Common structural features of replication origins in all life forms

Journal of Cellular Biochemistry

Volumn 60, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 297-316

  Boulikas, Teni ^a  

^a Inst of Molecular Medical Sciences   (United States)

Author keywords

DNA distortion; DNA repeats; enhancer; HSV 1 ORI nuclear matrix; initiator protein; inverted repeat; Replication origins; silencer; SV40 ORI; transcription factor

Indexed keywords

DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE I; DNA POLYMERASE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR;

ARTICLE; CONFORMATIONAL TRANSITION; DNA CONFORMATION; DNA METHYLATION; DNA REPLICATION; DNA REPLICATION ORIGIN; HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DNA BINDING; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; SIMIAN VIRUS 40; TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION;

ANIMALS; BASE COMPOSITION; BASE SEQUENCE; DNA; HUMANS; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; NUCLEIC ACID CONFORMATION; REPETITIVE SEQUENCES, NUCLEIC ACID; REPLICATION ORIGIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS;

EID: 0029987173     PISSN: 07302312     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4644(19960301)60:3<297::AID-JCB2>3.0.CO;2-R     Document Type: Article

References (162)

1. Amati B, Gasser SM (1990): Drosophila scaffold-attached regions bind nuclear scaffolds and can function as ARS elements in both budding and fission yeasts. Mol Cell Biol 10:5442-5454.
2. Anachkova B, Hamlin JL (1988): Replication in the amplified dihydrofolate reductase domain in CHO cells may initiate at two distinct sites, one of which is a repetitive sequence element. Mol Cel Biol 9:532-540.
3. Anderson S, Bankier AT, Barrell BG, de Bruijn MHL, Coulson AR, Drouin J, Eperon IC, Nierlich DP, Roe BA, Sanger F, Schreier PH, Smith AJH, Staden R, Young IG (1981): Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome. Nature 290.457-465.
4. Ariga, H, Imamura Y, Iguchi-Ariga SMM (1989): DNA replication origin and transcriptional enhancer in c-myc gene share the c-myc protein binding sequences. EMBO J 8:4273-4279.
5. Ariizumi K, Wang Z, Tucker PW (1993): Immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer is located near or in an initiation zone of chromosomal DNA replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:3695-3699.
6. Avigan MI, Strober B, Levens D (1990): A far upstream element stimulates c-myc expression in undifferentiated leukemia cells. J Biol Chem 265:18538-18545.
7. Balazs I, Brown EH, Schildkraut CL (1974): The temporal order of replication of some DNA cistrons. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 38:239-245.
8. Baru M, Shlissel M, Manor H (1991): The yeast GAL4 protein transactivates the polyomavirus origin of DNA replication in mouse cells. J Virol 65:3496-3503.
9. Bell SP, Stillman B (1992): ATP-dependent recognition of eukaryotic origins of DNA replication by a multiprotein complex. Nature 357:128-134.
10. Bell SP, Kobayashi R, Stillman B (1993): Yeast origin recognition complex functions in transcription silencing and DNA replication. Science 262:1844-1849.
11. Bennett-Cook ER, Hassell JA (1991): Activation of polyomavirus DNA replication by yeast GAL4 is dependent on its transcriptional activation domains. EMBO J 10:959-969.
12. Bidwell JP, van Wijnen AJ, Fey EG, Dworetzky S, Penman S, Stein JL, Lian JB, Stein GS (1993): Osteocalcin gene promoter-binding factors are tissue-specific nuclear matrix components. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:3162-3166.
13. Boerwinkle E, Xiong W, Fourest E, Chan L (1989): Rapid typing of tandemly repeated hypervariable loci by the polymerase chain reaction: Application to the apolipoprotein B 3′ hypervariable region. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:212-216.
14. Borowiec JA, Hurwitz J (1988): Localized melting and structural changes in the SV40 origin of replication induced by T-antigen. EMBO J 7:3149-3158.
