Census and consensus in bacterial ecosystems: The LuxR-LuxI family of quorum-sensing transcriptional regulators

Annual Review of Microbiology

Volumn 50, Issue , 1996, Pages 727-751

  Fuqua, Clay ^a   Winans, Stephen C ^b   Greenberg, E Peter ^c  

^a TRINITY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Department of Obstetrics Gynecology   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

Author keywords

cell density dependence; lux gene regulation; LuxR LuxI proteins; quorum sensing

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL GENETICS; BACTERIUM; ECOLOGY; ECOSYSTEM; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

4-BUTYROLACTONE; AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; BACTERIAL PROTEINS; CELL COMMUNICATION; ECOLOGY; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; REPRESSOR PROTEINS; SPECIES SPECIFICITY; TRANS-ACTIVATORS; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; VIBRIO;

AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); ERWINIA; NEGIBACTERIA; PSEUDOMONAS; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; VIBRIO FISCHERI;

EID: 0029818809     PISSN: 00664227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.micro.50.1.727     Document Type: Review

References (110)

1. Adar YY, Ulitzur S. 1993. GroESL proteins facilitate binding of externally added inducer by LuxR protein-containing Escherichia coli cells. J. Biolumin. Chemilumin. 8:261-66
2. Bainton NJ, Bycroft BW, Chhabra SR, Stead P, Geldhill L, et al. 1992. A general role for the lux autoinducer in bacterial cell signalling: control of antibiotic biosynthesis in Erwinia. Gene 116:87-91
3. Bassler BL, Silverman MR. 1995. Intercellular communication in marine Vibrio species: density-dependent regulation of the expression of bioluminescence. In Two-Component Signal Transduction, ed. JA Hoch, TJ Silhavy, pp. 431-45. Washington, DC: Am. Soc. Microbiol.
4. Bassler BL, Wright M, Showalter RE, Silverman MR. 1993. Intercellular signalling in Vibrio harveyi: sequence and function of genes regulating expression of luminescence. Mol. Microbiol. 9:773-86
5. Bassler BL, Wright M, Silverman MR. 1994. Multiple signalling systems controlling expression of luminescence in Vibrio harveyi: sequence and function of genes encoding a second sensory pathway. Mol. Microbiol. 13:273-86
6. Bassler BL, Wright M, Silverman MR. 1994. Sequence and function of LuxO, a negative regulator of luminescence in Vibrio harveyi. Mol. Microbiol. 12:403-12
7. Beck von Bodman S, Farrand SK. 1995. Capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis and pathogenicity in Erwinia stewartii require induction by an N-acylhomoserine lactone autoinducer. J. Bacteriol. 177:5000-8
8. Boettcher KJ, Ruby EG. 1995. Detection and quantification of Vibrio fischeri autoinducer from the symbiotic squid light organs. J. Bacteriol. 177:1053-58
9. Brint JM, Ohman DE. 1995. Synthesis of multiple exoproducts in Pseudomonas aeruginosa is under the control of RhlR-RhlI, another set of regulators in strain PAO1 with homology to the autoinducer-responsive LuxR-LuxI family. J. Bacteriol. 177:7155-63
10. Cao J-G, Meighen EA. 1989. Purification and structural identification of an autoinducer for the luminescence system of V. harveyi. J. Biol. Chem. 264:21670-76
11. Cao J-G, Meighen EA. 1993. Biosynthesis and stereochemistry of the autoinducer controlling luminescence in Vibrio harveyi. J. Bacteriol. 175:3856-62
12. Chatterjee A, Cui Y, Lui Y, Dumenyo CK, Chatterjee AK. 1995. Inactivation of rsmA leads to overproduction of extracellular pectinases, cellulases, and proteases in Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora in the absence of the starvation/cell density-sensing signal, N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:1959-67
