The end of the old order ? Globalization and the prospects for world order

Review of International Studies

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 219-242

  Held, David ^a   McGrew, Anthony ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0005193752     PISSN: 02602105     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0260210598002198     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis 1919-1939 (London, 1981), p. 229.
2. Ibid., p. 230.
3. Ibid., p. 231.
4. Ibid.
5. See H. Bull, The Anarchical Society (London, 1977), p. 22.
6. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis 1919-1939, p. 20.
7. For a more extended discussion of this definition, see the Introduction in Held and McGrew, et al., Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture (Cambridge, 1999).
8. See, for instance, K. Ohmae, The End of the Nation State (New York, 1995); H. V. Perlmutter, 'On the Rocky Road to the First Global Civilzation', Human Relations, 44: 1 (1991), pp. 902-6; J. Gray, False Dawn (London, 1998).
9. See, for instance, K. Ohmae, The End of the Nation State (New York, 1995); H. V. Perlmutter, 'On the Rocky Road to the First Global Civilzation', Human Relations, 44: 1 (1991), pp. 902-6; J. Gray, False Dawn (London, 1998).
10. See, for instance, K. Ohmae, The End of the Nation State (New York, 1995); H. V. Perlmutter, 'On the Rocky Road to the First Global Civilzation', Human Relations, 44: 1 (1991), pp. 902-6; J. Gray, False Dawn (London, 1998).
11. On the sceptical position see, for instance, C. Brown, 'International Political Theory and the Idea of World Community', in K. Booth and S. Smith (eds.), International Relations Theory Today (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 90-109; S. Krasner, 'Compromising Westphalia', International Security, 20: 3 (1995), pp. 115-151; P. Hirst and G. Thompson, Globalization in Question, (Cambridge, 1996); P. Hirst, 'The Global Economy - Myths and Realities', International Affairs, 73 (3 July, 1997), pp. 409-26.
12. On the sceptical position see, for instance, C. Brown, 'International Political Theory and the Idea of World Community', in K. Booth and S. Smith (eds.), International Relations Theory Today (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 90-109; S. Krasner, 'Compromising Westphalia', International Security, 20: 3 (1995), pp. 115-151; P. Hirst and G. Thompson, Globalization in Question, (Cambridge, 1996); P. Hirst, 'The Global Economy - Myths and Realities', International Affairs, 73 (3 July, 1997), pp. 409-26.
13. On the sceptical position see, for instance, C. Brown, 'International Political Theory and the Idea of World Community', in K. Booth and S. Smith (eds.), International Relations Theory Today (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 90-109; S. Krasner, 'Compromising Westphalia', International Security, 20: 3 (1995), pp. 115-151; P. Hirst and G. Thompson, Globalization in Question, (Cambridge, 1996); P. Hirst, 'The Global Economy - Myths and Realities', International Affairs, 73 (3 July, 1997), pp. 409-26.
14. On the sceptical position see, for instance, C. Brown, 'International Political Theory and the Idea of World Community', in K. Booth and S. Smith (eds.), International Relations Theory Today (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 90-109; S. Krasner, 'Compromising Westphalia', International Security, 20: 3 (1995), pp. 115-151; P. Hirst and G. Thompson, Globalization in Question, (Cambridge, 1996); P. Hirst, 'The Global Economy - Myths and Realities', International Affairs, 73 (3 July, 1997), pp. 409-26.
15. See, in particular, A. Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (Cambridge, 1990); D. J. Elkins, Beyond Sovereignty: Territory and Political Economy in the Twenty First Century (Toronto, 1995); D. Held, Democracy and Global Order (Cambridge, 1995); R. O. Keohane and H. V. Milner (eds.), Internationalization and Domestic Politics (Cambridge, 1996); D. Goldblatt, D. Held, et al., 'Economic Globalization and the Nation-state: Shifting Balances of Power', Alternatives, 22: 3 (1997), pp. 269-85; B. Jessop, 'Capitalism and its Future: Remarks on Regulation, Government and Governance', Review of International Political Economy, 4: 3 (1997), pp. 561-82; M. Mann, 'Has Globalization ended the Rise and Rise of the Nation-state?', Review of International Political Economy, 4: 3 (1997), pp. 472-96; J. Rosenau, Along the Domestic-Foreign Frontier (Cambridge, 1997).
