Direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertising: Trends, impact, and implications

Health Affairs

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 110-128

  Wilkes, Michael S ^a   Bell, Robert A ^a   Kravitz, Richard L ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADVERTIZING; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; CLINICAL PRACTICE; DOCTOR PATIENT RELATION; DRUG INDUSTRY; ECONOMICS; FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; HEALTH PERSONNEL ATTITUDE; HUMAN; MASS MEDIUM; METHODOLOGY; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; PATIENT EDUCATION; PHYSICIAN ATTITUDE; POLICY; PRESCRIPTION; REVIEW; STATISTICS; UNITED STATES;

ADVERTISING; ATTITUDE OF HEALTH PERSONNEL; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; DRUG INDUSTRY; HEALTH KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, PRACTICE; HUMANS; MARKETING OF HEALTH SERVICES; MASS MEDIA; ORGANIZATIONAL POLICY; PATIENT EDUCATION; PHYSICIAN'S PRACTICE PATTERNS; PHYSICIAN'S ROLE; PHYSICIAN-PATIENT RELATIONS; PRESCRIPTIONS, DRUG; UNITED STATES; UNITED STATES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION;

EID: 0005231055     PISSN: 02782715     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.19.2.110     Document Type: Article

References (69)

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2. E. T'Hoen, "Direct-to-Consumer Advertising: For Better Profits or for Better Health?" American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 55 (1998): 594-597. 3. "Dr. Celebrity," Consumer Reports (May 1999): 8-9.
3. E. T'Hoen, "Direct-to-Consumer Advertising: For Better Profits or for Better Health?" American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 55 (1998): 594-597. 3. "Dr. Celebrity," Consumer Reports (May 1999): 8-9.
4. R.G. Frank et al., Prescription Drug Policy Issues in California (Report prepared for the California HealthCare Foundation, April 1999).
5. Navigating the Medication Marketplace
6. Ibid.
7. S. Tully, "The Plots to Keep Drug Prices High," Fortune (27 December 1993): 120-123; and M.F. Hollon, "Direct-to-Consumer Marketing of Prescription Drugs: Creating Consumer Demand," Journal of the American Medical Association 281, no. 4 (1999): 382-384.
8. S. Tully, "The Plots to Keep Drug Prices High," Fortune (27 December 1993): 120-123; and M.F. Hollon, "Direct-to-Consumer Marketing of Prescription Drugs: Creating Consumer Demand," Journal of the American Medical Association 281, no. 4 (1999): 382-384.
9. Nancy Ostrove, chief, Marketing Practices and Communication, FDA, personal communication, 30 November 1999.
10. Marketplace, heard on Public Radio International, 23 August 1999; and R. Langreth, "Three Drug Makers Helped by Ads Post Higher Profits," Wall Street Journal, 22 October 1997.
11. P. Magyre, "How Direct to Consumer Advertising Is Putting the Squeeze on Physicians," ACP/ASIM Observer (March 1999): 1,24,25.
12. Frank et al., Prescription Drug Policy Issues in California.
13. J.H. Young, The Medical Messiahs: A Social History of Health Quackery in Twentieth-Century America (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1969).
14. Ibid
15. Drug Amendments of 1962, Public Law 87-781,76 STAT.780 codified in section 21 U.S.Code.
16. M. Shuchman and M.S. Wilkes, "The Vitamin Uprising," New York Times Magazine (2 October 1994): 79.
17. LR. Bradley and J.M. Zito, "Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising," Medical Care 35, no. 1 (1997): 86-92.
18. T'Hoen, "Direct-to-Consumer Advertising."
19. Federal Register 56 (9 September 1985): 36677.
20. T'Hoen, "Direct-to-Consumer Advertising"; and T.V. Terzian, "Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising," American Journal of Law and Medicine 25, no. 1 (1999): 149-167.
21. T'Hoen, "Direct-to-Consumer Advertising"; and T.V. Terzian, "Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising," American Journal of Law and Medicine 25, no. 1 (1999): 149-167.
22. Bradley and Zito, "Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising."
23. R.A. Bell, R.L. Kravitz, and M.S. Wilkes, "Ten Years of Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising in the U.S.: Conditions, Targets, Inducements, and Appeals" (Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Communications Association, San Francisco, 28 May 1999).