13. Choi SH, Greenberg EP. 1991. The C-terminal region of the Vibrio fischeri LuxR protein contains an inducer-independent lux gene activating domain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:11115-19
14. Choi SH, Greenberg EP. 1992. Genetic dissection of DNA binding and luminescence gene activation by the Werio fischeri LuxR protein. J. Bacteriol. 174:4064-69
15. Choi SH, Greenberg EP. 1992. Genetic evidence for multimerization of LuxR, the transcriptional activator of Vibrio fischeri luminescence. Molec. Mar. Biol. Biotech. 1:408-13
16. Collado-Vides J, Magasanik B, Gralla JD. 1991. Control site location and transcriptional regulation in Escherichia coli. Microbiol. Rev. 55:371-94
17. Cubo MT, Economou A, Murphy G, Johnston AWB, Downie JA. 1992. Molecular characterization and regulation of the rhizosphere-expressed genes rhiABCR that can influence nodulation by Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae. J. Bacteriol. 174:4025-35
18. Cui Y, Chatterjee A, Liu Y, Dumenyo CK, Chatterjee AK. 1995. Identification of a global repressor gene rsmA, of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora that controls extracellular enzymes, N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone, and pathogenicity in soft-rotting Erwinia spp. J. Bacteriol. 177:5108-15
19. Da Re S, Bertagnoli S, Fourment J, Reyrat J-M, Kahn D. 1994. Intramolecular signal transduction within the FixJ transcriptional activator: in vitro evidence for the inhibitory effect of the phosphorylatable regulatory domain. Nucl. Acids Res. 9:1555-61
20. Darwin AJ, Stewart V. 1995. Nitrate and nitrite regulation of the FNR-dependent aeg-46. 5 promoter of Escherichia coli K-12 is mediated by competition between homologous response regulators (NarL and NarP) for a common DNA-binding site. J. Mol. Biol. 251:15-29
21. Devine JH, Shadel GS, Baldwin TO. 1989. Identification of the operator of the lux regulon from the Vibrio fischeri strain ATCC7744. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:5688-92
22. Dunlap PV, Greenberg EP. 1988. Analysis of the mechanism of Vibrio fischeri luminescence gene regulation by cyclic AMP and cyclic AMP receptor protein in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 170:4040-46
23. Dunlap PV, Greenberg EP. 1991. Role of intercellular chemical communication in the Vibrio fischeri-monocentrid fish symbiosis. In Microbial Cell-Cell Interactions, ed. M Dworkin, pp. 219-53. Washington, DC: Am. Soc. Microbiol.
24. Dunny GM, Leonard BAB, Hedberg PJ. 1995. Pheromone-inducible conjugation in Enterococcus faecalis: interbacterial and host-parasite chemical communication. J. Bacteriol. 177:871-76
25. Eberhard A. 1972. Inhibition and activation of bacterial luciferase synthesis. J. Bacteriol. 109:1101-5
26. Eberhard A, Burlingame AL, Eberhard C, Kenyon GL, Nealson KH, et al. 1981. Structural identification of autoinducer of Photobacterium fischeri. Biochemistry 20:2444-49
27. Eberhard A, Longin T, Widrig CA, Stranick SJ. 1991. Synthesis of the lux gene autoinducer in Vibrio fischeri is positively autoregulated. Arch. Microbiol. 155:294-97
28. Eberhard A, Widrig CA, McBath P, Schineller JB. 1986. Analogs of the autoinducer of bioluminescence in Vibrio fischeri. Arch. Microbiol. 146:35-40
29. Eberl L, Winson MK, Sternberg C, Stewart GSAB, Christiansen G, et al. 1996. Involvement of N-acyl-L-homoserine lactone autoinducers in control of multicellular behavior of Serratia liquefaciens. Mol. Microbiol. 20:127-36
30. Economou A, Hawkins FKL, Downie JA, Johnston AWB. 1989. Transcription of rhiA, a gene on a Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae Sym plasmid, requires rhiR and is repressed by flavonoids that induce nod genes. Mol. Microbiol. 3:87-93