16. See, in particular, A. Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (Cambridge, 1990); D. J. Elkins, Beyond Sovereignty: Territory and Political Economy in the Twenty First Century (Toronto, 1995); D. Held, Democracy and Global Order (Cambridge, 1995); R. O. Keohane and H. V. Milner (eds.), Internationalization and Domestic Politics (Cambridge, 1996); D. Goldblatt, D. Held, et al., 'Economic Globalization and the Nation-state: Shifting Balances of Power', Alternatives, 22: 3 (1997), pp. 269-85; B. Jessop, 'Capitalism and its Future: Remarks on Regulation, Government and Governance', Review of International Political Economy, 4: 3 (1997), pp. 561-82; M. Mann, 'Has Globalization ended the Rise and Rise of the Nation-state?', Review of International Political Economy, 4: 3 (1997), pp. 472-96; J. Rosenau, Along the Domestic-Foreign Frontier (Cambridge, 1997).
17. See, in particular, A. Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (Cambridge, 1990); D. J. Elkins, Beyond Sovereignty: Territory and Political Economy in the Twenty First Century (Toronto, 1995); D. Held, Democracy and Global Order (Cambridge, 1995); R. O. Keohane and H. V. Milner (eds.), Internationalization and Domestic Politics (Cambridge, 1996); D. Goldblatt, D. Held, et al., 'Economic Globalization and the Nation-state: Shifting Balances of Power', Alternatives, 22: 3 (1997), pp. 269-85; B. Jessop, 'Capitalism and its Future: Remarks on Regulation, Government and Governance', Review of International Political Economy, 4: 3 (1997), pp. 561-82; M. Mann, 'Has Globalization ended the Rise and Rise of the Nation-state?', Review of International Political Economy, 4: 3 (1997), pp. 472-96; J. Rosenau, Along the Domestic-Foreign Frontier (Cambridge, 1997).
18. See, in particular, A. Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (Cambridge, 1990); D. J. Elkins, Beyond Sovereignty: Territory and Political Economy in the Twenty First Century (Toronto, 1995); D. Held, Democracy and Global Order (Cambridge, 1995); R. O. Keohane and H. V. Milner (eds.), Internationalization and Domestic Politics (Cambridge, 1996); D. Goldblatt, D. Held, et al., 'Economic Globalization and the Nation-state: Shifting Balances of Power', Alternatives, 22: 3 (1997), pp. 269-85; B. Jessop, 'Capitalism and its Future: Remarks on Regulation, Government and Governance', Review of International Political Economy, 4: 3 (1997), pp. 561-82; M. Mann, 'Has Globalization ended the Rise and Rise of the Nation-state?', Review of International Political Economy, 4: 3 (1997), pp. 472-96; J. Rosenau, Along the Domestic-Foreign Frontier (Cambridge, 1997).
19. See, in particular, A. Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (Cambridge, 1990); D. J. Elkins, Beyond Sovereignty: Territory and Political Economy in the Twenty First Century (Toronto, 1995); D. Held, Democracy and Global Order (Cambridge, 1995); R. O. Keohane and H. V. Milner (eds.), Internationalization and Domestic Politics (Cambridge, 1996); D. Goldblatt, D. Held, et al., 'Economic Globalization and the Nation-state: Shifting Balances of Power', Alternatives, 22: 3 (1997), pp. 269-85; B. Jessop, 'Capitalism and its Future: Remarks on Regulation, Government and Governance', Review of International Political Economy, 4: 3 (1997), pp. 561-82; M. Mann, 'Has Globalization ended the Rise and Rise of the Nation-state?', Review of International Political Economy, 4: 3 (1997), pp. 472-96; J. Rosenau, Along the Domestic-Foreign Frontier (Cambridge, 1997).