24. T'Hoen, "Direct-to-Consumer Advertising."
25. D.A. Kessler and W.L Pine, "The Federal Regulation of Prescription Drug Advertising and Promotion," Journal of the American Medical Association 264, no. 18 (1990): 2409-2415.
26. T'Hoen, "Direct-to-Consumer Advertising."
27. For advantages, see, for example, A. Masson and P.H. Rubin, "Matching Prescription Drugs and Consumers," New England Journal of Medicine 313, no. 8 (1985): 513-515; M. Hunt, "Direct-to Consumer-Advertising of Prescription Drugs" (Unpublished manuscript, National Health Policy Forum, April 1998); R.A. Ingram, "Some Comments on Direct-to-Consumer Advertising," Journal of Pharmacy Marketing and Management 7, no. 1 (1992): 67-74; A.F. Holmer, "Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising Builds Bridges between Patients and Physicians," Journal of the American Medical Association 281, no. 4 (1999): 380-382; and W.J. Reynolds, "Trends in Advertising Pharmaceuticals: A Publisher's Perspective," Journal of Pharmacy Marketing and Management 7, no. 1 (1992): 5-22. For disadvantages, see, for example, T'Hoen, "Direct-to-Consumer Advertising"; Tully, "The Plot to Keep Drug Prices High"; Bradley and Zito, "Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising"; Kessler and Pine, "Federal Regulation"; and J.R. Hoffman and M. Wilkes, "Direct to Consumer Advertising of Prescription Drugs: An Idea Whose Time Should Not Come," British Medical Journal 318 (1999): 1301-1302.
28. For advantages, see, for example, A. Masson and P.H. Rubin, "Matching Prescription Drugs and Consumers," New England Journal of Medicine 313, no. 8 (1985): 513-515; M. Hunt, "Direct-to Consumer-Advertising of Prescription Drugs" (Unpublished manuscript, National Health Policy Forum, April 1998); R.A. Ingram, "Some Comments on Direct-to-Consumer Advertising," Journal of Pharmacy Marketing and Management 7, no. 1 (1992): 67-74; A.F. Holmer, "Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising Builds Bridges between Patients and Physicians," Journal of the American Medical Association 281, no. 4 (1999): 380-382; and W.J. Reynolds, "Trends in Advertising Pharmaceuticals: A Publisher's Perspective," Journal of Pharmacy Marketing and Management 7, no. 1 (1992): 5-22. For disadvantages, see, for example, T'Hoen, "Direct-to-Consumer Advertising"; Tully, "The Plot to Keep Drug Prices High"; Bradley and Zito, "Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising"; Kessler and Pine, "Federal Regulation"; and J.R. Hoffman and M. Wilkes, "Direct to Consumer Advertising of Prescription Drugs: An Idea Whose Time Should Not Come," British Medical Journal 318 (1999): 1301-1302.
29. For advantages, see, for example, A. Masson and P.H. Rubin, "Matching Prescription Drugs and Consumers," New England Journal of Medicine 313, no. 8 (1985): 513-515; M. Hunt, "Direct-to Consumer-Advertising of Prescription Drugs" (Unpublished manuscript, National Health Policy Forum, April 1998); R.A. Ingram, "Some Comments on Direct-to-Consumer Advertising," Journal of Pharmacy Marketing and Management 7, no. 1 (1992): 67-74; A.F. Holmer, "Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising Builds Bridges between Patients and Physicians," Journal of the American Medical Association 281, no. 4 (1999): 380-382; and W.J. Reynolds, "Trends in Advertising Pharmaceuticals: A Publisher's Perspective," Journal of Pharmacy Marketing and Management 7, no. 1 (1992): 5-22. For disadvantages, see, for example, T'Hoen, "Direct-to-Consumer Advertising"; Tully, "The Plot to Keep Drug Prices High"; Bradley and Zito, "Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising"; Kessler and Pine, "Federal Regulation"; and J.R. Hoffman and M. Wilkes, "Direct to Consumer Advertising of Prescription Drugs: An Idea Whose Time Should Not Come," British Medical Journal 318 (1999): 1301-1302.
