Mischief Reef: Geopolitics and implications

Journal of Contemporary Asia

Volumn 31, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 86-103

  Zha, Daojiong ^a   Valencia, Mark J ^b  

^a INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF JAPAN   (Japan)

^b EAST WEST CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0007462482     PISSN: 00472336     EISSN: 17527554     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00472330180000061     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Richardson, Michael. January 1999. “ China is slowly winning a long game for the sea ”. In International Herald Tribune January, 28
2. Reuters. January 2000. Philippines to protest maritime intrusion January, 26Hugh Williamson. “Philippines complaints to China.” Financial Times, London, 28 January 2000.
3. For a historical review of the Sino-Vietnamese disputes, see Valencia Mark J., China and the South China Sea Disputes Adelphi Paper 298 IISS/Oxford University Press 1995 30 39
4. Quisumbing, Purificacion C. Valera. 1983. Beijing-Manila Détente, Manila:University of Philippines Law Center and Foreign Service Institute.
5. Valencia. 1983. Beijing-Manila Détente, 7–7. Manila:University of Philippines Law Center and Foreign Service Institute.
6. 1996. ASEAN and China Make Progress on Spratlys. Straits Times, June 12
7. Tiglao, Rigoberto, and Sherry, Andrew. 1998. Tis the Season. Far Eastern Economic Review, December:18–20. 24
8. Storey, Ian James. April 1999. “ Creeping Assertiveness:China, the Philippines and the South China Sea Dispute ”. In Contemporary Southeast Asia April, 95–115.
9. Gallagher, Michael G., 1994. “ China's Illusory Threat to the South China Sea ”. In International Security 169–194. SummerMamdouh G. Salameh, “China, Oil and the Risk of Regional Conflict,” Survival (Winter 1995–96), pp. 133–146. Kent Calder, “Asia's Empty Tank,” Foreign Affairs (March/April 1996), pp. 55–69. Felix K. Chang, “Beijing's Reach in the South China Sea,” Orbis (Summer 1996), pp. 353–374. Mark J. Valencia, “Energy and Insecurity in Asia,” Survival (Autumn 1997), pp. 85–106.
10. Richardson, Michael. December 1998. “ Timing of China's Move on Spratlys Raises Asian Suspicions ”. In International Herald Tribune December, 2
11. Hyer, Eric. 1995. “ The South China Sea Disputes:Implications of China's Earlier Territorial Settlements ”. In Pacific Affairs 34–54. Spring
12. Garver, John W., December 1992. “ China's Push through the South China Sea:the interaction of bureaucratic and national interests ”. In The China Quarterly December, 999–1028.
13. Valencia, Mark J., van Dyke, Jon M., and Ludwig, Noel A., 1997. Sharing the Resources of the South China Sea, The Hague:M. Nijhoff Publishers. See also Jonathan Charney, “Central East Asian Maritime Boundaries and the Law of the Sea,” American Journal of International Law (October 1995), pp. 724–749.
14. Valencia, Mark J., 1997. Sharing the Resources of the South China Sea, 2–2. The Hague:M. Nijhoff Publishers.
15. Valencia, Mark J., “ The Spratlys Imbroglio in the Post-Cold War Era ”. In Southeast Asia in the New World Order, Edited by:Wurfel, David, and Barton, Bruce. 244–269. New York:MacMillan. in
16. February 1995. “ China reportedly seizes reef from Philippines ”. In Honolulu Advertiser February, 11
17. Fernandez, Gil S., 1992. “ The Philippines' South China Sea claims ”. In The South China Sea Disputes:Philippine perspectives, Edited by:Pablo-Baviera, Aileen San. 19–24. Quezon City:the Philippine-China Development Resource Center and the Philippine Association for Chinese Studies. in
18. May 1996. “ Warships ordered to avoid Spratlys ”. In South China Morning Post May, 11
19. July 1996. “ Philippines to sign deal ”. In South China Morning Post July, 1
20. February 1997. “ General Chi to sign defense loan accord in Manila ”. In South China Morning Post February, 5
21. November 1996. “ Jiang makes offer to co-develop Spratlys ”. In South China Morning Post November, 27
22. December 1996. “ U.S. Rejects Manila Call for Talks on Spratlys ”. In South China Morning Post December, 11
23. December 1996. Manila Opens Airstrip on Disputed Spratlys Island December, Reuters25
24. May 1997. “ Islands Row Tests Manila's Patience ”. In Financial Times May, 20
25. July 1997. “ Manila censured for ‘shoal violation’ ”. In South China Morning Post July, 4
26. May 1995. “ Manila rejects PRC plan ”. In Business World May, 11–11. 16Reuters, “Philippine leader rejects China's Spratlys protest.” 17 May 1995.
27. November 1998. “ Memo on Spratlys mission delayed ”. In South China Morning Post November, 10