15. Boulikas T (1992a): Homeotic protein binding sites, origins of replication and nuclear matrix anchorage sites share the ATTA and ATTTA motifs. J Cell Biochem 50:111-123.
16. Boulikas T (1992b): Chromatin and nuclear matrix in development and in carcinogenesis: A theory. Int J Oncol 1:357-372.
17. Boulikas T (1993a): Nature of DNA sequences at the attachment regions of genes to the nuclear matrix. J Cell Biochem 52:14-22.
18. Boulikas T (1993b): Homeodomain protein binding sites, inverted repeats, and nuclear matrix attachment regions along the human β-globin gene complex. J Cell Biochem 52:23-36.
19. Boulikas T (1994a): A compilation and classification of DNA binding sites for protein transcription factors from vertebrates. Crit Rev Euk Gene Expression 4:117-321.
20. Boulikas T (1994b): Transcription factor binding sites in the matrix attachment region of the chicken α-globin gene. J Cell Biochem 55:513-529.
21. Boulikas T (1995a): Phosphorylation of transcription factors and the control of the cell cycle. Crit Rev Euk Gene Expression 5:1-77.
22. Boulikas T (1995b): Control of DNA replication by protein phosphorylation. Anticancer Res. 14:2465-2472.
23. Boulikas T (1995c): A model of transcription/replication enhancers. Oncol Rep. 2:171-181.
24. Boulikas T (in press d): Chromatin domains and prediction of MAR sequences. Int Re Cytol. In press. Int Rev Cytol.
25. Boulikas T, Kong CF (1993a): A novel class of matrix attached regions (MARs) identified by random cloning and their implications in differentiation and carcinogenesis. Int J Oncol 2:325-330.
26. Boulikas T, Kong CF (1993b): Multitude of inverted repeats characterize a class of anchorage sites of chromatin loops to the nuclear matrix. J Cell Biochem 53:1-12.
27. Boye E, Løbner-Olesen A (1990): The role of dam methyltransferase in the control of DNA replication in E. coli. Cell 62:981-989.
28. Bramhill D, Kornberg A (1988): Duplex opening by dnaA protein at novel sequences in initiation of replication at the origin of the E. coli chromosome. Cell 52:743-755.
29. Brand AH, Micklem G, Nasmyth K (1987): A yeast silencer contains sequences that can promote autonomous plasmid replication and transcriptional activation. Cell 51:709-719.
30. Buchman AR, Kimmerly WJ, Rine J, Kornberg RD (1988): Two DNA-binding factors recognize specific sequences at silencers, upstream activating sequences, autonomously replicating sequences, and telomeres in Saccaromyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 8:210-225.
31. Burhans WC, Vassilev LT, Caddle MS, Heintz NH, DePamphilis ML (1990): Identification of an origin of bidirectional DNA replication in mammalian chromosomes. Cell 62:955-965.
32. Caddie MS, Dailey L, Heintz NH (1990a): RIP60, a mammalian origin-binding protein, enhances DNA bending near the dihydrofolate reductase origin of replication. Mol Cell Biol 10:6236-6243.
33. Caddie MS, Lussier RH, Heintz NH (1990b): Intramolecular DNA triplexes, bent DNA and DNA unwinding elements in the initiation region of an amplified dihydrofolate reductase replicon. J Mol Biol 211:19-33.
34. Callan HG (1974): DNA replication in the chromosomes of eukaryotes. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 38:195-203.
35. Campbell JL, Kleckner N (1990): E. coli oriC and the dnaA gene promoter are sequestered from darn methyltransferase following the passage of the chromosomal replication fork. Cell 62.967-979.
36. Carroll SM, DeRose ML, Kolman JL, Nonet GH, Kelly RE, Wahl GM (1993): Localization of a bidirectional origin in the native locus and in episomally amplified murine adenosine deaminase loci. Mol Cell Biol 13:2971-2981.
