar, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 254, 137 (1994) (e) V. Percec and G. Johansson, Macromol. Symp., 96, 173 (1995) (f) V. Percec, G. Johansson, D. Schlueter, J. C. Ronda, and G. Ungar, Ibid., 101, 43 (1996).
53. For some recent reviews on the self-assembly of taper-shaped groups, see (a) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, and G. Ungar, Macromol. Symp., 77, 237 (1994) (b) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, and G. Ungar, J. Macromol. Sci. - Pure Appl. Chem., A31, 1031 (1994) (c) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, P. Chu, and G. Ungar, Ibid., A31, 1719 (1994) (d) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, P. Chu, and G. Ungar, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 254, 137 (1994) (e) V. Percec and G. Johansson, Macromol. Symp., 96, 173 (1995) (f) V. Percec, G. Johansson, D. Schlueter, J. C. Ronda, and G. Ungar, Ibid., 101, 43 (1996).
54. For some recent reviews on the self-assembly of taper-shaped groups, see (a) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, and G. Ungar, Macromol. Symp., 77, 237 (1994) (b) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, and G. Ungar, J. Macromol. Sci. - Pure Appl. Chem., A31, 1031 (1994) (c) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, P. Chu, and G. Ungar, Ibid., A31, 1719 (1994) (d) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, P. Chu, and G. Ungar, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 254, 137 (1994) (e) V. Percec and G. Johansson, Macromol. Symp., 96, 173 (1995) (f) V. Percec, G. Johansson, D. Schlueter, J. C. Ronda, and G. Ungar, Ibid., 101, 43 (1996).
55. For some recent reviews on the self-assembly of taper-shaped groups, see (a) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, and G. Ungar, Macromol. Symp., 77, 237 (1994) (b) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, and G. Ungar, J. Macromol. Sci. - Pure Appl. Chem., A31, 1031 (1994) (c) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, P. Chu, and G. Ungar, Ibid., A31, 1719 (1994) (d) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, P. Chu, and G. Ungar, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 254, 137 (1994) (e) V. Percec and G. Johansson, Macromol. Symp., 96, 173 (1995) (f) V. Percec, G. Johansson, D. Schlueter, J. C. Ronda, and G. Ungar, Ibid., 101, 43 (1996).
56. For some recent reviews on the self-assembly of taper-shaped groups, see (a) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, and G. Ungar, Macromol. Symp., 77, 237 (1994) (b) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, and G. Ungar, J. Macromol. Sci. - Pure Appl. Chem., A31, 1031 (1994) (c) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, P. Chu, and G. Ungar, Ibid., A31, 1719 (1994) (d) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, P. Chu, and G. Ungar, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 254, 137 (1994) (e) V. Percec and G. Johansson, Macromol. Symp., 96, 173 (1995) (f) V. Percec, G. Johansson, D. Schlueter, J. C. Ronda, and G. Ungar, Ibid., 101, 43 (1996).
57. For the convergent synthetic approach to monodendrons and dendritic macromolecules, see (a) C. Hawker and J. M. J. Fréchet, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., p. 1010 (1990) (b) C. J. Hawker and J. M. J. Fréchet, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 7638 (1990) (c) T. M. Miller and T. X. Neenan, Chem. Mater., 2, 346 (1990).
58. For the convergent synthetic approach to monodendrons and dendritic macromolecules, see (a) C. Hawker and J. M. J. Fréchet, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., p. 1010 (1990) (b) C. J. Hawker and J. M. J. Fréchet, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 7638 (1990) (c) T. M. Miller and T. X. Neenan, Chem. Mater., 2, 346 (1990).
59. For the convergent synthetic approach to monodendrons and dendritic macromolecules, see (a) C. Hawker and J. M. J. Fréchet, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., p. 1010 (1990) (b) C. J. Hawker and J. M. J. Fréchet, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 7638 (1990) (c) T. M. Miller and T. X. Neenan, Chem. Mater., 2, 346 (1990).
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67. (b) B. M. Novak and R. H. Grubbs, Ibid., 110, 7542 (1988).
68. R. Stadler and K. K. Kerstin, Polym. Bull., 32, 3 (1994).
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