28. AP. November 1998. China, Philippines in island hassle November, 23
29. AFP. November 1998. China-Philippines experts to meet in January on disputed reef November, 25
30. Villaviray, Johnna R., March 1999. “ Beijing won't share Mischief with Pinoys ”. In The Manila Times March, 23
31. Bernama. December 1998. China:Pines to urge ASEAN stand on Spratlys row December, 7
32. Reuters. April 1999. China Parries Philippine Challenge over Spratlys April, 1
33. March 1999. “ Beijing Keeps UN out of Talks on Spratlys ”. In The Philippine Daily Inquirer March, 22
34. Pulse, Asia. December 1998. Philippines:Manila asks Tokyo for support in Spratlys dispute with China December, 7
35. AFP. December 1998. U.S. legislator accuses China of ‘aggression’ on Spratlys reef December, 10AFP, “US downplaying dispute on Spratlys, says senator,” South China Morning Post, 28 December 1998.
36. AFP. December 1998. Spratlys could tip the balance December, 10
37. Gertz, Bill. January 1999. “ China makes move on Spratlys ”. In The Washington Times January, 4
38. AFP. January 1998. U.S. ‘discouraged’ lawmaker's trip to Spratlys January, 6
39. January 1999. U.S. State Department Spokesman:State Department Noon Briefing, 4 January 1999 January, USIA Transcript, 4
40. AFP. January 1999. U.S. wants a meeting of Spratlys claimants January, 12
41. AFP. January 1999. Malaysian leader rejects U.S. intervention in Spratlys row January, 15AP. “China says dispute over Spratlys an Asian affair, U.S. should keep out,” 7 January 1999.
42. AFP. January 1999. Vietnam deeply worried by China's presence in Mischief Reef January, 18
43. January 2000. “ RP protests Sino boasts' presence in Scarborough ”. In Philippine Daily Inquirer January, 1–1. 13
44. May 2000. “ RP Navy ‘sinks’ Sino fishing boat ”. In Philippine Daily Inquirer May, 1–1. 25
45. Kittichaisaree, Kriangsak. 2000. A Code of Conduct for human and regional security around the South China Sea. Paper presented to the “Human and Regional Security Around the South China Sea” Conference. June2–42000, Oslo.
46. See Daojiong Zha's case study Provinces in China's Exploitation of South China Sea Resources:the case of Hainan Paper presented to the “Human and Regional Security Around the South China Sea” Conference Paper presented to the “Human and Regional Security Around the South China Sea” Conference June 2–4 2000 Oslo Paper presented to the “Human and Regional Security Around the South China Sea” Conference June 2–4 2000
47. See, for example, Shambaugh David, The United States and China:Cooperation or Confrontation Current History 1997 September 241 245 Nancy B. Tucker, “A Precarious Balance:Clinton and China” Current History (September 1998), pp. 243–249. On U.S. Strategies Toward China in the Asian Context, see, Denny Roy, “Hegemon on the Horizon?” International Security (Summer 1994), pp. 149–168. David Shambaugh, “Containment or Engagement of China? Calculating Beijing's Response,” International Security (Fall, 1996), pp. 180–209. Gerald Segal, “East Asia and the ‘Constrainment’ of China,” International Security (Spring 1996), pp. 107–135.
48. Shambaugh, David. Fall 1996. “ Containment or Engagement of China? Calculating Beijing's Response ”. In International Security Fall, 208–209. Ya-chun Chang, “Beijing's Strategies and Actions Toward Washington:Containment and Counter-Containment” Issues and Studies (September 1997), pp. 46–63.
49. See Jiru Shen, Zhongguo Budang “Bu Xiansheng” China Today Publisher Beijing 1998 75 138 (China Should not be “Mr. No”)
50. Kim, Shee Poon. March 1998. “ The South China Sea in China's Strategic Thinking ”. In Contemporary Southeast Asia March, 383–383.
51. Xu, Xiaojie. 1998. Xinshiji de Youqi Diyuan Zhengzhi, Beijing:Shehui Kexue Wenxuan Chubanshe. (Geopolitics of Oil and Gas in the New Century:a closer look at challenges facing China)
52. Garrett, Banning, and Glaser, Bonnie. April 1997. “ Chinese Apprehensions About Revitalization of the U.S.-Japan Alliance ”. In Asian Survey April, 383–402.
53. Wang, Yizhou, ed. 1995. Dandai Guoji Zhengzhi Xilun, 224–224. Shanghai:Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe. (International Politics)Emphasis added.
54. On Japan and the South China Sea, see Er Lam Peng, Japan and the Spratlys Dispute:Aspirations and Limitations Asian Survey 1996 October 995 1010
55. See “U.S. Department of Defense News Briefing 11 January 1999” and “U.S. Department of State Daily Press Briefing 5 January 1999” Both on-line.
56. Batongbacal, Jay, Sereno, Ma.A. Lourdes, and Aguilos, Maribel B., January 1999. “ Spratlys anchor ‘strategic triangle ”. In Philippine Daily Inquirer January, 24