37. Challberg MD, Kelly TJ (1989): Animal virus DNA replication. Annu Rev Biochem 58:671-717.
38. Chang DD, Hauswirth WW, Clayton DA (1985): Replication priming and transcription initiate from precisely the same site in mouse mitochondrial DNA. EMBO J 4:1559-1567.
39. Cheng L, Kelly TJ (1989): Transcriptional activator nuclear factor I stimulates the replication of SV40 minichromosomes in vivo and in vitro. Cell 59:541-551.
40. Christ C, Tye B-K (1991): Functional domains of the yeast transcription/replication factor MCM1. Genes Dev 5:751-763.
41. Classon M, Henriksson M, Sümegi J, Klein G, Hammaskjöld ML (1987): Elevated c-myc expression facilitates the replication of SV40 DNA in human lymphoma cells. Nature 330:272-274.
42. Cleat PH, Hay RT (1989): Co-operative interactions between NFI and the adenovirus DNA binding protein at the adenovirus origin of replication. EMBO J 8:1841-1848.
43. Coenjaerts FEJ, de Vries E, Pruijn GJM, van Driel W, Bloemers SM, van der Lugt MT, van der Vliet PC (1991): Enhancement of DNA replication by transcription factors NFI and NFIII/Oct-1 depends critically on the positions of their binding sites in the adenovirus origin of replication. Biochim Biophys Acta 1090:61-69.
44. Collins JM (1979): Transient structure of replicative DNA in normal and transformed human fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 254:10167-10172.
45. 1 sensitive sites in parental deoxyribonucleic acid of cold- and temperature-sensitive mammalian cells. Biochemistry 21:3414-3419.
46. Dabrowski CE, Carmillo PJ, Schaffer PA (1994): Cellular protein interactions with herpes simplex virus type 1 oriS. Mol Cell Biol 14:2545-2555.
47. Dailey L, Caddle MS, Heintz N, Heintz NH (1990): Purification of RIP60 and RIP100, mammalian proteins with origin-specific DNA-binding and ATP-dependent DNA helicase activities. Mol Cell Biol 10:6225-6235.
48. Dean FB, Hurwitz J (1991): Simian virus 40 large T antigen untwists DNA at the origin of DNA replication. J Biol Chem 266:5062-5071.
49. Deb S, DeLucia AL, Baur C-P, Koff A, Tegtmeyer P (1986a): Domain structure of the simian virus 40 core origin of replication. Mol Cell Biol 6:1663-1670.
50. Deb S, DeLucia AL, Koff A, Tsue S, Tegtmeyer P (1986b): The adenine-thymine domain of the simian virus 40 core origin directs DNA bending and coordinately regulates DNA replication. Mol Cell Biol 6:4578-4584.
51. DeLucia AL, Lewton B A, Tijian R, Tegtmeyer P (1983): Topography of simian virus 40 a protein-DNA complexes: Arrangement of pentanucleotide interaction sites at the origin of replication. J Virol 46:143-150.
52. Dhar V, Mager D, Iqbal A, Schildkraut CL (1988): The coordinate replication of the human β-globin gene domain reflects its transcriptional activity and nuclease hypersensitivity. Mol Cell Biol 8:4958-4965.
53. Dickinson LA, Joh T, Kohwi Y, Kohwi-Shigematsu (1992): A tissue-specific MAR/SAR DNA-binding protein with unusual binding site recognition. Cell 70:631-645.
54. Diffley JFX, Cocker JH (1992): Protein-DNA interactions at a yeast replication origin. Nature 357:169-172.
55. Diffley JFX, Stillman B (1988): Purification of a yeast protein that binds to origins of DNA replication and a transcriptional silencer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:2120-2124.
56. Dodson M, Echols H, Wickner S, Alfano C, Mensa-Wilmot K, Gomes B, LeBowitz J, Roberts JD, McMacken R (1986): Specialized nucleoprotein structures at the origin of replication of bacteriophage A: localized unwinding of duplex DNA by a six-protein reaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:7638-7642.