20. See, in particular, A. Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (Cambridge, 1990); D. J. Elkins, Beyond Sovereignty: Territory and Political Economy in the Twenty First Century (Toronto, 1995); D. Held, Democracy and Global Order (Cambridge, 1995); R. O. Keohane and H. V. Milner (eds.), Internationalization and Domestic Politics (Cambridge, 1996); D. Goldblatt, D. Held, et al., 'Economic Globalization and the Nation-state: Shifting Balances of Power', Alternatives, 22: 3 (1997), pp. 269-85; B. Jessop, 'Capitalism and its Future: Remarks on Regulation, Government and Governance', Review of International Political Economy, 4: 3 (1997), pp. 561-82; M. Mann, 'Has Globalization ended the Rise and Rise of the Nation-state?', Review of International Political Economy, 4: 3 (1997), pp. 472-96; J. Rosenau, Along the Domestic-Foreign Frontier (Cambridge, 1997).
21. See, in particular, A. Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (Cambridge, 1990); D. J. Elkins, Beyond Sovereignty: Territory and Political Economy in the Twenty First Century (Toronto, 1995); D. Held, Democracy and Global Order (Cambridge, 1995); R. O. Keohane and H. V. Milner (eds.), Internationalization and Domestic Politics (Cambridge, 1996); D. Goldblatt, D. Held, et al., 'Economic Globalization and the Nation-state: Shifting Balances of Power', Alternatives, 22: 3 (1997), pp. 269-85; B. Jessop, 'Capitalism and its Future: Remarks on Regulation, Government and Governance', Review of International Political Economy, 4: 3 (1997), pp. 561-82; M. Mann, 'Has Globalization ended the Rise and Rise of the Nation-state?', Review of International Political Economy, 4: 3 (1997), pp. 472-96; J. Rosenau, Along the Domestic-Foreign Frontier (Cambridge, 1997).
22. See, in particular, A. Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (Cambridge, 1990); D. J. Elkins, Beyond Sovereignty: Territory and Political Economy in the Twenty First Century (Toronto, 1995); D. Held, Democracy and Global Order (Cambridge, 1995); R. O. Keohane and H. V. Milner (eds.), Internationalization and Domestic Politics (Cambridge, 1996); D. Goldblatt, D. Held, et al., 'Economic Globalization and the Nation-state: Shifting Balances of Power', Alternatives, 22: 3 (1997), pp. 269-85; B. Jessop, 'Capitalism and its Future: Remarks on Regulation, Government and Governance', Review of International Political Economy, 4: 3 (1997), pp. 561-82; M. Mann, 'Has Globalization ended the Rise and Rise of the Nation-state?', Review of International Political Economy, 4: 3 (1997), pp. 472-96; J. Rosenau, Along the Domestic-Foreign Frontier (Cambridge, 1997).
23. See Held and McGrew, et al., Global Transformations.
24. See Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis 1919-1939, ch. 8.
25. The concept of sovereignty lodges a distinctive claim to the rightful exercise of political power over a circumscribed realm. It seeks to specify the political authority within a community which has the right to determine the framework of rules, regulations and policies within a given territory and to govern accordingly. However, in thinking about the impact of globalization upon the modern nation-state, one needs to distinguish the claim to sovereignty - the entitlement to rule over a bounded territory - from state autonomy - the actual power the nation-state possesses to articulate and achieve policy goals independently. In effect, state autonomy refers to the capacity of state representatives, managers and agencies to articulate and pursue their policy preferences even though these may on occasion clash with the dictates of domestic and international social forces and conditions. Moreover, to the extent that modern nation-states are democratic, sovereignty and autonomy are assumed to be embedded within, and congruent with, the territorially organized framework of liberal democratic government: 'the rulers' - elected representatives - are accountable to 'the ruled' - the citizenry - within a delimited territory. There is, in effect, a 'national community of fate', whereby membership of the political community is defined in terms of the peoples within the territorial borders of the nation-state. See Held and McGrew, et al., Global Transformations, the Introduction, for a fuller analysis of these terms.
26. B. Buzan, People, States and Fear (Brighton, 1991), p. 208.
27. J. M. Goldeier and M. McFail, 'A Tale of Two Worlds: Core and Periphery in the Post-Cold War Era', International Organization, 46: 2 (1992), pp. 467-91.
