Antigenic variation and immune evasion in Plasmodium falciparum malaria

Immunology and Cell Biology

Volumn 74, Issue 6, 1996, Pages 546-554

  Reeder, John C ^a,b   Brown, Graham V ^a  

^a WALTER AND ELIZA HALL INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL RESEARCH   (Australia)

^b ROYAL MELBOURNE HOSPITAL   (Australia)

Author keywords

antigenic variation; immune evasion; malaria

Indexed keywords

CYTOKINE; PARASITE ANTIGEN;

ANTIGENIC VARIATION; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; MALARIA; PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; REVIEW;

PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM;

EID: 0029772186     PISSN: 08189641     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/icb.1996.88     Document Type: Review

References (62)

1. Cohen S, McGregor IA, Carrington SC. Gamma-globulin and acquired immunity to human malaria. Nature 1961; 192: 733-7.
2. Good MF. Development of immunity to malaria may not be an entirely active process. Parasite Immunol. 1995; 17: 55-9.
3. Taylor-Robinson AW. Regulation of immunity to malaria: valuable lessons learned from murine models. Parasitol. Today 1995; 11: 334-42.
4. Holder AA. Proteins on the surface of the malaria parasite and cell invasion. Parasitology 1994; 108 (Suppl.): S5-18.
5. Hill AVS, Elvin J, Willis AC et al. Molecular analysis of the association of HLA-B53 and resistance to severe malaria. Nature 1992; 360: 434-9.
6. Holder AA, Riley EM. Human immune response to MSP-1. Parasitol. Today 1996; 12: 173-4.
7. Pasloske BL, Howard RJ. The promise of asexual malaria vaccine development. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1994; 50: 3-10.
8. Bickle Q, Anders RF, Day K, Coppel RL. The S-antigen of Plasmodium falciparum: repertoire and origin of diversity. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 1993; 61: 189-96.
9. Jakobsen PH, Bate CAW, Taverne J, Playfair JHL. Malaria: toxins, cytokines and disease. Parasite Immunol. 1995; 17: 223-31.
10. Schofield L, Tachado SD. Regulation of host cell function by glycosylphosphatidylinositols of the parasitic protozoa. Immunol. Cell Biol. 1996; 74: 554-62
11. Schofield L, Hackett F. Signal transduction in host cells by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol toxin of malaria parasites. J. Exp. Med. 1993; 177: 145-53.
12. Kwiatkowski D. Malarial toxins and the regulation of parasite density. Parasitol. Today 1995; 11: 206-12.
13. Clark IA, Rockett KA. The cytokine theory of human cerebral malaria. Parasitol. Today 1994; 10: 410-12.
14. Foley M, Tilley L. Home improvements: malaria and the red blood cell. Parasitol. Today 1995; 11: 436-9.
15. Brown GV, Rogerson SJ. Preventing cytoadherence of infected erythrocytes to endothelial cells and noninfected erythrocytes. In: Hoffman SL ed., Malaria Vaccine Development: A Multi-Immune Response Approach. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 1996; 145-66.
16. Udeinya IJ, Miller LH, McGregor IA, Jensen JB. Plasmodium faldparum strain-specific antibody blocks binding of infected erythrocytes to amelanotic melanoma cells. Nature 1983; 303: 429-31.
17. Kaslow DC. Transmission-blocking immunity against malaria and other vector-borne diseases. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 1993; 5: 557-65.
18. Kemp DJ, Cowman AF, Walliker D. Genetic diversity in Plasmodium falciparum. Adv. Parasitol. 1990; 29: 75-149.
19. Cappai R, van Schravendijk MR, Anders RF et al. Expression of the RESA gene in Plasmodium falciparum isolate FCR3 is prevented by a subtelomeric deletion. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1989; 9: 3584-7.
20. Triglia T, Cowman AF. Primary structure and expression of the dihydropteroate synthetase gene of Plasmodium falciparum. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1994; 91: 7149-53.
21. Good MF, Pombo D, Quakyi IA et al. Human T-cell recognition of the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum: immunodominant T-cell domains map to the polymorphic regions of the molecule. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1988; 85: 1199-203.
