Brain activation in the processing of Chinese characters and words: A functional MRI study

Human Brain Mapping

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 16-27

  Tan, Li Hai ^a   Spinks, John A ^a   Gao, Jia Hong ^b   Liu, Ho Ling ^b   Perfetti, Charles A ^c   Xiong, Jinhu ^b   Stofer, Kathryn A ^b   Pu, Yonglin ^b   Liu, Yijun ^b   Fox, Peter T ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER AT SAN ANTONIO   (United States)

^c NONE

Author keywords

Chinese reading; FMRI; Hemispheric dominance; Language; Lateralization; MRI; Neuroimaging; Reading; Semantic vagueness; Word recognition

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BRAIN DEPTH STIMULATION; CEREBELLUM; CHINESE; FRONTAL CORTEX; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PARIETAL LOBE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; READING; SEMANTICS; TEMPORAL CORTEX; VISUAL SYSTEM; WORD RECOGNITION;

ADULT; BRAIN; BRAIN MAPPING; FUNCTIONAL LATERALITY; HANDWRITING; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; READING; VERBAL BEHAVIOR;

EID: 0006998912     PISSN: 10659471     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0193(200005)10:1<16::AID-HBM30>3.0.CO;2-M     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Beaumont JG. 1982. Studies with verbal stimuli. In: Beaumont JG, editor. Divided visual field studies of cerebral organization. London: Academic, p 57-86.
2. Besner D, Daniel S, Slade C. 1982. Ideogram reading and right hemisphere language. Brit J Psychol 73:21-28.
3. Binder JR, Swanson SJ, Hammeke TA, Morris GL, Mueller WM, Fisher M, Frost JA, Rao SM. 1995. Determination of language dominance with functional MRI: A comparison with the Wada test. Hum Brain Mapp 1:235.
4. Blaxton TE, Bookheimer SY, Zeffiro TA, Figlozzi CM, Gaillard WD, Theodore WH. 1996. Functional mapping of human memory using PET: Comparisons of conceptual and perceptual tasks. Can J Exp Psychol 50:42-56.
5. Bressler, SL. 1995. Large-scale cortical networks and cognition. Brain Res Rev 20:288-304.
6. Brunswick N, McCrory E, Price CJ, Frith CD, Frith U. 1999. Explicit and implicit processing of words and pseudowords by adult developmental dyslexics. Brain 122:1901-1917.
7. Bryden MP. 1982. Laterality: Functional asymmetry in the intact brain. New York: Academic.
8. Buchel C, Price CJ, Friston K. 1998. A multimodal language region in the ventral visual pathway. Nature 394:274-277.
9. Buckner RL, Petersen SE. 1996. What does neuroimaging tell us about the role of prefrontal cortex in memory retrieval? Semin Neurosci 8:47-55.
10. Buckner RL, Raichle ME, Petersen SE. 1995. Dissociation of prefrontal cortical areas across different speech production tasks and gender groups. J Neurophysiol 74:2163-2173.
11. Chee M, Tan E, Thiel T. 1999. Mandarin and English single word processing studies with functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosci 19:3050-3056.
12. Cheng CM, Yang MJ. 1986. Lateralization in the visual perception of Chinese characters and words. Brain Lang 36:669-689.
13. Chua F. 1999. Phonological recoding in Chinese logograph recognition. J Exp Psychol: Learn Mem Cogn 25:876-891.
14. Demb JB, Desmond JE, Wagner AD, Vaidya CT, Glover GH, Gabrieli JDE. 1995. Semantic encoding and retrieval in the left inferior prefrontal cortex: a functional MRI study of task difficulty and process specificity. J Neurosci 15:5870-5878.
15. Demonet JF, Chollet F, Ramsay S, Cardebat D, Nespoulous JN, Wise R, Rascol A, Frackowiak R. 1992. The anatomy of phonological and semantic processing in normal subjects. Brain 115:1753-1768.
16. Desmond JE, Sum JM, Wagner AD, Demb JB, Shear PK, Glove GH, Gabrieli JDE, Morrell MJ. 1995. Functional MRI measurement of language lateralization in Wada-tested patients. Brain 118:1411-1419.
17. Downs JH, Lancaster JL, Fox PT. 1994. 3-D surface based spatial normalization using a convex hull. In: Thatcher R, Zeffiro T, Huerta M, editors. Advances in functional neuroimaging: Technical foundations. Orlando, FL: Academic, p 131-136.
18. Ellis AW, Young AW, Anderson C. 1988. Modes of word recognition in the left and right cerebral hemispheres. Brain Lang 35: 254-273.
