Anticonvulsant Use in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: A Primer for Primary Care Physicians

Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry

Volumn 1, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 74-84

  Leo, Raphael J ^a   Narendran, Rajesh ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0008526954     PISSN: 15235998     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4088/pcc.v01n0304     Document Type: Article

References (140)

1. Manning JS, Haykal RF, Connor PD, et al. On the nature of depressive and anxious states in a family practice setting: the high prevalence of bipolar II and related disorders in a cohort followed longitudinally. Compr Psychiatry 1997;38:102-108
2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994
3. Goodwin FK, Jamison KR. Manic-Depressive Illness. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1990
4. American Psychiatric Association. Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Bipolar Disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1994;151(12, suppl):1-36
5. Weissman MM, Leaf PJ, Tischler GL, et al. Affective disorders in five United States communities. Psychol Med 1985;18:141-153
6. Wyatt RJ, Henter I. An economic evaluation of manic-depressive illness, 1991. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1995;30:213-219
7. Coryell W, Scheftner W, Keller M, et al. The enduring psychosocial consequences of mania and depression. Am J Psychiatry 1993;150:720-727
8. Gelenberg AJ, Kane JM, Keller MB, et al. Comparison of standard and low serum levels of lithium for maintenance treatment of bipolar disorders. N Engl J Med 1989;321:1489-1493
9. Lenox RH, Manji HK. Lithium. In: Schatzberg AF, Nemeroff CB, eds. Textbook of Psychopharmacology. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1998:379-430
10. Post RM. Alternatives to lithium for bipolar affective illness. In: Tasman A, Goldfinger SM, Kaufman CA, eds. Review of Psychiatry, vol 9. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1990:170-202
11. Post RM. Prophylaxis of bipolar affective disorders. Int Rev Psychiatry 1990;2:277-320
12. Calabrese JR, Fatemi SH, Kujawa M, et al. Predictors of response to mood stabilizers. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1996;16(suppl):24-31
13. Harrow M, Goldberg JF, Grossman LS, et al. Outcome in manic disorders: a naturalistic follow-up study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;47:665-671
14. Kukopulos A, Reginaldi D, Laddomada P et al. Course of the manic-depressive cycle and changes caused by treatment. Pharmacopsychiatry 1980;13:156-167
15. Maj M, Pirozzi R, Starace F. Previous pattern of course of the illness as a predictor of response to lithium prophylaxis in bipolar patients. J Affect Disord 1989;17:237-241
16. Bowden CL. Predictors of response to divalproex and lithium. J Clin Psychiatry 1995;56(suppl 3):25-30
17. Keller MB, Lavori PW, Coryell W, et al. Differential outcome of pure manic, mixed/cycling, and pure depressive episodes in patients with bipolar illness. JAMA 1986;255:3138-3142
18. Swann AC, Bowden CL, Morris D, et al. Depression during mania: treatment response to lithium or divalproex. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997;54: 37-42
19. Calabrese JR, Woyshville MJ, Kimmel SE, et al. Predictors of valproate response in bipolar rapid cycling. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1993;13:280-283
20. O'Connell RA, Mayo JA, Flatow L, et al. Outcome in bipolar disorder on long-term treatment with lithium. Br J Psychiatry 1991;159:123-129
21. Gitlin MJ, Swendsen J, Heller TL, et al. Relapse and impairment in bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:1635-1640
22. Dalby MA. Behavioral effects of carbamazepine. In: Penry J, Daly DD, eds. Advances in Neurology, II. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1975: 331-344
23. Diamond KR, Pande AC, Lamoreaux L, et al. Effect of gabapentin on mood and well-being in patients with epilepsy. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1996;20:407-417
24. Handforth A, Treiman DM. Efficacy and tolerance of long-term, high dose gabapentin: additional observations. Epilepsia 1994;35:1032-1037
25. Harden C, Pick L. Alterations in mood and anxiety in epilepsy patients treated with gabapentin [abstract]. Epilepsia 1996;37(suppl):137
26. Ojemann LM, Wilensky AJ, Temkin NR, et al. Long-term treatment with gabapentin partial epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 1992;13:159-165