22. Anders RF. Antigenic diversity in Plasmodium falciparum. Acta Liedensia 1991; 60: 57-67.
23. Kemp DJ. Antigenic diversity and variation in blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum. Immunol. Cell Biol. 1992; 70: 201-7.
24. Kerr PJ, Ranford-Cartwright LC, Walliker D. Proof of intragenic recombination in Plasmodium falciparum. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 1994; 66: 241-8.
25. Anders RF. Multiple cross-reactivities amongst antigens of Plasmodium falciparum impair the development of protective immunity against malaria. Parasite Immunol. 1986; 8: 529-39.
26. Schofield L. On the function of repetitive domains in protein antigens of Plasmodium and other eukaryotic parasites. Parasitol. Today 1991; 7: 99-105.
27. Aikawa M, Iseki M, Barnwell JW, Taylor D, Oo MM, Howard RJ. The pathology of human cerebral malaria. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1990; 43: 30-7.
28. Clark IA, Rockett KA. The cytokine theory of human cerebral malaria. Parasitol. Today 1994; 10: 410-12.
29. Berendt AR, Turner GDH, Newbold CI. Cerebral malaria: the sequestration hypothesis. Parasitol. Today 1994; 10: 412-14.
30. Fried M, Duffy PE. Adherence of Plasmodium falciparum to chondroitin sulfate A in the human placenta. Science 1996; 272: 1502-4.
31. Ockenhouse CF, Chulay JD. Plasmodium falciparum sequestration: OKM5 antigen (CD36) mediates cytoadherence of parasitized erythrocytes to a myelomonocytic cell line. J. Infect. Dis. 1988; 157: 584-8.
32. Barnwell JW, Asch AS, Nachman RL, Yamaya M, Aikawa M. A human 88-kD membrane glycoprotein (CD36) functions in vitro as a receptor for a cytoadherence ligand on Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 1989; 84: 765-72.
33. Berendt AR, Simmons DL, Tansey J, Newbold CI, Marsh K. Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 is an endothelial cell adhesion molecule for Plasmodium falciparum. Nature 1989; 341: 57-9.
34. Rogerson SJ, Chaiyaroj SC, Ng K, Reeder JC, Brown GV. Chondroitin sulfate A is a cell surface receptor for Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. J. Exp. Med. 1995; 182: 15-20.
35. Roberts DD, Sherwood JA, Spitalnik SL et al. Thrombospondin binds falciparum malaria parasitized erythrocytes and may mediate cytoadherence. Nature 1985; 318: 64-6.
36. Ockenhouse CF, Tegoshi T, Maeno Y et al. Human vascular endothelial cell adhesion receptors for Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes: Roles for endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1. J. Exp. Med. 1992; 176: 1183-9.
37. Baruch D, Gormley JA, Ma C, Howard RJ, Pasloske BL. Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 is a parasitized erythrocyte receptor for adherence to CD36, thrombospondin, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1996; 93: 3497-502.
38. Leech JH, Barnwell JW, Miller LH, Howard RJ. Identification of a strain-specific malarial antigen exposed on the surface of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. J. Exp. Med. 1984; 159: 1567-75.
39. Magowan C, Wollish W, Anderson L, Leech J. Cytoadherence by Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes is correlated with the expression of a family of variable proteins on infected erythrocytes. J. Exp. Med. 1988; 168: 1307-20.
40. Trager W, Rudzinska MA, Bradbury PC. The fine structure of Plasmodium falciparum and its host erythrocytes in natural malarial infections in man. Bull. World Health Organ. 1966; 35: 883-5.
41. Luse SA, Miller LH. Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Ultrastructure of parasitized erythrocytes in cardiac vessels. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1971; 20: 655-60.
42. Marsh K, Sherwood JA, Howard RJ. Parasite-infected-cell-agglutination and indirect immunofluorescence assays for detection of human serum antibodies bound to antigens on Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. J. Immunol. Methods 1966; 91: 107-115.