57. Edenberg HJ, Huberman JA (1975): Eukaryotic chromosome replication. Annu Rev Genet 9:245-284.
58. s. J Biol Chem 265:17167-17173.
59. Elias P, Gustafsson CM, Hammarsten O, Stow ND (1992): Structural elements required for the cooperative binding of the herpes simplex virus origin binding protein to oriS reside in the N-terminal part of the protein. J Biol Chem 267:17424-17429.
60. Ferguson BM, Brewer BJ, Reynolds AE, Fangman WL (1991): A yeast origin of replication is activated late in S phase. Cell 65:507-515.
61. Frappier L, O'Donnell M (1991a): Overproduction, purification, and characterization of EBNA1, the origin binding protein of Epstein-Barr virus. J Biol Chem 266:7819-7826.
62. Frappier L, O'Donnell M (1991b): Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 mediates a DNA loop within the latent replication origin of Epstein-Barr virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:10875-10879.
63. Frappier L, O'Donnell M (1992): EBNA1 distorts oriP, the Epstein-Barr virus latent replication origin. J Virol 66:1786-1790.
64. Frappier L, Zannis-Hadjopoulos M (1987): Autonomous replication of plasmids bearing monkey DNA origin-enriched sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:6668-6672.
65. Frommer M, McDonald LE, Millar DS, Collis CM, Watt F, Grigg GW, Molloy PL, Paul CL (1992): Agenomic sequencing protocol that yields a positive display of 5-methylcytosine residues in individual DNA strands. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:1827-1831.
66. Fuller RS, Funnell BE, Kornberg A (1984): The dnaA protein complex with the E. coli chromosomal replication origin (oriC) and other DNA sites. Cell 38:889-900.
67. Gale JM, Tobey RA, D'Anna JA (1992): Localization and DNA sequence of a replication origin in the rhodopsin gene locus of Chinese hamster cells. J Mol Biol 224:343-358.
68. Georgopoulos C (1989): The E. coli dnaA initiation protein: A protein for all seasons. Trends Genet 5:319-321.
69. Goldman MA, Holmquist GP, Gray MC, Gaston LA, Nag A (1984): Replication timing of genes and middle repetitive sequences. Science 224:686-692.
70. Gottesfeld J, Bloomer LS (1982): Assembly of transcriptionally active 5S RNA gene chromatin in vitro. Cell 28:781-791.
71. L region of herpes simplex virus type 1 ANG DNA. J Gen Virol 65:2109-2119.
72. Guo Z-S, DePamphilis ML (1992): Specific transcription factors stimulate simian virus 40 and polyomavirus origins of DNA replication. Mol Cell Biol 12:2514-2524.
73. Hand R (1978): Euearyotic DNA: Organization of the genome for replication. Cell 15:317-325.
74. Hatton KS, Dhar V, Brown EH, Iqbal MA, Stuart S, Didamo VT, Schildkraut CL (1988): Replication program of active and inactive multigene families in mammalian cells. Mol Cell Biol 8:2149-2158.
75. Hay RT, DePamphilis ML (1982): Initiation of SV40 DNA replication in vivo: Location and structure of 5′ ends of DNA synthesized in the ori region. Cell 28:767-779.
76. Held PG, Heintz NH (1992): Eukaryotic replication origins. Biochim Biophys Acta 1130:235-246.
77. Hendrickson EA, Fritze CE, Folk WR, DePamphilis ML (1987): The origin of bidirectional DNA replication in polyoma virus. EMBO J 6:2011-2018.
78. Hendrickson WG, Kusano T, Yamaki H, Balakrishnan R, King M, Murchie J, Schaechter M (1982): Binding of the origin of replication of Escherichia coli to the outer membrane. Cell 30:915-923.
79. Hobom G, Grosschedl R, Lusky M, Scherer G, Schwarz E, Kössel H (1979): Functional analysis of the replicator structure of lambdoid bacteriophage DNAs. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 43:165-178.