27. Smith D, Baker G, Davies G, et al. Outcomes of add-on treatment with lamotrígíne epilepsy. Epilepsia 1993;34:312-322
28. Smith D, Chadwick D, Baker G, et al. Seizure severity and the quality of life. Epilepsia 1993;34(suppl 5):S31-S35
29. Thompson PJ, Trimble MR. Anticonvulsant drugs and cognitive functions. Epilepsia 1982;23:531-545.
30. Trimble MR. Carbamazepine and mood: evidence from patients with seizure disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 1988;49(4, suppl):7-11
31. Bowden CL, Brugger AM, Swann AC, et al. Efficacy of divalproex vs lithium and placebo in the treatment of mania. JAMA 1994;271:918-924
32. Pope HG, McElroy SL, Keck PE, et al. Valproate in the treatment of acute mania. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:62-68
33. Post RM, Ketter TA, Denicoff K, et al. The place of anticonvulsant therapy in bipolar illness. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1996;128:115-129
34. Lerer B, Moore N, Meyendorff E, et al. Carbamazepine versus lithium in mania: a double-blind study. J Clin Psychiatry 1987;48:89-93
35. Small JG, Klapper MH, Milstein V, et al. Carbamazepine compared with lithium in the treatment of mania. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:915-921
36. Fogelson DL, Sternbach H. Lamotrigine treatment of refractory bipolar disorder [letter]. J Clin Psychiatry 1997;58:271-273
37. Walden J, Hesslinger B, van Calker D, et al. Addition of lamotrigine to valproate may enhance efficacy in the treatment of bipolar affective disorder. Pharmacopsychiatry 1996;29:193-195
38. Corn T, Ascher J, Calabrese JR, et al. Lamictal in the treatment of bipolar disorder [poster]. Presented at the 35th annual meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology; Dec 9-13, 1996; San Juan, Puerto Rico
39. Ryback R, Ryback L. Gabapentin for behavioral dyscontrol [letter]. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:1399
40. Stanton SP, Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL. Treatment of acute mania with gabapentin [letter]. Am J Psychiatry 1997;154:287
41. Ghaemi SN, Katzow JJ, Desai SP, et al. Gabapentin treatment of mood disorders: a preliminary study. J Clin Psychiatry 1998;59:426-429
42. Ryback RS, Brodsky L, Munasifi F. Gabapentin in bipolar disorder [letter]. J Neuropsychiatry 1997;9:301
43. Bennett J, Goldman WT, Suppes T. Gabapentin for treatment of bipolar disorder and schizoaffective disorders. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1997;17:141-142
44. Schaffer CB, Schaffer LC. Gabapentin in the treatment of bipolar disorder [letter]. Am J Psychiatry 1997;154:291-292
45. McElroy SL, Soutullo CA, Keck PE, et al. A pilot trial of adjunctive gabapentin in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1997;9:99-103
46. Expert Consensus Guideline Series: Treatment of Bipolar Disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1996;57(suppl 12A):1-89
47. Freeman MP, Stoll AL. Mood stabilizer combinations: a review of safety and efficacy. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:12-21
48. McElroy SL, Keck PE, Pope HG, et al. Valproate in the treatment of bipolar disorder: literature review and clinical guidelines. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1992;12(1, suppl):42S-52S
49. Keck PE, McElroy SL. Antiepileptic drugs. In: Schatzberg AF, Nemeroff CB, eds. Textbook of Psychopharmacology. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1998:431-454