57. McDevitt, Michael. 1999. China and the South China Sea — A Conference Summary Report, PACNET. April291999.
58. Chen, Yue. 1997. Zhongguo de Zhoubian Waijiao, 177–178. Hong Kong:Xianggang Shehui Kexue Chubanshe. (China's Diplomacy with Neighboring Countries)
59. Pulse, Asia. April 1999. Philippine Government Unfazed By Taiwan Hotel Plan In Spratlys April, 6
60. Villanueva, Marichu. April 1999. “ Government finds new sources for AFP modernization fund ”. In The Philippine Star April, 18
61. February 1999. “ Air Force Can't Fly, Navy Can't Sail — Mercado ”. In Philippine Daily Inquirer February, 3
62. FBIS. July 1992. Daily Report, East Asia July, 8–8. 22
63. Reuters. October 1995. Manila sees China as threat despite assurances October, 27
64. Doronila, Amando. May 1999. “ Changing perceptions spell victory for VFA ”. In Philippine Daily Inquirer May, 30
65. January 2000. “ RP-US war games show ‘alliance alive’ ”. In Philippine Daily Inquirer January, 29
66. July 1999. Daojiong Zha's interviews with Philippine Defense and Foreign Affairs Department officials July, Manila
67. Quiambao, Cecilia. November 1998. “ Events work against Philippines ”. In Bangkok Post November, 19
68. On the interaction between ASEAN and China, regarding these two approaches see Foot Rosemary, China in the ASEAN Regional Forum:organizational processes and domestic models of thought Asian Survey 1998 May 425 440
69. Lim, Robyn. August 1998. “ The ASEAN Regional Forum:building on sand ”. In Contemporary Southeast Asia August, 115–136.
70. Chanda, Nayan. 1994. Southeast Asia:divide and rule. Far Eastern Economic Review, August:18–19. 11See also Lee Tai Lo, “ASEAN-PRC Political and Security Cooperation:problems, prospects,” Asian Survey (November 1993), pp. 1095–1104.
71. Japan Times. China Reassures ASEÁN Meeting. July. 31
72. Chua, Reginald. 1995. Neighbors Challenge Beijing's Sea Claim. Asia Wall Street Journal, April 17
73. Pulse, Asia. December 1997. China, Philippines to maintain status quo over Spratlys December, 17
74. Huxley, Tim. 1993. Insecurity in the ASEAN Region, 34–34. London:Royal United Services Institute for Defense Studies.
75. Schwarz, Adam. 1995. Joining the Fold. Far Eastern Economic Review, March:20–21. 16
76. Tiglao and Sherry. 1995. Joining the Fold. Far Eastern Economic Review, March:20–21. 16(fn. 6)
77. Ching, Frank. 1995. Indonesia Struts World Stage. Far Eastern Economic Review, January:32–32. 26
78. Chanda, Tiglao and McBeth. 1995. Indonesia Struts World Stage. Far Eastern Economic Review, January:32–32. 26(fn.20)
79. June 1995. “ Editorial plays down PRC claim to Natunas ”. In FBIS-EAS-95-115 June, 44–45. 15
80. McBeth, John. 1994. Friend or Foe. Far Eastern Economic Review, December:18–18. 15
81. Winterford, David. 1993. Chinese Naval Planning and Maritime Interests in th South China Sea:Implications for U.S. and Regional Security Policies. Journal of East Asian Relations, 2 (4) Winter:369–398.
82. McBeth. 1994. Friend or Foe. Far Eastern Economic Review, December:18–18. 15(fn. 119)
83. February 1995. “ Indonesia calls for peaceful solution to six-nation dispute over Spratlys ”. In The Japan Times February, 18
84. Ching, Frank. 1995. Malaysia charts China course. Far Eastern Economic Review, February:32–32. 23
85. Doronila, Amando. November 1998. “ China Taking Advantage of Cleavage in ASEAN ”. In Philippine Daily Inquirer November, 13
86. Calder, Kent E., April 1996. “ Put Energy, Food and the Environment on the Agenda ”. In International Herald Tribune April, 15
87. This section of the article borrows heavily from Mark J. Valencia's keynote speech delivered at the “Human and Regional Security Around the South China Sea” conference “Human and Regional Security Around the South China Sea” conference June 2–4 2000 Oslo “Human and Regional Security Around the South China Sea” conference June 2–4 2000
88. December 1993. “ Spratlys joint venture ”. In Indochina Digest December, 4–4. 24
89. et al. “Human and Regional Security Around the South China Sea” conference “Human and Regional Security Around the South China Sea” conference June 2–4 2000 Oslo “Human and Regional Security Around the South China Sea” conference June 2–4 2000 113 113 (fn. 13)
90. Reuters, supra n. 137 Morgan Joseph R., Porpoises Among the Whales:Small Navies in Asia and the Pacific East-West Center Special Report No. 2 1994 March 48 48
91. van der Kroef, Justus. Winter 1994. “ The South China Sea Problem:some future scenarios ”. In American Asian Review Winter
92. Schwarz, Adam. 1995. Where Oil and Water Mix. Far Eastern Economic Review, March:54–58. 16