80. Holmquist GP (1987): Role of replication time in the control of tissue-specific gene expression. Am J Hum Genet 40:151-173.
81. Hsieh D-J, Camiolo SM, Yates JL (1993): Constitutive binding of EBNA1 protein to the Epstein-Barr virus replication origin, oriP, with distortion of DNA structure during latent infection. EMBO J 12:4933-4944.
82. Huberman JA (1991): Cell cycle control of initiation of eukaryotic DNA replication. Chromosoma 100:419-423.
83. Huberman JA, Riggs AD (1968): On the mechanism of DNA replication in mammalian chromosomes. J Mol Biol 32:327-342.
84. Iguchi-Ariga SMM, Itani T, Kiji Y, Ariga H (1987a): Possible function of the c-myc product: Promotion of cellular DNA replication. EMBO J 6:2365-2371.
85. Iguchi-Ariga SMM, Itani T, Yamaguchi M, Ariga H (1987b): c-myc protein can be substituted for SV40 T antigen in SV40 DNA replication. Nucleic Acids Res 15:4889-4899.
86. Iguchi-Ariga SMM, Okazaki T, Itani T, Ogata M, Sato Y, Ariga H (1988): An initiation site of DNA replication with transcriptional enhancer activity present upstream of the c-myc gene. EMBO J 7:3135-3142.
87. Iguchi-Ariga SMM, Ogawa N, Ariga H (1993): Identification of the initiation region of DNA replication in the murine immunoglobulin heavy chain gene and possible function of the octamer motif as a putative DNA replication origin in mammalian cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1172:73-81.
88. n: Chemical evidence for a three-stranded structure in plasmids. Science 241:1800-1804.
89. Jones KA, Kadonaga JT, Rosenfeld PJ, Kelly TJ, Tjian R (1987): A cellular DNA-binding protein that activates eukaryotic transcription and DNA replication. Cell 48:79-89.
90. Jones KS, Tjian T (1984): Essential contact residues within SV40 large T antigen binding sites I and II identified by alkylation-interference. Cell 36:155-162.
91. Kimmerly W, Buchman A, Kornberg R, Rine J (1988): Roles of two DNA-binding factors in replication, segregation and transcriptional repression mediated by a yeast silencer. EMBO J 7:2241-2253.
92. Koepsel RR, Khan SA (1986): Statid and initiator protein-enhanced bending of DNA at a replication origin. Science 233:1316-1318.
93. Koff A, Schwedes JF, Tegtmeyer P (1991): Herpes simplex virus origin-binding protein (UL9) loops and distorts the viral replication origin. J Virol 65:3284-3292.
94. Kowalski D, Eddy MJ (1989): The DNA unwinding element: A novel, cis-acting component that facilitates opening of the Eschenchia coli replication origin. EMBO J 8:4335-4344.
95. Kuo M-H, Grayhack E (1994): A library of yeast genomic MCM1 binding sites contains genes involved in cell cycle control, cell wall and membrane structure, and metabolism. Mol Cell Biol 14-348-359.
96. Kupershmidt S, Demarchi Lu Z, Ben-Porat T (1991): Analysis of an origin of DNA replication located at the L-terminus of the genome of pseudorabies virus. J Virol 65:6283-6291.
97. Landry S, Zannis-Hadjopoulos M (1991): Classes of autonomously replicating sequences are found among early-replicating monkey DNA. Biochim Biophys Acta 1088:234-244.
98. Leffak M, James CD (1989): Opposite replication polarity of the germ line c-myc gene in HeLa cells compared with that of two Burkitt lymphoma cell lines. Mol Cell Biol 9:586-593.
99. Leonhardt H, Page AW, Weier H-U, Bestor TH (1992): A targeting sequence directs DNA methyltransferase to sites of DNA replication in mammalian nuclei. Cell 71:865-873.
100. Lin L-S, Meyer RJ (1987): DNA synthesis is initiated at two positions within the origin of replication of plasmid R1162. Nucleic Acids Res 15:8319-8331.
