Epidemiology, prevention, and early detection of breast cancer

Current Opinion in Oncology

Volumn 8, Issue 6, 1996, Pages 455-461

  Daudt, Alexander ^a,b   Alberg, Anthony J ^c   Helzlsouer, Kathy J ^b  

^a HOSPITAL DE CLÍNICAS DE PORTO ALEGRE   (Brazil)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^c NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ASCORBIC ACID; FENRETINIDE; LIMONENE; LIPOXYGENASE INHIBITOR; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; PESTICIDE; PHYTOESTROGEN; PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHASE INHIBITOR; RETINOID; SELENIUM; SILICONE; TAMOXIFEN; TERPENE; XENOBIOTIC AGENT;

ADULT; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; BREAST CANCER; BREAST EXAMINATION; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY; CANCER PREVENTION; CANCER RISK; CANCER SUSCEPTIBILITY; CIGARETTE SMOKING; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIET; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; EXERCISE; FEMALE; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; MAMMOGRAPHY; NONHUMAN; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; SILICONE PROSTHESIS; XENOBIOTIC METABOLISM;

EID: 0029949568     PISSN: 10408746     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00001622-199611000-00003     Document Type: Review

References (82)

1. Pisani P, Parkin DM, Ferlay J: Estimates of the worldwide mortality from eighteen major cancers in 1985: implications for prevention and projections of future burden. Int J Cancer 1993, 55:891-903.
2. Parker SL, Tong T, Bolden S, Wingo PA: Cancer statistics, 1996. CA Cancer J Clin 1996, 65:5-27.
3. Hunter DJ, Willet WC: Nutrition and breast cancer. Cancer Causes Control 1996, 7:56-68. An epidemiologic review on diet and an emerging hypothesis that higher energy intake and growth rate during youth increases breast cancer risk.
4. Wolff MS: Breast cancer and environmental risk factors: epidemiological and experimental findings. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1996, 36:573-596. A review that focuses on the breast cancer risk associated with environmental exposures, including pesticides, and discusses the importance of the timing of exposures to chemical carcinogenesis.
5. Miky Y, Swensen J, Shattuck-Eidens D, Futreal PA, Harshman K, Tavitgian S, Liu Q, Cochran C, Bennett LM, Ding W, et al.: A strong candidate for breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1. Science 1994, 266:67-71.
6. Wooster R, Neuhausen S, Manigion J, Quirk Y, Ford D, Collins N, Nguyen K, Seal S, Trant T, Averril D, et al.: Localisation of a breast cancer susceptibility gene (BRCA2) to chromosome 13q by genetic linkage analysis. Science 1994, 265:2088-2090.
7. Stratton MR, Wooster R: Hereditary predisposition to breast cancer. Curr Opin Genet Devel 1996, 6:93-97.
8. B. Ford D, Easton DF: The genetics of breast and ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 1995, 72:805-812.
9. Struewing JP, Abeliovich D, Peretz T, et al.: The carrier frequency of BRCA1 185delAG mutation Is approximately 1 percent in Ashkenazi Jewish individuals. Nat Genet 1995, 11:198-200. The presence of a specific BRCA1 allele with a mutation at position 185 involving a deletion of adenine and guanme (185delAG) was found in 1% of the Ashkenazi Jewish population.
10. Offit K, Gilewski T, McGuire P, Schluger A, Hampel H, Brown K, Swensen J, Neuhausen S, Skolnick M, Norton L, Goldgar D: Germline BRCA1 185delAG mutations in Jewish women with breast cancer. Lancet 1996, 347:1643-1645.
11. Szabo CI, King MC: Inherited breast and ovarian cancer. Hum Molec Genet 1995, 4:1811-1817.
12. Peto J, Easton DF, Matthews FE, Ford D, Swerdlow AJ: Cancer mortality in relatives of women with breast cancer: the OPCS study. Int J Cancer 1996, 65:275-283. A report of a population-based study in Europe shows that breast cancer genes probably cause less than 2% of all breast cases in the general population.