50. Ballenger JC, Post RM. Carbamazepine in manic-depressive illness: a new treatment. Am J Psychiatry 1980;137:782-790.
51. Post RM, Uhde TW, Roy-Byrne PP, et al. Antidepressant effects of carbamazepine. Am J Psychiatry 1986;143:29-34
52. Fatemi SH, Rapport DJ, Calabrese JR, et al. Lamotrigine in rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1997;58:522-527
53. Kotler M, Matar MA. Lamotrigine in the treatment of resistant bipolar disorder. Clin Neuropharmacol 1998;21:65-67
54. Kusumakar V, Yatham L. An open study of lamotrigine in refractory bipolar depression. Psychiatry Res 1997;72:145-148
55. Weisler R, Risner ME, Ascher J, et al. Use of lamotrigine in the treatment of bipolar disorder [poster]. Presented at the 147th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; May 21-26, 1994; Philadelphia, Pa
56. Bowden CL, Calabrese JR, Sachs GS, et al. Lamotrigine in bipolar depression. In: New Research Program and Abstracts of the 151st Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; May 30-June 4, 1998; Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Abstract NR654:244
57. Young LT, Robb JC, Patelis-Siotis I, et al. Acute treatment of bipolar depression with gabapentin. Biol Psychiatry 1997;42:851-853
58. Frye MA, Ketter TA, Osuch EA, et al. Gabapentin and lamotrigine monotherapy in mood disorder: an update. In: Syllabus and Proceedings Summary of the 151st Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, May 30-June 4, 1998; Toronto, Ontario, Canada. No. 77D:150
59. Marcotte DB, Fogleman L, Wolfe N, et al. Gabapentin: an effective therapy for patients with bipolar affective disorder. In: New Research Program and Abstracts of the 150th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; May 20, 1997; San Diego, Calif. Abstract NR261:138
60. Short C, Cooke L. Hypomania induced by gabapentin [letter]. Br J Psychiatry 1995;166:679-680
61. Calabrese JR, Delucchi GA. Phenomenology of rapid cycling manic depression and its treatment with valproate. J Clin Psychiatry 1989;50 (3, suppl):30-34
62. Calabrese JR, Delucchi GA. Spectrum of efficacy of valproate in 55 patients with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147:431-434
63. Post RM, Uhde TW, Ballenger JC, et al. Prophylactic efficacy of carbamazepine in manic-depressive illness. Am J Psychiatry 1983;140:1602-1604
64. Calabrese JR, Fatemi SH, Woyshville MJ. Antidepressant effects of lamotrigine in rapid cycling bipolar disorder [letter]. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153:1236
65. Calabrese JR, Markovitz PJ, Kimmell SE, et al. Spectrum of efficacy of valproate in 78 rapid-cycling bipolar patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1992;12(1, suppl):53S-56S
66. Guscott R. Clinical experience with valproic acid in 22 patients with refractory bipolar mood disorder [letter]. Can J Psychiatry 1992;37:590
67. Hayes SG. Long-term use of valproate in primary psychiatric disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 1989;50(3, suppl):35-39
68. McElroy SL, Keck PE Jr, Pope HG Jr, et al. Valproate in psychiatric disorders: literature review and clinical guidelines. J Clin Psychiatry 1989;50 (3, suppl):23-29
69. Puzynski S, Klosiewicz L. Valproic acid amide in the treatment of affective and schizoaffective disorders. J Affect Disord 1984;6:115-121
70. Puzynski S, Klosiewicz L. Valproic acid amide as a prophylactic agent in affective and schizoaffective disorders. In: Emrich HM, Okuma T, Muller AA, eds. Anticonvulsants in Affective Disorders. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Excerpta Medica; 1984:68-75
71. Puzynski S, Klosiewicz L. Valproic acid amide as a prophylactic agent in affective and schizoaffective disorders. Psychopharmacol Bull 1984;20:151-159