101. Linskens MHK, Huberman JA (1990): The two faces of higher eukaryotic DNA replication origins. Cell 62:845-847.
102. Løbner-Olesen A, Skarstad K, Hansen FG, von Meyenburg K, Boye E (1989): The DnaA protein determines the initiation mass of Escherichia coli K-12. Cell 57:881-889.
103. Martin ME, Piette J, Yaniv M, Tang W-J, Folk WR (1988): Activation of the polyomavirus enhancer by a murine activator protein 1 (AP1) homolog and two contiguous proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:5839-5843.
104. Mastrangelo LA, Hough PVC, Wall JS, Dodson M, Dean FB, Hurwitz J (1989): ATP-dependent assembly of double hexamers of SV40 T antigen at the viral origin of DNA replication. Nature 38:658-662.
105. Meijer M, Beck E, Hansen FG, Bergmans HEN, Messer W, von Meyenburg K, Schaller H (1979): Nucleotide sequence of the origin of replication of the Escherichia coli K-12 chromosome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76:580-584.
106. Mukherjee S, Patel I, Bastia D (1985): Conformational changes in a replication origin induced by an initiator protein. Cell 43:189-197.
107. Mul YM, Verrijzer CP, van der Vliet PC (1990): Transcription factors NFI and NFIII/Oct-1 function independently, employing different mechanisms to enhance adenovirus DNA replication. J Virol 64:5510-5518.
108. Murakami Y, Satake M, Yamaguchi-Iwai Y, Sakai M, Muramatsu M, Ito Y (1991): The nuclear protooncogenes c-jun and c-fos as regulators of DNA replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:3947-3951.
109. Newlon CS (1993): Two jobs for the origin repliation complex. Science 262:1830-1831.
110. Ogden GB, Pratt MJ, Schaechter M (1988): The replicative origin of the E. coli chromosome binds to cell membranes only when hemimethylated. Cell 54:127-135.
111. Oka A, Sugimoto K, Takanami M (1980): Replication origin of the Escherichia coli K-12 chromosome: The size and structure of the minimum DNA segment carrying the information for autonomous replication. Mol Gen Genet 178:9-20.
112. O'Neill EA, Fletcher C, Burrow CR, Heintz N, Roeder RG, Kelly TJ (1988): Transcription factor OTF-1 is functionally identical to the DNA replication factor NF-III. Science 241:1210-1213.
113. Palzkill TG, Newlon CS (1988): A yeast replication origin consists of multiple copies of a small conserved sequence. Cell 53:441-450.
114. Parsons R, Anderson ME, Tegtmeyer P (1990): Three domains in the simian virus 40 core origin orchestrate the binding, melting and DNA helicase activities of T antigen. J Virol 64:509-518.
115. Parsons RE, Stenger JE, Ray S, Welker R, Anderson ME, Tegtmeyer P (1991): Cooperative assembly of simian virus 40 T-antigen hexamers on fuctional halves of the replication origin. J Virol 65:2798-2806.
116. Passmore S, Maine GT, Elble R, Christ C, Tye B-K (1988): Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein involved in plasmid maintenance is necessary for mating of MATα cells. J Mol Biol 204:593-606.
117. Pearson CE, Ruiz MT, Price GB, Zannis-Hadjopoulos M (in press) Cruciform DNA-binding protein in HeLa cell extracts. Biochemistry 33:14185-14196.
118. Pruijn GJM, van Driel W, van der Vliet PC (1986): Nuclear factor III, a novel sequence-specific DNA-binding protein from HeLa cells stimulating adenovirus DNA replication. Nature 322:656-659.
119. Rao BS, Zannis-Hadjopoulos M, Price GB, Reitman M, Martin RG (1990): Sequence similarities among monkey orienriched (ors) fragments. Gene 87:233-242.
120. Reisman D, Yates J, Sugden B (1985): A putative origin of replication of plasmids derived from Epstein-Barr virus is composed of two cis-acting components. Mol Cell Biol 5:1822-1832.