30. For advantages, see, for example, A. Masson and P.H. Rubin, "Matching Prescription Drugs and Consumers," New England Journal of Medicine 313, no. 8 (1985): 513-515; M. Hunt, "Direct-to Consumer-Advertising of Prescription Drugs" (Unpublished manuscript, National Health Policy Forum, April 1998); R.A. Ingram, "Some Comments on Direct-to-Consumer Advertising," Journal of Pharmacy Marketing and Management 7, no. 1 (1992): 67-74; A.F. Holmer, "Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising Builds Bridges between Patients and Physicians," Journal of the American Medical Association 281, no. 4 (1999): 380-382; and W.J. Reynolds, "Trends in Advertising Pharmaceuticals: A Publisher's Perspective," Journal of Pharmacy Marketing and Management 7, no. 1 (1992): 5-22. For disadvantages, see, for example, T'Hoen, "Direct-to-Consumer Advertising"; Tully, "The Plot to Keep Drug Prices High"; Bradley and Zito, "Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising"; Kessler and Pine, "Federal Regulation"; and J.R. Hoffman and M. Wilkes, "Direct to Consumer Advertising of Prescription Drugs: An Idea Whose Time Should Not Come," British Medical Journal 318 (1999): 1301-1302.
31. For advantages, see, for example, A. Masson and P.H. Rubin, "Matching Prescription Drugs and Consumers," New England Journal of Medicine 313, no. 8 (1985): 513-515; M. Hunt, "Direct-to Consumer-Advertising of Prescription Drugs" (Unpublished manuscript, National Health Policy Forum, April 1998); R.A. Ingram, "Some Comments on Direct-to-Consumer Advertising," Journal of Pharmacy Marketing and Management 7, no. 1 (1992): 67-74; A.F. Holmer, "Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising Builds Bridges between Patients and Physicians," Journal of the American Medical Association 281, no. 4 (1999): 380-382; and W.J. Reynolds, "Trends in Advertising Pharmaceuticals: A Publisher's Perspective," Journal of Pharmacy Marketing and Management 7, no. 1 (1992): 5-22. For disadvantages, see, for example, T'Hoen, "Direct-to-Consumer Advertising"; Tully, "The Plot to Keep Drug Prices High"; Bradley and Zito, "Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising"; Kessler and Pine, "Federal Regulation"; and J.R. Hoffman and M. Wilkes, "Direct to Consumer Advertising of Prescription Drugs: An Idea Whose Time Should Not Come," British Medical Journal 318 (1999): 1301-1302.
32. For advantages, see, for example, A. Masson and P.H. Rubin, "Matching Prescription Drugs and Consumers," New England Journal of Medicine 313, no. 8 (1985): 513-515; M. Hunt, "Direct-to Consumer-Advertising of Prescription Drugs" (Unpublished manuscript, National Health Policy Forum, April 1998); R.A. Ingram, "Some Comments on Direct-to-Consumer Advertising," Journal of Pharmacy Marketing and Management 7, no. 1 (1992): 67-74; A.F. Holmer, "Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising Builds Bridges between Patients and Physicians," Journal of the American Medical Association 281, no. 4 (1999): 380-382; and W.J. Reynolds, "Trends in Advertising Pharmaceuticals: A Publisher's Perspective," Journal of Pharmacy Marketing and Management 7, no. 1 (1992): 5-22. For disadvantages, see, for example, T'Hoen, "Direct-to-Consumer Advertising"; Tully, "The Plot to Keep Drug Prices High"; Bradley and Zito, "Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising"; Kessler and Pine, "Federal Regulation"; and J.R. Hoffman and M. Wilkes, "Direct to Consumer Advertising of Prescription Drugs: An Idea Whose Time Should Not Come," British Medical Journal 318 (1999): 1301-1302.
33. For advantages, see, for example, A. Masson and P.H. Rubin, "Matching Prescription Drugs and Consumers," New England Journal of Medicine 313, no. 8 (1985): 513-515; M. Hunt, "Direct-to Consumer-Advertising of Prescription Drugs" (Unpublished manuscript, National Health Policy Forum, April 1998); R.A. Ingram, "Some Comments on Direct-to-Consumer Advertising," Journal of Pharmacy Marketing and Management 7, no. 1 (1992): 67-74; A.F. Holmer, "Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising Builds Bridges between Patients and Physicians," Journal of the American Medical Association 281, no. 4 (1999): 380-382; and W.J. Reynolds, "Trends in Advertising Pharmaceuticals: A Publisher's Perspective," Journal of Pharmacy Marketing and Management 7, no. 1 (1992): 5-22. For disadvantages, see, for example, T'Hoen, "Direct-to-Consumer Advertising"; Tully, "The Plot to Keep Drug Prices High"; Bradley and Zito, "Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising"; Kessler and Pine, "Federal Regulation"; and J.R. Hoffman and M. Wilkes, "Direct to Consumer Advertising of Prescription Drugs: An Idea Whose Time Should Not Come," British Medical Journal 318 (1999): 1301-1302.