13. Lerman C, Narod S, Schulman K, Hughes S, Gomez-Caminero A, Bonney G, Gold K, Trock B, Main D, Lynch J, Fulmore C, Snyder C, Lemon S, Conway T, Tonin P, Lenoir G, Lynch H: BRCA1 testing in families with hereditary breast-ovarian cancer: a prospective study of patient declsion making and outcomes. JAMA 1996, 275:1885-1892.
14. American Society of Clinical Oncology: Statement of the American Society of Clinical Oncology: genetic testing for cancer susceptibility. J Clin Oncol 1996, 14:1730-1736. Guidelines are provided concerning appropriate settings for testing for genetic susceptibility to breast cancer.
15. Botkin JR, Croyle RT, Smith KR, Baty BJ, Lerman C, Goldgar DE, Ward JM, Flick BJ, Nash JE: A model protocol for evaluating the behavioral and psychosocial effects of BRCA1 testing. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996, 88:872-882.
16. Armstrong B, Doll R: Environmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in different countries with special reference to dietary practices. Int J Cancer 1975, 15:617-631.
17. Knight DC, Eden JA: Phytoestrogens: a short review. Maturitas 1995, 22:167-175.
18. Yyan J-M, Wang Q-S, Ross RK, Henderson BE, Yu MC: Diet and breast cancer in Shanghai and Tianjin, China. Br J Cancer 1995, 71:1353-1358.
19. Franceschi S, Favero A, Lavecchia C, Negri E, Dalmaso L, Salvini S, Decarli A, Giacosa A: Influence of food groups and food diversity on breast cancer risk in Italy. Int J Cancer 1995, 63:785-789.
20. Knekt P, Jarvinen R, Seppanen R, Pukkala E, Aromaa A: Intake of dairy products and the risk of breast cancer. Br J Cancer 1996, 73:687-691.
21. Kushi LH, Fee RM, Sellers TA, Zheng W, Folsom AR: Intake of vitamins A, C and E and postmenopausal breast cancer: the Iowa Women's Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 1996, 144:165-174.
22. Greenberg ER, Sporn MB: Antioxidant vitamins, cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1996, 334:1189-1190.
23. Henderson MM: Nutritional aspects of breast cancer. Cancer 1995, 76:2053-2058.
24. Thorling EB: Obesity, fat intake, energy balance, exercise and cancer risk: a review. Nutr Res 1996, 16:315-368.
25. Longnecker M: Alcoholic beverage consumption In relation to risk of breast cancer: meta-analysis and review. Cancer Causes Control 1994, 5:73-82.
26. Holmberg L, Baron JA, Byers T, Ohlander EM, Zack M, Adami HO: Alcohol intake and breast cancer risk: effect of exposure from 15 years of age. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1995, 4:843-847.
27. Berstein L, Henderson BE, Hanisch R, Sullivan-Halley J, Ross RK: Physical exercise and reduced risk of breast cancer in young women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994, 86:1403-1408.
28. Friedenreich CM, Rohan TE: Physical activity and risk of breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 1995, 4:145-151.
29. Krammer MM, Wells CL: Does physical activity reduce risk of estrogen dependent cancer in women. Med Sci Sports Exercise 1996, 28:322-334.
30. Ewertz M: Hormone therapy in the menopause and breast cancer risk: a review. Maturitas 1996, 23:241-246.
31. Helzlsouer KJ: Hormone replacement therapy and the risk of developing breast cancer. Philadelphia: Educational Book, American Society of Clinical Oncologists, Meeting 1996:184-185.
32. Daly E, Vessey MP, Barlow D, Gray A, McPherson K, Roche M: Hormone replacement therapy in a risk-benefit perspective. Maturitas 1996, 23:247-259.
33. Loprinzi CL: Management of menopausal symptoms in breast cancer survivors. Educational Book, ASCO, 32nd Annual Meeting 1996:190-193.
34. Roy JA, Sawka CA, Pritchard KI: Hormone replacement therapy in women with breast cancer: does the risk outweigh the benefits? J Clin Oncol 1996, 14:997-1006. A review of the literature concerning the risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy with a focus on women with a previous diagnosis of breast cancer.
35. Cobleigh MA, Berris RF, Bush T, Davidson NE, Robert NJ, Sparano JA, Tormey DC, Wood WC: Estrogen replacement therapy in breast cancer survivors: a time for change. JAMA 1994, 272:540-545.