121. Remington JA, Flickinger RA (1971): The time of DNA replication in relation to RNA synthesis in frog embryos. J Cell Physiol 77:411-422.
122. Russell DW, Zinder ND (1987): Hemimethylation prevents DNA replication in E. coli. Cell 1071-1079.
123. Saigo K, Yaginuma K, Hayashi H, Isono K, Takada S, and Koike K (1994) Enhanced expression of c-myc gene and binding protein to the 2.3 kb upstream region of the P1 promoter in human liver and colon cancers. Int J Oncol 5:1099-1104.
124. Santoro C, Mermod N, Andrews PC, Tjian R (1988): A family of human CCAAT-box-binding proteins active in transcription and DNA replication: Cloning and expression of multiple cDNAs. Nature 334:218-224.
125. Schnos M, Zahn K, Inman RB, Blattner FR (1988): Initiation protein induced helix destabilization at the X origin: A preprinting step in DNA replication. Cell 52:385-395.
126. Schnos M, Zahn K, Blattner FR, Inman RB (1989): DNA looping induced by bacteriophage λ O protein: Implications for formation of higher order structures at the origin of replication. Virology 168:370-377.
127. Scott MP, Tamkun JW, Hartzell GW (1989): The structure and function of the homeodomain. Biochim Biophys Acta 989:25-48.
128. Seidman MM, Levine AJ, Weintraub H (1979): The asymmetric segregation of parental nucleosomes during chromosome replication. Cell 18:439-449
129. Shinomiya T, Ina S (1993): DNA replication of histone gene repeats in Drosophila melanogaster tissue culture cells: Multiple initiation sites and replication pause sites. Mol Cell Biol 13:4098-4106.
130. Smithies O (1982): The control of globin and other eukaryotic genes. J Cell Physiol Suppl 1:137-143.
131. Snyder M, Buchman AR, Davis RW (1986): Bent DNA at a yeast autonomously replicating sequence. Nature 324:87-89.
132. Spradling A, Orr-Weaver T (1987). Regulation of DNA replication during Drosophila development. Annu Rev Genet 21:373-403.
133. s origin of DNA replication of herpes simplex virus type 1. Virology 130:427-438.
134. Su W, Middleton T, Sugden B, Echols G (1991): DNA looping between the origin of replication of Epstein-Barr virus and its enhancer site: Stabilization of an origin complex with Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:10870-10874.
135. Subramanian KN, Shenk T (1977): Nueleotide sequence of a fragment of SV40 DNA that contains the origin of DNA replication and specifies the 5' ends of "early" and "late" viral RNA. J Biol Chem 252:355-367.
136. Sugden B, Warren N (1989): A promoter of Epstein-Barr virus that can Function during latent infection can be transactivated by EBNA-1, a viral protein required for viral DNA replication during latent infection. J Virol 63:2644-2649.
137. Taira T, Iguchi-Ariga, SMM, and Ariga H (1994) A novel DNA replication origin identified in the human heat shock protein 70 gene promoter. Mol Cell Biol 14:6386-6397.
138. Tasheva ES, Roufa DJ (1994a): A mammalian origin of bidirectional DNA replication within the Chinese hamster RP14 locus. Mol Cell Biol 14:5628-5635.
139. Tasheva ES, Roufa DJ (1994b): Densely methylated DNA islands in mammalian chromosomal replication origins. Mol Cell Biol 14:5636-5644.
140. Taylor HJ (1984): Origins of replication and gene regulation. Mol Cell Biochem 61:99-109.
141. Tegtmeyer P, Lewton BA, DeLucia AL, Wilson VG, Ryder K (1983): Topography of simian virus 40 A protein-DNA complexes: Arrangement of protein bound to the origin of replication. J Virol 46:151-161.
142. Trempe JP, Lindstrom YI, Leffak M (1988): Opposite replication polarities of transcribed and nontranscribed histone H5 genes. Mol Cell Biol 8:1657-1663.