31. Engebrecht J, Nealson K, Silverman M. 1983. Bacterial bioluminescence: isolation and genetic analysis of functions from Vibrio fischeri. Cell 32:773-81
32. Engebrecht J, Silverman M. 1984. Identification of genes and gene products necessary for bacterial bioluminescence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:4154-58
33. Engebrecht J, Silverman M. 1987. Nucleotide sequence of the regulatory locus controlling expression of bacterial genes for bioluminescence. Nucl. Acids Res. 15:10455-67
34. Fuqua C, Burbea M, Winans SC. 1995. Activity of the Agrobacterium Ti plasmid conjugal transfer regulator TraR is inhibited by the product of the traM gene. J. Bacteriol. 177:1367-73
35. Fuqua C, Winans SC. 1996. Conserved cis-acting promoter elements are required for density-dependent transcription of Agrobacterium lumefaciens conjugal transfer genes. J. Bacteriol. 178:435-40
36. Fuqua C, Winans SC. 1996. Localization of the OccR-activated and TraR-activated promoters that express two ABC-type permeases and the traR gene of the Ti plasmid pTiR10. Mol. Micmbiol. In press
37. Fuqua WC, Winans SC. 1994. A LuxR-LuxI type regulatory system activates Agrobacterium Ti plasmid conjugal transfer in the presence of a plant tumor metabolite. J. Bacteriol. 176:2796-2806
38. Fuqua WC, Winans SC, Greenberg EP. 1994. Quorum sensing in bacteria: the LuxR/LuxI family of cell density-responsive transcriptional regulators. J. Bacteriol. 176:269-75
39. Galinier A, Garnerone A-M, Reyrat J-M, Kahn D, Batut J, et al. 1994. Phosphorylation of the Rhizobium meliloti FixJ protein induces its binding to a compound regulatory region at the fixK promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 269:23784-89
40. Gambello MJ, Iglewski BH. 1991. Cloning and characterization of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa lasR gene, a transcriptional activator of elastase expression. J. Bacteriol. 173:3000-9
41. Gambello MJ, Kaye S, Iglewski BH. 1993. LasR of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a transcriptional activator of the alkaline protease gene (apr) and an enhancer of exotoxin A expression. Infec. Immun. 61:1180-84
42. Gilson L, Kuo A, Dunlap PV. 1995. AinS and a new family of autoinducer synthesis proteins. J. Bacteriol. 177:6946-51
43. Gray KM, Passador L, Iglewski BH, Greenberg EP. 1994. Interchangeability and specificity of components from the quorum-sensing regulatory systems of Vibrio fischeri and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. Bacteriol. 176:3076-80
44. Gray KM, Pearson JP, Downie JA, Boboye BEA, Greenberg EP. 1996. Quorum-sensing in the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacterium Rhizobium leguminosarum: autoinduction of a stationary phase and rhizosphere-expressed genes. J. Bacteriol. 178:372-76
45. Greenberg EP, Hastings JW, Ulitzur S. 1979. Induction of luciferase synthesis in Beneckea harveyi by other marine bacteria. Arch. Microbiol. 120:87-91
46. Grossman AD, Losick R. 1988. Extracellular control of spore formation in Bacillus subtilis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:4369-73
47. Hanzelka BL, Greenberg EP. 1995. Evidence that the N-terminal region of the Vibrio fischeri LuxR protein constitutes an autoinducer-binding domain. J. Bacteriol. 177:815-17
48. Henikoff S, Wallace JC, Brown JP. 1990. Finding protein similarities with nucleotide sequence databases. Methods Enzymol. 183:111-32
49. Horinouchi S, Beppu T. 1994. A-factor as a microbial hormone that controls cellular differentiation and secondary metabolism in Streptomyces griseus. Mol. Microbiol. 12:859-64
50. Huisman GW, Kolter R. 1994. Sensing starvation: a homoserine lactone-dependent signaling pathway in Efcherichia coli. Science 265:537-39