36. Couzi RJ, Helzlsouer KJ, Fetting JH: Prevalence of menopausal symptoms among women with a history of breast cancer and attitudes toward estrogen replacement therapy. J Clin Oncol 1995, 13:2737-2744.
37. Hulka BS, Brinton LA: Hormones and breast and endometrial cancers: preventive strategies and future research. Environ Health Perspect 1995, 103(suppl 8):185-189.
38. Key TJA: Hormones and cancer in humans. Mutation Res 1995, 333:59-67.
39. Hulka BS, Stark AT: Breast cancer: cause and prevention. Lancet 1995, 346:883-887.
40. Morabia A, Bernstein M, Héritier S, Khatchatrian N: Relation of breast cancer with passive and active exposure to tobacco smoke. Am J Epidemiol 1996, 143:918-928. A population-based case-control study in which passive and active smokers were classified separately. The increased risk associated with active and passive smoking compared to those unexposed to tobacco smoke suggests that previous studies may have underestimated the effect of smoking on breast cancer risk.
41. Smith SJ, Deacon JM, Chilvers CED, for the UK National Case-Control Study Group: Alcohol, smoking, passive smoking and caffeine in relation to breast cancer risk in young women. Br J Cancer 1994, 70:112-119.
42. Baron JA, Newcomb PA, Longnecker MP, Mittendorf R, Storer BE, Clapp RW, Bogdan G, Yuen J: Cigarette smoking and breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1996, 5:399-403.
43. Sandier DP, Everson RB, Wilcox AJ: Passive smoking in adulthood and cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol 1985, 121:37-48.
44. Perera FP, Estabrook A, Hewer A, Channing K, Rundle A, Mooney LV, Whyatt R, Phillips DH: Carcinogen-DNA adducts in human breast tissue. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1995, 4:233-238.
45. Li D, Wang M, Dhingra K, Hittelman WN: Aromatic DNA adducts in adjacent tissues of breast cancer patients: clues to breast cancer etiology. Cancer Res 1996, 56:287-293.
46. Mooney LVA, Santella RM, Covey L, Jeffrey AM, Bigbee W, Randall MC, Cooper TB, Ottman R, Tsai W-Y, Wasneh L, Classman AH, Young T-L, Perera FP: Decline of DNA damage and other biomarkers in peripheral blood following smoking cessation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1995, 4:627-634.
47. Alavanja MCR, Sandier DP, McMaster SB, Zahm SH, McDonnell CJ, Lynch CF, Pennybacker M, Rothman N, Dosemeci M, Bond AE, Blair A: The agricultural health study. Environ Health Perspect 1996, 104:362-369.
48. Goldberg MS: Occupational risk factors for female breast cancer: a review. Occup Environ Med 1996, 53:145-156.
49. Stevens RG, Davis S: The melatonin hypothesis-electric power and breast cancer. Environ Health Perspect 1996, 104:135-140.
50. Silverman BG, Brown SL, Bright RA, Kaczmarek RG, Arrowsmithlowe JB, Kessler DA: Reported complications of silicone gel breast implants: an epidemiologic review. Ann Intern Med 1996, 124:744-756.
51. Sim E, Stanley LA, Risch A, Thygesen P: Xenogenetics in multifactorial disease susceptibility. Trends Genet 1995, 11:509-512.
52. Millikan R, DeVoto E, Newman B, Savitz D: Studying environmental influences and breast cancer risk: suggestions for an integrated population-based approach. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1995, 35:79-89. This article reviews measurement tools that may help to clarify the interactions between environmental factors and other breast cancer risk factors, including polymorphisms in carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes.
53. Adami HO, Persson I, Ekbom A, Wolk A, Pontn J, Trichopoulos D: The aetiology and pathogenesis of human breast cancer. Mutation Res 1995, 333:29-35. An overview of evidence that suggests the risk of breast cancer may be affected even by intra-uterine exposures, and that adolescence may be time of particular vulnerability.
54. Russo J, Russo IH: Development pattern of human breast and susceptibility to carcinogenesis. Eur J Cancer Prev 1993, 2:85-100.
55. Colditz GA, Frazier AL: Models of breast cancer show that risk is set by events of early life: prevention efforts must shift focus. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1995, 4:567-571.