19. Fang SP. 1997. Morphological properties and the Chinese character-word difference in laterality patterns. J Exp Psychol: Hum Percept Perform 23:1439-1453.
20. Fiez JA. 1997. Phonology, semantics, and the role of the left inferior prefrontal cortex. Hum Brain Mapp 5:79-83.
21. Fiez JA, Raichle ME, Balota DA, Tallal P, Petersen SE. 1996. PET activation of posterior temporal regions during passive auditory word presentation and verb generation. Cereb Cortex 6:1-10.
22. Fox PT, Perlmutter JS, Raichle ME. 1985. A stereotactic method of anatomical localization for postron emission tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 9:141-153.
23. Fox PT, Ingham RJ, Ingham JC, Hirsch TB, Down JH, Martin C, Jerabek P, Glass T, Lancaster JL. 1996. A PET study of the neural system of stuttering. Nature 382(6587):158-161.
24. Gabrieli JDE, Desmond JE, Demb JB, Wagner AD, Stone MV, Vaidya CJ, Glove GH. 1996. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of semantic memory processes in the frontal lobes. Psychol Sci 7:278-283.
25. Gao J-H, Parsons LM, Bower JM, Xiong J, Li J, Fox PT. 1996. Cerebellum implicated in sensory acquisition and discrimination rather than motor control. Science 272:545-547.
26. Hatta T. 1977. Recognition of Japanese kanji in the left and right visual fields. Neuropsychologia 15:685-688.
27. Herbster AN, Mintun MA, Nebes RD, Becker JT. 1997. Regional cerebral blood-flow during word and non-word reading. Hum Brain Mapp 5:84-92.
28. Howard D, Patterson K, Wise R, Brown WD, Friston K, Weiller C, Frackowiak R. 1992. The cortical localization of the lexicons. Brain 115:1769-1782.
29. Jonides J, Smith EE, Poeppe RA, Awh E, Minoshima S, Mintun MA. 1993. Spatial working memory in humans as revealed by PET. Nature 363:623-625.
30. Just MA, Carpenter PA, Keller TA, Eddy WF, Thulborn KR. 1996. Brain activation modulated by sentence comprehension. Science 274:114-116.
31. Kapur S, Craik FIM, Tulving E, Wison AA, Houle S, Brown GM. 1994. Neuroanatomical correlates of encoding in episodic memory: Levels of processing effect. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 2008-2011.
32. Knecht S, Deppe B, Bobe DL, Lohmann H, Ringelstein EB, Henningsen H. 2000. Language lateralization in healthy right-handers. Brain 123:74-81.
33. Kock C, Davis JL. 1994. Large-scale neuronal theories of the brain. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
34. Kosslyn SM, Alpert NM, Thompson WL, Maljkovic V, Weise SB, Chabris CF, Hamilton SE, Rauch SL, Buonanno FS. 1993. Visual mental imagery activates topographically organized visual cortex. J Cogn Neurosci 5:263-287.
35. Koyama S, Kakigi R, Hoshiyama M, Kitamura Y. 1998. Reading of Japanese Kanji (morphograms) and Kana (syllabograms): A magnetoencephalographic study. Neuropsychologia 36:83-98.
36. Lancaster JL, Rainey LH, Summerlin JL, Freitas CS, Fox PT, Toga AW, Mazziotta JC. 1997. Automated labeling of the human brain: A preliminary report on the development and evaluation of a forward-transform method. Hum Brain Mapp 5:238-242.
37. Lancaster JL, Fox PT, Downs H, Nickerson DS, Hander TA, Mallah ME, Kochunov PV, Zamarripa. 1999. Global spatial normalization of human brain using convex halls. J Nucl Med 40:942-955.
38. Leong CK, Wong S, Wong A, Hiscock M. 1985. Differential cortical involvement in perceiving Chinese characters - levels of processing approach. Brain Lang 26:131-145.
39. Liu Y, Gao JH, Liotti M, Pu Y, Fox PT. 1999. Temporal dissociation of parallel processing in the human subcortical outputs. Nature 400:364-367.
40. Makabe T, Edminster WB, Jenkins BJ, Rosas HD, Kwong KK, Rosen BR, Asari S, Ohmoto T. 1997. Functional MRI studies in lexical processing using Japanese Kanji and Kana characters. NeuroImage 5:S556.
41. McCarthy G, Blamire AM, Puce A, Nobre A, Bloch G, Hyder F, Goldman-Rakic P, Shulman RG. 1994. Functional MR imaging of human prefrotanl cortex activation during a spatial working memory task. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:8690-8694.
42. Modern Chinese Frequency Dictionary. 1986. Beijing, China: Beijing Language Institute.