51. Hwang I, Cook DM, Farrand SK. 1995. A new regulatory element modulates homoserine lactone-mediated autoinduction of Ti plasmid conjugal transfer. J. Bacteriol. 177:449-58
52. Hwang I, Li P-L, Zhang L, Piper KR, Cook DM, et al. 1994. TraI, a LuxI homologue, is responsible for production of conjugation factor, the Ti plasmid N-acylhomosenne lactone autoinducer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:4639-43
53. Ishihama A. 1993. Protein-protein communication within the transcription apparatus. J. Bacteriol. 175:2483-89
54. Ji G, Beavis RC, Novick RP. 1995. Cell density control of staphylococcal virulence mediated by an octapeptide pheromone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:12055-59
55. Jones S, Yu B, Bainton NJ, Birdsall M, Bycroft BW, et al. 1993. The lux autoinducer regulates the production of exoenzyme virulence determinants in Erwinia carotovora and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. EMBO J. 12:2477-82
56. Kadner RJ. 1995. Expression of the Uhp sugar-phosphate transport system of Escherichia coli. In Two-Component Signal Transduction, ed. JA Hoch, TJ Silhavy, pp. 263-74. Washington, DC: Am. Soc. Microbiol.
57. Kaiser D, Losick R. 1993. How and why bacteria talk to each other. Cell 73:873-85
58. Kaplan HB, Greenberg EP. 1985. Diffusion of autoinducer is involved in regulation of the Vibrio fischeri luminescence system. J. Bacteriol. 163:1210-14
59. Kaplan HB, Greenberg EP. 1987. Over-production and purification of the luxR gene product: the transcriptional activator of the Vibrio fischeri luminescence system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:6639-43
60. Keen N, Midland SL, Boyd C, Yucel I, Tsurushima T, et al. 1994. Syringolide elicitors specified by avirulence D alleles in Pseudomonas syringae. In Advances in Molecular Genetics of Plant-Microbe Interactions, ed. MJ Daniels, JA Downie, AE Osbourn, pp. 41-48. Boston MA: Kluwer Academic
61. Kolibachuk D, Greenberg EP. 1993. The Vibrio fischeri luminescence gene activator LuxR is a membrane-associated protein. J. Bacteriol. 175:7307-12
62. Kuo A, Blough NV, Dunlap PV. 1994. Multiple N-acyl-L-homoserine lactone autoinducers of luminescence genes in the marine symbiotic bacterium Vibrio fischeri. J. Bacteriol. 176:7558-65
63. 62a. Kuo A, Callahan SM, Dunlap PV. 1996. Modulation of luminescence operon expression by N-octanoyl-L-homoserine lactone in ainS mutants of Vibrio fischeri. J. Bacteriol. 178:971-76
64. Latifi A, Winson MK, Foglino M, Bycroft BW, Stewart GSAB, et al. 1995. Multiple homologues of LuxR and LuxI control expression of virulence determinants and secondary metabolites through quorum sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Mol. Microbiol. 17:333-43
65. Li J, Kustu S, Stewart V. 1994. In vitro interaction of nitrate-responsive regulatory protein NarL with DNA target sequences in the fdnG, narG, narK and frdA operon control regions of Escherichia coli K-12. J. Mol. Biol. 241:150-65
66. Magnuson R, Solomon J, Grossman AD. 1994. Biochemical and genetic characterization of a competence pheromone from B. subtilis. Cell 77:207-16
67. Martin M, Showalter R, Silverman M. 1989. Identification of a locus controlling expression of the luminescence genes in Vibrio harveyi. J. Bacteriol. 171:2406-14
68. McFall-Ngai MJ, Ruby EG. 1991. Symbiotic recognition and subsequent morphogenesis as early events in an animal-bacterial mutualism. Science 254:1491-94
69. McGowan S, Sebaihia M, Jones S, Yu B, Bainton N, et al. 1995. Carbapenem antibiotic production in Erwinia carotovora is regulated by CarR, a homologue of the LuxR transcriptional activator. Microbiol. 141:541-50