43. Biggs BA, Goozé L, Wycherley K et al. Antigenic variation in Plasmodium falciparum. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1991; 88: 9171-4.
44. Marsh K, Otoo L, Hayes RJ, Carson DC, Greenwood BM. Antibodies to blood stage antigens of Plasmodium falciparum in rural Gambians and their relation to protection against infection. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1989; 83: 293-303.
45. Reeder JC, Rogerson SJ, Al-Yaman F et al. Diversity of agglutinating phenotype, cytoadherence and rosette-forming characteristics of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Papua New Guinean children. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1994; 51: 45-55.
46. Cross GAM. Antigenic variation in trypanosomes: secrets surface slowly. BioEssays 1996; 18: 283-91.
47. Brown KN, Brown IN. Immunity to malaria: Antigenic variation in chronic infection of Plasmodium knowlesi. Nature 1965; 208: 1286-8.
48. McLean SA, Pearson CD, Phillips RS. Plasmodium chabaudi: antigenic variation during recrudescent parasitaemias in mice. Exp. Parasitol. 1982; 54: 296-302.
49. Handunnetti SM, Mendis KN, David PH. Antigenic variation of cloned Plasmodium fragile in its natural host Macaca sinica. Sequential appearance of successive variant antigenic types. J. Exp. Med. 1987; 165: 1269-83.
50. Roberts DJ, Craig AG, Berendt AR et al. Rapid switching to multiple antigenic and adhesive phenotypes in malaria. Nature 1992; 357: 669-92.
51. Biggs BA, Anders RF, Dillon HE et al. Adherence of infected erythrocytes to venular endothelium selects for antigenic variants of Plasmodium falciparum. J. Immunol. 1992; 149: 2047-54.
52. Schofield L, Novakovic S, Gerold P, Schwarz RT, McConville MJ, Tachado SD. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol toxin of Plasmodium upregulates intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and E-selectin expression in vascular endothelial cells and increases leukocyte and parasite cytoadherence via tyrosine kinase-dependent signal transduction. J. Immunol. 1996; 156: 1886-96.
53. Gupta S, Trenholme K, Anderson RM, Day KP. Antigenic diversity and the transmission dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum. Science 1994; 263: 961-3.
54. Aguiar JC, Albrecht GR, Cegielski P et al. Agglutination of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes from East and West African isolates by human sera from distant geographic regions. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1992; 47: 621-32.
55. Forsyth KP, Philip G, Smith T, Kum E, Southwell B, Brown GV. Diversity of antigens expressed on the surface of the erythrocytes infected with mature Plasmodium falciparum parasites in Papua New Guinea. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1989; 41: 259-65.
56. Baruch DI, Pasloske BL, Singh HB et al. Cloning the P. falciparum gene encoding PfEMPl, a malarial variant antigen and adherence receptor on the surface of parasitized human erythrocytes. Cell 1995; 82: 77-87.
57. Su X, Heatwole VM, Wertheimer SP et al. The large diverse gene family var encodes proteins involved in cytoadherence and antigenic variation of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Cell 1995; 82: 89-100.
58. Smith JD, Chitnis CE, Craig AG et al. Switches in expression of Plasmodium falciparum var genes correlate with changes in antigenic and cytoadherent phenotypes of infected erythrocytes. Cell 1995; 82: 101-10.
59. Sim BKL, Chitnis CE, Wasniowska K, Hadley TJ, Miller LH. Receptor and ligand domains for invasion of erythrocytes by Plasmodium falciparum. Science 1994; 264: 1941-4.
60. Borst P, Bitter W, McCulloch R, Van Leeuwen F, Rudenko G. Antigenic variation in malaria. Cell 1995; 82: 1-4.
61. Rubio JP, Thompson JK, Cowman AF. The var genes of Plasmodium falciparum are located in the subtelomeric region of most chromosomes. EMBO J. 1996; 15: 4069-77.
62. Corcoran LM, Thompson JK, Walliker D, Kemp DJ. Homologous recombination within subtelomeric repeat sequences generates chromosome size polymorphisms in P. falciparum. Cell 1988; 53: 807-13.