72. Bowden CL, Calabrese JR, McElroy SL, et al. Maintenance treatment in bipolar disorder. In: Syllabus and Proceedings Summary of the 151st Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; May 30-June 4, 1998; Toronto, Ontario, Canada. No. 6C:278
73. Coxhead N, Silverstone T, Cookson J. Carbamazepine versus lithium in the prophylaxis of bipolar affective disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1992;85:114-118
74. Kishimoto A, Ogura C, Hazama H, et al. Long-term prophylactic effects of carbamazepine in affective disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1983;143:327-331
75. Lusznat RM, Murphy DP, Nunn CMH. Carbamazepine vs lithium in the treatment and prophylaxis of mania. Br J Psychiatry 1988;153:198-204
76. Okuma T, Inanaga K, Otsuki S, et al. A preliminary double-blind study on the efficacy of carbamazepine in prophylaxis of manic-depressive illness. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1981;73:95-96
77. Placidi GF, Lenzi A, Lazzerini F, et al. The comparative efficacy and safety of carbamazepine versus lithium: a randomized, double-blind 3-year trial in 83 patients. J Clin Psychiatry 1986;47:490-494
78. Post RM, Leverich GS, Rosoff AS, et al. Carbamazepine prophylaxis in refractory affective disorders: a focus on long-term follow-up. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1990;10:318-327
79. Post RM, Uhde TW, Ballenger JC, et al. Prophylactic efficacy of carbamazepine in manic-depressive illness. Am J Psychiatry 1983;140: 1602-1604
80. Stuppaeck C, Barnas C, Miller C, et al. Carbamazepine in the prophylaxis of mood disorders. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1990;10:39-42
81. Watkins SE, Callender K, Thomas DR, et al. The effect of carbamazepine and lithium on remission from affective illness. Br J Psychiatry 1987;150:180-182
82. Greil W, Ludwig-Mayerhofer W, Erazo N, et al. Lithium versus carbamazepine in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorders: a randomised study. J Affect Disord 1997;43:151-161
83. Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL, Tugrul KC, et al. Valproate oral loading in the treatment of acute mania. J Clin Psychiatry 1993;54:305-308
84. Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL, Bennett JA. Health-economic implications of the onset of action of antimanic agents. J Clin Psychiatry 1996;57 (suppl 13):13-18
85. Keck PE Jr, Nabulsi AA, Taylor JL, et al. A pharmacoeconomic model of divalproex vs. lithium in the acute and prophylactic treatment of bipolar I disorder J Clin Psychiatry 1996;57:213-222
86. Wilder BJ, Karas BJ, Penry JK, et al. Gastrointestinal tolerance of divalproex sodium. Neurology 1983;33:808-811
87. Zarate CA Jr, Tohen M, Narendran R, et al. The adverse effect profile and efficacy of divalproex sodium compared with valproic acid: a pharmaco-epidemiology study. J Clin Psychiatry 1999;60:232-236
88. Karas BJ, Wilder BJ, Hammond EJ, et al. Treatment of valproate tremors. Neurology 1983;33:1380-1382
89. Bowden CL. Dosing strategies and time course of response to antimanic drugs. J Clin Psychiatry 1996;57(suppl 13):4-9
90. Balfour JA, Bryson HM. Valproic acid: a review of its pharmacology and therapeutic potential in indications other than epilepsy. CNS Drugs 1994;2:144-173
91. Dreifuss FE, Santilli N, Langer DH, et al. Valproic acid hepatic fatalities: a retrospective review. Neurology 1987;37:379-385
92. Connacher AA, Borsey DQ, Browning MCK, et al. The effective evaluation of thyroid status in patients on phenytoin, carbamazepine or sodium valproate attending an epilepsy clinic. Postgrad Med J 1987;63:841-845
93. Isojarvi JIT, Pakarinen AJ, Myllyla VV Thyroid function with antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia 1992;33:142-148
94. Larkin JG, Macphee GJA, Beastall GH, et al. Thyroid hormone concentrations in epileptic patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1989;36:213-216