28. J. Mueller, Retreat from Doomsday: The Obsolescence of Major War (New York, 1989).
29. J. A. Camilleri and J. Falk, The End of Sovereignty: The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmented World (Brighton, 1992), p. 152.
30. See B. Buzan, O. Waever, et al., Security: A New Framework for Analysis (Boulder, CO, 1998).
31. See R. A. Bitzinger, 'The Globalization of the Arms Industry', International Security, 19: 2 (1994), pp. 170-98.
32. See Bitzinger, ibid.; A. Moravcsik, 'The European Armaments Industry at the Crossroads', Survival, 33 (1991), pp. 65-85; H. Wulf and E. Skons, 'The Internationalization of the Arms Industry', American Annals of Political and Social Science, 535 (Sept., 1994), pp. 43-57.
33. See Bitzinger, ibid.; A. Moravcsik, 'The European Armaments Industry at the Crossroads', Survival, 33 (1991), pp. 65-85; H. Wulf and E. Skons, 'The Internationalization of the Arms Industry', American Annals of Political and Social Science, 535 (Sept., 1994), pp. 43-57.
34. See Bitzinger, ibid.; A. Moravcsik, 'The European Armaments Industry at the Crossroads', Survival, 33 (1991), pp. 65-85; H. Wulf and E. Skons, 'The Internationalization of the Arms Industry', American Annals of Political and Social Science, 535 (Sept., 1994), pp. 43-57.
35. Ibid.
36. E. Skons, 'Western Europe: Internationalization of the Arms Industry', in H. Wulf (ed.), Arms Industry Limited (Oxford 1993), p. 160.
37. R. A. Bitzinger, The Globalization of Arms Production: Defense Markets in Transition (Washington DC, Defense Budget Project, 1993), p. 3.
38. M. Brzoska and T. Ohlson, 'Arms Production in the Third World', in M. Brzoska and T. Ohlson (eds.), Arms Production in the Third World (Oxford, 1986), p. 285.
39. M. van Creveld, Technology and War: From 2000 BC to the Present (New York, 1989), p. 282.
40. W. S. Carus, 'Military Technology and the Arms Trade', AAPSS 535 (Sept. 1994), pp. 163-74.
41. K. Deutsch and S. A. Burrell, Political Community and the North Atlantic Area (Princeton, 1957).
42. See S. Weber, 'Shaping the Postwar Balance of Power: Multilateralism in NATO', in J. G. Ruggie (ed.), Multilateralism Matters (New York, 1993), pp. 233-92.
43. See, in particular, R. H. Ullman, 'The Covert French Connection', Foreign Policy 75: 3 (1989), pp. 3-33; Commission on Neutrality Policy, Had There Been a War - Preparations for the Reception of Military Assistance 1949-69 (Stockholm, Statens offenliga utredningar, 1994).
44. See, in particular, R. H. Ullman, 'The Covert French Connection', Foreign Policy 75: 3 (1989), pp. 3-33; Commission on Neutrality Policy, Had There Been a War - Preparations for the Reception of Military Assistance 1949-69 (Stockholm, Statens offenliga utredningar, 1994).
45. This point is emphasized by Ruggie; see J. G. Ruggie, Winning the Peace: America and World Order in the New Era (New York, 1996), p. 43.
46. For more detailed statistical evidence on all aspects of economic globalization discussed here, see Held and McGrew, et al, Global Transformations, chs. 3-5. We would like to acknowledge our debt to our co-author, Jonathan Perraton, for helping clarify many of the points made in the section below.
47. See A. Hoogvelt, Globalisation and the Postcolonial World: The New Political Economy of Development (London, 1997).
48. See, for instance, A. Walters, World Power and World Money (Brighton, 1993); R. Germain, The International Organization of Credit (Cambridge, 1997); L. W. Pauly, Who Elected the Bankers ? (New York, 1997).
49. See, for instance, A. Walters, World Power and World Money (Brighton, 1993); R. Germain, The International Organization of Credit (Cambridge, 1997); L. W. Pauly, Who Elected the Bankers ? (New York, 1997).