70. McKenney D, Brown KE, Allison DG. 1995. Influence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoproducts on virulence factor production in Burkholderia cepacia: evidence of interspecies communication. J. Bacteriol. 177:6989-92
71. Meighen EA. 1994. Genetics of bacterial luminescence. Annu. Rev. Genet. 28:117-39
72. Mekalanos JJ. 1992. Environmental signals controlling virulence determinants in bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 174:1-7
73. Miller JF, Mekalanos JJ, Falkow S. 1989. Coordinate regulation and sensory transduction in the control of bacterial virulence. Science 243:916-22
74. 72a. More MI, Finger D, Stryker JL, Fuqua C, Eberhard A, Winans SC. 1996. Enzymatic synthesis of a quorum sensing autoinducer using defined substrates. Science. In press
75. Nealson KH, Hastings JW. 1979. Bacterial bioluminescence: its control and ecological significance. Microbiol. Rev. 43:496-518
76. Nealson KH, Platt T, Hastings JW. 1970. Cellular control of the synthesis and activity of the bacterial luminescent system. J. Bacteriol. 104:313-22
77. Ochsner UA, Koch AK, Reiser J. 1994. Isolation and characterization of a regulatory gene affecting rhamnolipid biosurfactant synthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. Bacteriol. 176:2044-54
78. Ochsner UA, Reiser J. 1995. Autoinducer-mediated regulation of rhamnolipid biosurfactant synthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:6424-28
79. Parkinson JS. 1993. Signal transduction schemes of bacteria. Cell 73:857-71
80. Passador L, Cook JM, Gambello MJ, Rust L, Iglewski BH. 1993. Expression of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence genes requires cell-to-cell communication. Science 260:1127-30
81. Pearson JP, Gray KM, Passador L, Tucker KD, Eberhard A, et al. 1994. Structure of the autoinducer required for expression of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:197-201
82. Pearson JP, Passador L, Iglewski BH, Greenberg EP. 1995. A second N-acylhomoserine lactone signal produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:1490-94
83. Pierson LS, Keppenne VD, Wood DW. 1994. Phenazine antibiotic biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa 30-84 is regulated by PhzR in response to cell density. J. Bacteriol. 176:3966-74
84. Piper KR, Beck von Bodman S, Farrand SK. 1993. Conjugation factor of Agrobacterium tumefaciens regulates Ti plasmid transfer by autoinduction. Nature 362:448-50
85. Pirhonen M, Flego D, Heikinheimo R, Palva ET. 1993. A small diffusible molecule is responsible for the global control of virulence and exoenzyme production in the plant pathogen Erwinia carotovora. EMBO J. 12:2467-76
86. Rosson RA, Nealson KH. 1981. Autoinduction of bacterial bioluminescence in a carbon limited chemostat. Arch. Microbiol. 129:299-304
87. Ruby EG, Asato LM. 1993. Growth and flagellation of Vibrio fischeri during initiation of the sepolid squid light organ symbiosis. Arch. Microbiol. 159:160-67
88. Ruby EG, McFall-Ngai MJ. 1992. A squid that glows at night: development of an animal-bacterial mutualism. J. Bacteriol. 174:4865-70
89. Ruby EG. 1996. Lessons from a cooperative bacterial-animal association: the Vibrio fischeri-Euprymna scolopes light organ. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 50:591-624
90. Salmond GPC, Golby P, Jones S. 1994. Global regulation of Erwinia carotovora virulence factor production. In Advances in Molecular Genetics of Plant-Microbe Interactions, ed. MJ Daniels, JA Downie, AE Osbourn, pp. 13-20. Boston MA: Kluwer Academic
91. Schaefer AL, Val DL, Hanzelka BL, Cronan JE, Greenberg EP. 1996. Generation of cell-to-cell signals in quorum sensing: acyl homoserine activity of a purified Vibrio fischeri LuxI protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. In press