95. Verma NP, Haidukewych D. Differential but infrequent alterations of hepatic enzyme levels and thyroid hormone levels by anticonvulsant drugs. Arch Neurol 1994;51:381-383
96. Asconape JJ, Penry JK, Dreifuss FE, et al. Valproate-associated pancreatitis. Epilepsia 1993;34:177-183
97. Konig SA, Siemes H, Blaker F, et al. Severe hepatotoxicity during valproate therapy: an update and report of eight new fatalities. Epilepsia 1994;35:1005-1015
98. Dansky LV, Rosenblatt DS, Andermann E. Mechanisms of teratogenesis: folic acid and antiepileptic therapy. Neurology 1992;42(4, suppl 5): 32-42
99. Lindhout D, Omtzigt JGC, Cornel MC. Spectrum of neural-tube defects in 34 infants prenatally exposed to antiepileptic drugs. Neurology 1992;42(4, suppl 5):111-118
100. Omtzigt JGC, Los FJ, Grobbee DE, et al. The risk of spina bifida aperta after first-trimester exposure to valproate in a prenatal cohort. Neurology 1992;42(4, suppl 5):119-125
101. Wegner C, Nau H. Alteration of embryonic folate metabolism by valproic acid during organogenesis: implications for mechanism of teratogenesis. Neurology 1992;42(4, suppl 5):17-24
102. Koch S, Losche G, Jager-Roman E, et al. Major and minor birth malformations and antiepileptic drugs. Neurology 1992;42(4, suppl 5):83-88
103. Morrell MJ. The new antiepileptic drugs and women: efficacy, reproductive health, pregnancy, and fetal outcome. Epilepsia 1996;37(suppl 6): S34-S44
104. Gram L, Jensen PK. Carbamazepine toxicity. In: Levy RH, Mattson R, Meldrum B, et al, eds. Antiepileptic Drugs. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1989:555-565
105. Hart RG, Easton JD. Carbamazepine and hematologic monitoring. Ann Neurol 1982;11:309-312
106. Sobotka JL, Alexander B, Cook BL. A review of carbamazepine's hematologic reactions and monitoring recommendations. DICP 1990;24:1214-1219
107. Stewart CR, Vergrow MI, Riley TL. Double quotidian fever caused by carbamazepine [letter]. N Engl J Med 1980;302:1262
108. Tohen M, Castillo J, Cole JO, et al. Thrombocytopenia associated with carbamazepine: a case series. J Clin Psychiatry 1991;52:496-498
109. Mucklow J. Carbamazepine and hyponatremia. Prescriber J 1991;31: 61-64
110. Tormey WP. Mechanisms of carbamazepine-induced antidiuresis J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993;56:567-569
111. Brewerton TD, Jackson CW. Prophylaxis of carbamazepine-induced hyponatremia by demeclocycline in six patients. J Clin Psychiatry 1994;55:249-251
112. Isojarvi JIT, Airaksinen KEJ, Repo M, et al. Carbamazepine, serum thyroid hormones and myocardial function in epileptic patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993;56:710-712
113. Moore DP, Jefferson JW. Carbamazepine. In: Moore DP, Jefferson JW, eds. Handbook of Medical Psychiatry. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby-Year Book; 1996:493-494
114. Bertilsson L, Thompson T. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacological effects of carbamazepine and carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide: an update. Clin Pharmacokinet 1992;22:11-21
115. Dansky LV, Rosenblatt DS, Andermann E. Mechanisms of teratogenesis: folic acid and antiepileptic therapy. Neurology 1992;42:32-42
116. Jones KL, Lacro RV, Johnson KA, et al. Pattern of malformations in the children of women treated with carbamazepine during pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1989;320:1661-1666
117. Rosa FW. Spina bifida in infants of women treated with carbamazepine during pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1991;324:674-677
118. Mills JL, Simpson JL. Prospects for prevention of neural tube defects by vitamin supplementation. Curr Opin Neurol Neurosurg 1993;6:554-558
119. Kuhnz W, Jager-Roman E, Rating D, et al. Carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide during pregnancy and post-natal period in epileptic mothers and their nursed infants: pharmacokinetics and clinical effects. Pediatr Pharmacol 1983;3:199-208