143. Tsurimoto T, Fairman MP, Stillman B (1989): Simian virus 40 DNA replication in vitro: Identification of multiple stages of initiation. Mol Cell Biol 9:3839-3849.
144. Umek RM, Kowalski D (1988): The ease of DNA unwinding as a determinant of initiation of yeast replication origins. Cell 52:559-567.
145. Vassilev L, Johnson EM (1990): An initiation zone of chromosomal DNA replication located upstream of the c-myc gene in proliferating HeLa Cells. Mol Cell Biol 10:4899-4904.
146. Vassilev LT, Burhans WC, DePamphilis ML (1990): Mapping an origin of DNA replication at a single-copy locus in exponentially proliferating mammalian cells. Mol Cell Biol 10.4685-4689.
147. Verrijzer CP, Kal AJ, van der Vliet PC (1990): The DNA binding domain (POU domain) of the transcription factor Oct-1 suffices for stimulation of DNA replication. EMBO J 9:1883-1888.
148. Villarreal LP (1991): Relationship of eukaryotic DNA replication to committed gene expression: General theory for gene control. Microbiol Rev 55:512-542.
149. Virshup DN (1990): DNA replication. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2:453-460.
150. Virta-Pearlman VJ, Gunaratne PH, Chinault AC (1993): Analysis of a replication initiation sequence from the adenosine deaminase region of the mouse genome. Mol Cell Biol 13:5931-5942.
151. Ward GK, McKenzie R, Zannis-Hadjopoulos M, Price GB (1990): The dynamic distribution and quantification of DNA cruciforms in eukaryotic nuclei. Exp Cell Res 188:235-246.
152. Ward GK, Shihab-el-Deen A, Zannis-Hadjopoulos M, Price GB (1991): DNA cruciforms and the nuclear supporting structure. Exp Cell Res 195:92-98.
153. Wegner M, Zastrow G, Klavinius A, Schwender S, Muller F, Luksza H, Hoppe J, Wienberg J, Grummt F (1989): Cis-acting sequences from mouse rDNA promote plasmid DNA amplification and persistence in mouse cells: Implication of HMG-I in their function. Nucleic Acids Res 17:9909-9932.
154. Weir HM, Stow ND (1990): Two binding sites for the herpes simplex virus type 1 UL9 protein are required for efficient activity of the oris replication origin. J Gen Virol 71:1379-1385.
155. Weir HM, Calder JM, Stow ND (1989): Binding of the herpes simplex virus type 1 UL9 gene product to an origin of DNA replication. Nucleic Acids Res 17:1409-1425.
156. L, a herpes simplex virus type 1 origin of DNA synthesis. Mol Cell Biol 5:930-942.
157. Wu C, Zannis-Hadjopoulos M, Price GB (1993): In vivo activity for initiation of DNA replication resides in a transcribed region of the human genome. Biochim Biophys Acta 1174:258-266.
158. Wysokenski DA, Yates JL (1989): Multiple EBNA1-binding sites are required to form an EBNA1-dependent enhancer and to activate a minimal replicative origin with oriP of Epstein-Barr virus. J Virol 63:2657-2666.
159. Zannis-Hadjopoulos M, Kaufmann G, Wang S-S, Lechner RL, Karawya E, Hesse J, Martin RG (1985): Properties of some monkey DNA sequences obtained by a procedure that enriches for DNA replication origins. Mol Cell Biol 5:1621-1629.
160. Zannis-Hadjopoulos M, Frappier L, Khoury M, Price GB (1988): Effect of anti-cruciform DNA monoclonal antibodies on DNA replication. EMBO J 7:1837-1844.
161. Zhan K, Blattner FR (1985): Binding and bending of the λ replication origin by the phage O protein. EMBO J 4:3605-3616.
162. Zyskind JW, Smith DW (1986): The bacterial origin of replication, oriC. Cell 46:489-490.