34. For advantages, see, for example, A. Masson and P.H. Rubin, "Matching Prescription Drugs and Consumers," New England Journal of Medicine 313, no. 8 (1985): 513-515; M. Hunt, "Direct-to Consumer-Advertising of Prescription Drugs" (Unpublished manuscript, National Health Policy Forum, April 1998); R.A. Ingram, "Some Comments on Direct-to-Consumer Advertising," Journal of Pharmacy Marketing and Management 7, no. 1 (1992): 67-74; A.F. Holmer, "Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising Builds Bridges between Patients and Physicians," Journal of the American Medical Association 281, no. 4 (1999): 380-382; and W.J. Reynolds, "Trends in Advertising Pharmaceuticals: A Publisher's Perspective," Journal of Pharmacy Marketing and Management 7, no. 1 (1992): 5-22. For disadvantages, see, for example, T'Hoen, "Direct-to-Consumer Advertising"; Tully, "The Plot to Keep Drug Prices High"; Bradley and Zito, "Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising"; Kessler and Pine, "Federal Regulation"; and J.R. Hoffman and M. Wilkes, "Direct to Consumer Advertising of Prescription Drugs: An Idea Whose Time Should Not Come," British Medical Journal 318 (1999): 1301-1302.
35. For advantages, see, for example, A. Masson and P.H. Rubin, "Matching Prescription Drugs and Consumers," New England Journal of Medicine 313, no. 8 (1985): 513-515; M. Hunt, "Direct-to Consumer-Advertising of Prescription Drugs" (Unpublished manuscript, National Health Policy Forum, April 1998); R.A. Ingram, "Some Comments on Direct-to-Consumer Advertising," Journal of Pharmacy Marketing and Management 7, no. 1 (1992): 67-74; A.F. Holmer, "Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising Builds Bridges between Patients and Physicians," Journal of the American Medical Association 281, no. 4 (1999): 380-382; and W.J. Reynolds, "Trends in Advertising Pharmaceuticals: A Publisher's Perspective," Journal of Pharmacy Marketing and Management 7, no. 1 (1992): 5-22. For disadvantages, see, for example, T'Hoen, "Direct-to-Consumer Advertising"; Tully, "The Plot to Keep Drug Prices High"; Bradley and Zito, "Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising"; Kessler and Pine, "Federal Regulation"; and J.R. Hoffman and M. Wilkes, "Direct to Consumer Advertising of Prescription Drugs: An Idea Whose Time Should Not Come," British Medical Journal 318 (1999): 1301-1302.
36. For advantages, see, for example, A. Masson and P.H. Rubin, "Matching Prescription Drugs and Consumers," New England Journal of Medicine 313, no. 8 (1985): 513-515; M. Hunt, "Direct-to Consumer-Advertising of Prescription Drugs" (Unpublished manuscript, National Health Policy Forum, April 1998); R.A. Ingram, "Some Comments on Direct-to-Consumer Advertising," Journal of Pharmacy Marketing and Management 7, no. 1 (1992): 67-74; A.F. Holmer, "Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising Builds Bridges between Patients and Physicians," Journal of the American Medical Association 281, no. 4 (1999): 380-382; and W.J. Reynolds, "Trends in Advertising Pharmaceuticals: A Publisher's Perspective," Journal of Pharmacy Marketing and Management 7, no. 1 (1992): 5-22. For disadvantages, see, for example, T'Hoen, "Direct-to-Consumer Advertising"; Tully, "The Plot to Keep Drug Prices High"; Bradley and Zito, "Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising"; Kessler and Pine, "Federal Regulation"; and J.R. Hoffman and M. Wilkes, "Direct to Consumer Advertising of Prescription Drugs: An Idea Whose Time Should Not Come," British Medical Journal 318 (1999): 1301-1302.
37. R.A. Bell, M.S. Wilkes, and R.L. Kravitz, "Prescription Drug Advertising as Public Health Education: An Analysis of a Decade of Direct-to-Consumer Advertisements" (Unpublished paper, Department of Communication, University of California, Davis, 1999).
38. J. Rudd and K. Glanz, "How Individuals Use Information for Health Action: Consumer Information Processing," in Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice, ed. K. Glanz, F.M. Lewis, and B.K. Rimer (San Fran-Cisco: Jossey-Bass, 1990); and LA. Morris, D. Brinberg, and L. Plimpton, "Prescription Drug Information for Consumers: An Experiment of Source and Format," Current Issues and Research in Advertising 1, no. 1 (1984): 65-78.
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