120. Nau H, Kuhnz W, Egger HJ, et al. Anticonvulsants during pregnancy and lactation: transplacental, maternal and neonatal pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacokinet 1982;7:508-543
121. USP DI Drug Information for the Health Care Professional, vol I. 19th ed. Rockville, Md: Micromedex; 1999
122. Albani F, Riva R, Baruzzi A. Carbamazepine clinical pharmacology: a review. Pharmacopsychiatry 1995;28:235-244
123. Ketter TA, Post RM, Worthington K. Principles of clinically important drug interactions with carbamazepine, I. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1991;11:198-203
124. Ketter TA, Post RM, Worthington K. Principles of clinically important drug interactions with carbamazepine, II. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1991;11:306-312
125. Brewerton TD, Kramlinger KG, Post RM. Combination therapy with lithium and carbamazepine. In: Birch NJ, ed. Lithium: Inorganic Pharmacology and Psychiatric Use. Proceedings of the 2nd British Lithium Congress held at Wolverhampton Polytechnic, Sept. 6-9, 1987. Washington, DC: IRL Press; 1987:57-60
126. Denicoff KD, Ali SO, Smith-Jackson EE, et al. Cognitive side effects of lithium, carbamazepine and their combination in patients with bipolar disorder. In: New Research Program and Abstracts of the 150th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; May 21, 1997; San Diego, Calif. Abstract NR424:183
127. Messenheimer J, Ramsay R, Willmore L, et al. Lamotrigine therapy for partial seizure: a multicenter, placebo-controlled, double blind, crossover trial. Epilepsia 1994;35:113-121
128. Pellock JM, Rao C, Earl N. Lamotrigine efficacy and safety update: US experience [abstract]. Epilepsia 1993;34(suppl 6):42
129. Schachter SC. A multicenter, placebo-controlled evaluation of the safety of lamotrigine (Lamictal) as add-on therapy in outpatients with partial seizures. Presented at the 1992 annual meeting of the American Epilepsy Society; Dec 4-10, 1992; Seattle, Wash
130. Tomson T, Ohman I, Vitols S. Lamotrigine in pregnancy and lactation: a case report. Epilepsia 1997;38:1039-1041
131. McLean MJ. Clinical pharmacokinetics of gabapentin. Neurology 1994;44(suppl 5): 17-22
132. Richens A. Clinical pharmacokinetics of gabapentin. In: Chadwick D, ed. New Trends in Epilepsy Management: The Role of Gabapentin. Lonaon, England: Royal Society of Medicine Services; 1993:41-46
133. Boyd RA, Bockbrader HN, Turck D, et al. Effect of subject age on the single dose pharmacokinetics of orally administered gabapentin (CI-945)[abstract]. Pharm Res 1990;7(suppl):215
134. Comstock TJ, Sica DA, Bockbrader HN, et al. Gabapentin pharmacokinetics in subjects with various degrees of renal function [abstract]. J Clin Pharmacol 1990;30:862
135. Halstensori CE, Keane WF, Tuerck D, et al. Disposition of gabapentin (GAB) in hemodialysis (HD) patients [abstract]. J Clin Pharmacol 1992;32:751
136. Vollmer KO, von Hodenberg A, Kolle EU. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of gabapentin in rat, dog, and man. Arzneimittelforschung 1986;36:830-839
137. Busch E. Effect of Maalox TC on single dose pharmacokinetics of gabapentin capsules in healthy subjects. Pharm Res 1992(suppl):315
138. Crawford P, Ghadiali E, Lane R, et al. Gabapentin as an antiepileptic drug in man. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1987;50:682-686
139. Tyndel F. Interaction of gabapentin with other antiepileptics [letter]. Lancet 1994;1:1363-1364
140. Calabrese JR, Shelton MD III, Keck PE Jr, et al. Topiramate in severe treatment-refractory mania. In: New Research Program and Abstracts of the 151st Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; June 2, 1998; Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Abstract NR202:121