56. Holmberg L: Future prospects of population-based mammographic screening. Semin Surgical Oncol 1996, 12:26-31.
57. Houn F, Elliott ML, McCrohan JL: The mammography quality standards act of 1992: history and philosophy. Radiol Clin North Am 1995, 33:1059-1065.
58. Wald NJ, Murphy P, Major P, Parker C, Townsend J, Frost C: UKCCCR multicentre randomised controlled trial of one and two view mammography in breast cancer screening. BMJ 1995, 311:1189-1193.
59. Mickey RM, Durski J, Worden JK, Danigelis NL: Breast cancer screening and associated factors for low-income African-American women. Preventive Med 1995, 24:467-476.
60. McCarthy BD, Yood MU, MacWilliam CH, Lee MJ: Screening mammography use: the importance of a population perspective. Am J Prev Med 1996, 12:91-95.
61. Moss S, Chamberlain J: Screening for cancer of the breast. In Evaluation of Cancer Screening. Edited by Chamberlain J, Moss S. London: Springer-Verlag; 1996:33-53. This pocket book may be useful for those interested in an essential summary on screening of common epithelial cancers.
62. US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Breast Cancer. Guide to Clinical Preventive Services 1996, 7:73-87.
63. Smart CR, Hendrix RE, Rutledge JH, Smith R: Benefit of mammography screening in women ages 40-49. Cancer 1995, 75:1619-1626.
64. Kopans DB: Mammography screening and the controversy concerning women aged 40 to 49. Radiol Clin North Am 1995, 33:1273-1290.
65. Glasziou PP, Woodward AJ, Mahon CM: Mammographic screening trials for women aged under 50: a quality assessment and meta-analysis. Med J Aust 1995, 162:625-629.
66. Leitch AM: Controversies in breast cancer screening. Cancer 1995, 76:2064-2069.
67. Lindfors KK, Rosenquist CJ: The cost-effectiveness of mammographic screening strategies. JAMA 1995, 274:881-884.
68. Lidbrink E, Elfving J, Frisell J, Jonsson E: Neglected aspects of false positive findings of mammography in breast cancer screening: analysis of false positive cases from the Stockholm trial. BMJ 1996, 312:273-276.
69. Fletcher SW: Why question screening mammography for women in their forties? Radiol Clin North Am 1995, 33:1259-1271.
70. Decensi A, Fontana V, Bruno S, Gustavino C, Costa A: Effect of tamoxifen on endometrial proliferation. J Clin Oncol 1996, 14:434-440.
71. Mikhailidis DP, Spyropoulos KA: The effect of tamoxifen on lipid and haemostatic predictors of ischaemic heart disease. J Drug Develop Clin Pract 1996, 8:19-24.
72. Nayfield SG: Tamoxifen role in chemoprevention of breast cancer: an update. J Cellular Biochem 1995, 22:42-50.
73. De Palo G, Formelli F: Risks and benefits of retinoids in chemoprevention of cancer. Drug Safety 1995, 13:245-256.
74. Gould MN: Prevention and therapy of mammary cancer by monoterpenes. J Cell Biochem 1995, 22:139-144.
75. Noguchi M, Rose DP, Miyazaki I: Breast cancer chemoprevention: clinical trials and research. Oncology 1996, 53:175-181. This is a summary of ongoing studies of chemoprevention.
76. Katiyar SK, Mukhtar H: Tea in chemoprevention of cancer: epidemiologic and experimental studies. Int J Oncol 1996, 8:221-238.
77. Dupont WD, Page DL: Menopausal estrogen replacement therapy and breast cancer. Arch Intern Med 1991, 151:67-72.
78. Grady D, Rubin SM, Petitti DB, Fox CS, Black D, Ettinger B, Ernster VL, Cummings ST: Hormone therapy to prevent disease and prolong life in postmenopausal women. 1992, 117:1016-1037.
79. Sillero-Arenas M, Delgado-Rodriguez M, Rodriguez-Canteras R, Bueno-Cavanillas A, Galvez-Vargas R: Menopausal hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 1992, 79:286-294.
80. Steinberg KK, Thacker SB, Smith SJ, Stroup DF, Zack MM, Flanders WD, et al.: A meta-analysis of the effect of estrogen replacement therapy on the risk of breast cancer. JAMA 1991, 265:1985-1990.
81. Colditz GA, Egan DM, Stampfer MJ: Hormone replacement therapy and risk of breast cancer: results from epidemiologic studies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993, 168:1473-1480.
82. Armstrong BK: Oestrogen therapy after the menopause: boon or bane? Med J Aust 1988, 148:213-214.