43. Neville H, Bavelier D, Corina D, Rauschecker J, Karni A, Lalwani A, Braun A, Clark V, Jezzard P, Turner R. 1998. Cerebral organization for language in deaf and hearing subjects: Biological constraints and effects of experience. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 922-929.
44. Nobre AC, Allison T, McCarthy G. 1994. Word recognition in the human inferior temporal lobe. Nature 372:260-263.
45. Paulesu E, McCrory E, Fazio F, Menoncello L, Brunswick N, Cappa SF, Cotelli M, Cossu G, Corte F, Lorusso M, Pesenti S, Gallagher A, Perani D, Price C, Frith CD, Frith U. 2000. A cultural effect on brian function. Nature Neurosci 3:91-96.
46. Perfetti CA, Zhang S. 1995. Very early phonological activation in Chinese reading. J Exp Psychol: Learn Mem Cogn 21:24-33.
47. Petersen SE, Fox PT, Posner MI, Mintun M, Raichle ME. 1988. Positron emission tomographic studies of cortical anatomy of single-word processing. Nature 331:585-589.
48. Petersen SE, Fox PT, Posner MI, Mintun M, Raichle ME. 1989. Positron emission tomographic studies of the processing of single words. J Cogn Neurosci 1:153-170.
49. Poldrack RA, Wagner AD, Prull MW, Desmond JE, Glover GH, Gabrieli JDE. 1999. Functional specialization for semantic and phonological processing in the left inferioir prefrontal cortex. NeuroImage 10:15-35.
50. Pollatsek A, Tan LH, Rayner K. 2000. The role of phonological codes in integrating information across saccadic eye movements in Chinese character identification. J Exp Psychol: Hum Percept Perform (in press).
51. Price CJ, Wise RJ, Watson JD, Patterson K, Howard D, Frackowiak RS. 1994. Brain activity during reading: The effects of exposure duration and task. Brain 117:1255-1269.
52. Ricci PT, Zelkowicz BJ, Nebes RD, Meltzer CC, Mintun MA, Becker JT. 1999. Functional neuroanatomy of semantic memory: Recognition of semantic associations. NeuroImage 9:88-96.
53. Roskies AL, Fiez JE, Balota DA, Ojemann JG, Raichle ME, Petersen SE. 1996. PET studies of semantic analysis. Soc Neurosci Abstr 22:1110.
54. Rozin P, Poritsky S, Sotsky R. 1971. American children with reading problems can easily learn to read English represented by Chinese characters. Science 171:1264-1267.
55. Smith EE, Jonides J, Koeppe RA, Awh E, Schumacher EH, Minoshima S. 1995. Spatial versus object working memory: PET investigations. J Cogn Neurosci 7:337-356.
56. Snyder PJ, Harris LJ. 1993. Handedness, sex and familiar sinistrality effects on spatial tasks. Cortex 29:115-134.
57. Springer JA, Binder JR, Hammeke TA, Swanson SJ, Frost JA, Bellgowan P, Brewer C, Perry HM, Morris GL, Mueller WM. 1999. Language dominance in neurologically normal and epilepsy subjects. Brain 122:2033-2046.
58. Sugishita M, Otomo K, Kabe S, Yunoki K. 1992. A critical appraisal of neuropsychological correlates of Japanese ideogram (kanji) and phonogram (kana) reading. Brain 115:1563-1585.
59. Talairach J, Tournoux P. 1988. Co-planar stereotactic atlas of the human brain. New York: Theime Medical.
60. Tan LH, Perfetti CA. 1999. Phonological activation in visual identification of Chinese two-character words. J Exp Psychol: Learn Mem Cogn 25:382-393.
61. Tan LH, Hoosain R, Siok WT. 1996. Activation of phonological codes before access to character meaning in written Chinese. J Exp Psychol: Learn Mem Cogn 22:865-882.
62. Tzeng O, Hung D, Cotton B, Wang W. 1979. Visual lateralization effect in reading Chinese characters. Nature 282:499-501.
63. Wagner AD, Desmond JE, Demb JB, Glover GH, Gabrieli JDE. 1997. Semantic repetition priming for verbal and pictorial knowledge: A functional MRI study of left inferior prefrontal cortex. J Cogn Neurosci 9:714-726.
64. Weekes B, Chen MJ, Lin YB. 1998. Differential effects of phonological priming on Chinese character recognition. Reading Writing 10:201-222.
65. Xiong J, Gao J-H, Lancaster JL, Fox PT. 1995. Clustered pixels analysis for functional MRI activation studies in the human brain. Hum Brain Mapp 3:209-223.
66. Xiong J, Rao S, Gao J-H, Woldorff M, Fox PT. 1998. Evaluation of hemispheric dominance for language using functional MRI: A comparison with positron emission tomography. Hum Brain Mapp 6:42-58.
67. Ziegler J, Tan LH, Perry C, Montant M. 2000. Phonology matters: The phonological frequency effect in written Chinese. Psychol Sci (in press).