92. 88b. Schripsema J, de Rudder KEE, van Vliet TB, Lankhorst PP, de Vroom E, et al. 1996. Bacteriocin small of Rhizobium leguminosarum belongs to the class of N-acylhomoserine lactone molecules, known as autoinducers and as quorum sensing co-transcription factors. J. Bacteriol. 178:366-71
93. Seed PC, Passador L, Iglewski BH. 1995. Activation of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa lasI gene by LasR and the Pseudomonas autoinducer PAI - an autoinduction regulatory hierarchy. J. Bacteriol. 177:654-59
94. Shadel GS, Young R, Baldwin TO. 1990. Use of regulated cell lysis in a lethal genetic selection in Escherichia coli: identification of the autoinducer-binding region of the LuxR protein from Vibrio fischeri ATCC 7744. J. Bacteriol. 172:3980-87
95. Showalter RE, Martin MO, Silverman MR. 1990. Cloning and nucleotide sequence of luxR, a regulatory gene controlling bioluminescence in Vibrio harveyi. 172:2946-54
96. Sitnikov D, Schineller JB, Baldwin TO. 1995. Transcriptional regulation of bioluminescence genes from Vibrio fischeri. Mol. Microbiol. 17:801-12
97. Slock J, Kolibachuk D, Greenberg EP. 1990. Critical regions of the Vibrio fischeri LuxR protein defined by mutational analysis. J. Bacteriol. 172:3974-79
98. Stevens AM, Dolan KM, Greenberg EP. 1994. Synergistic binding of the Vibrio fischeri LuxR transcriptional activator domain and RNA polymerase to the lux promoter region. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:12619-23
99. Sun W, Cao J-G, Teng K, Meighen EA. 1994. Biosynthesis of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate in the luminescent bacterium. Vibrio harveyi, and regulation by the lux autoinducer, N-(3-hydroxybutanoyl)homoserine lactone. J. Biol. Chem. 269:20785-90
100. Suzuki M. 1993. Common features in DNA recognition helices of eukaryotic transcription factors. EMBO J. 8:3221-26
101. Swift S, Fish L, Williams P, Stewart GSAB. 1995. Genbank accession number X89469
102. Swift S, Winson MK, Chan PF, Bainton NJ, Birdsall M, et al. 1993. A novel strategy for the isolation of luxI homologues: evidence for the widespread distribution of a LuxR:LuxI superfamily in enteric bacteria. Mol. Microbiol. 10:511-20
103. Throup JP, Camara M, Briggs GS, Winson MK, Chhabra SR, et al. 1995. Characterisation of the yenI/yenR locus from Yersenia enterocolitica mediating the synthesis of two N-acylhomoserine lactone signal molecules. Mol. Microbiol. 17:345-56
104. Torres-Cabassa A, Gottesman S, Frederick RD, Dolph PJ, Coplin DL. 1987. Control of extracellular polysaccharide synthesis in Erwinia stewartii and Escherichia coli K-12: a common regulatory function. J. Bacteriol. 169:4525-31
105. Wang X, de Boer PAJ, Rothfield LI. 1991. A factor that positively regulates cell division by activating transcription of the major cluster of essential cell division genes in Escherichia coli. EMBO J. 10:3363-72
106. Wijffelman CA, Pees E, van Brussel AAN, Hooykaas PJJ. 1983. Bacteriocin small of fast-growing rhizobia is chloroform soluble and is not required for effective nodulation. J. Bacteriol. 162:1079-82
107. Winans SC. 1991. An Agrobacterium two-component regulatory system for the detection of chemicals released from plant wounds. Mol. Microbiol. 5:2345-50
108. Winson MK, Camara M, Latifi A, Foglino M, Chhabra SR, et al. 1995. Multiple N-acyl-L-homoserine lactone signal molecules regulate production of virulence determinants and secondary metabolites in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:9427-31
109. Wood DW, Pierson LSI. 1996. The phzI gene of Pseudomonas aureofaciens 30-84 is responsible for the production of a diffusible signal required for phenazine antibiotic production. Gene. 168:49-53
110. Zhang L, Murphy PJ, Kerr A, Tate ME. 1993. Agrobacterium conjugation and gene regulation by N-acyl-homoserine lactones. Nature 362:446-48