50. See, for instance, A. Walters, World Power and World Money (Brighton, 1993); R. Germain, The International Organization of Credit (Cambridge, 1997); L. W. Pauly, Who Elected the Bankers ? (New York, 1997).
51. Germain, ibid., p. 163.
52. UNCTAD, 1997 World Investment Report (Geneva, 1997), p. 1.
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid., p. 8.
55. See S. Strange, The Retreat of the State (Cambridge, 1996); J. Perraton, et al., 'The Globalization of Economic Activity', New Political Economy, 2: 2 (1997), pp. 257-77 and UNCTAD, ibid.
56. See S. Strange, The Retreat of the State (Cambridge, 1996); J. Perraton, et al., 'The Globalization of Economic Activity', New Political Economy, 2: 2 (1997), pp. 257-77 and UNCTAD, ibid.
57. See S. Strange, The Retreat of the State (Cambridge, 1996); J. Perraton, et al., 'The Globalization of Economic Activity', New Political Economy, 2: 2 (1997), pp. 257-77 and UNCTAD, ibid.
58. Strange, ibid., p. 44.
59. See R. B. J. Walker, Inside/Outside (Cambridge, 1994).
60. For a detailed explication of this point, with supporting documentary evidence, see Held and McGrew, et al., Global Transformations, chs. 1, 2, and 8.
61. See A. Giddens, Modernity and Self-Identity (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 84-5.
62. See R. Deibert, Parchment, Printing and Hypermedia (New York, 1997).
63. See J. Crawford and S. Marks, 'The Global Democracy Deficit. An Essay in International Law and its Limits', in D. Archibugi, D. Held and M. Köhler (eds.), Re-imagining Political Community (Cambridge, 1998), p. 82.
64. See Held, Democracy and Global Order, chs. 5-6.
65. See J. Crawford, 'Prospects for an International Criminal Court', in M. D. A. Freeman and R. Halson (eds.), Current Legal Problems 1995, 48, pt. 2, collected papers (Oxford, 1995); J. Dugard, 'Obstacles in the way of an International Criminal Court', Cambridge Law Journal, 56 (1997); M. Weller, 'The Reality of the Emerging Universal Constitutional Order: Putting the Pieces Together', Cambridge Review of International Affairs (Winter/Spring, 1997).
66. See J. Crawford, 'Prospects for an International Criminal Court', in M. D. A. Freeman and R. Halson (eds.), Current Legal Problems 1995, 48, pt. 2, collected papers (Oxford, 1995); J. Dugard, 'Obstacles in the way of an International Criminal Court', Cambridge Law Journal, 56 (1997); M. Weller, 'The Reality of the Emerging Universal Constitutional Order: Putting the Pieces Together', Cambridge Review of International Affairs (Winter/Spring, 1997).
67. See J. Crawford, 'Prospects for an International Criminal Court', in M. D. A. Freeman and R. Halson (eds.), Current Legal Problems 1995, 48, pt. 2, collected papers (Oxford, 1995); J. Dugard, 'Obstacles in the way of an International Criminal Court', Cambridge Law Journal, 56 (1997); M. Weller, 'The Reality of the Emerging Universal Constitutional Order: Putting the Pieces Together', Cambridge Review of International Affairs (Winter/Spring, 1997).
68. See, in particular, J. Rosenau, Along the Domestic-Foreign Frontier (Cambridge, 1997).
69. T. Nierop, Systems and Regions in Global Politics (London, 1994), p. 171.
70. See Mann, 'Has Globalization Ended the Rise and Rise of the Nation-state?'.
71. See A. Hurrell and N. Woods, 'Globalization and Inequality', Millennium, 24:3 (1995), pp. 447-70; R. O. Keohane and H. V. Milner (eds.), Internationalization and Domestic Politics (Cambridge, 1996); Jessop, 'Capitalism and its Future'; Mann, 'Has Globalization Ended the Rise and Rise of the Nation-state?'.
72. See A. Hurrell and N. Woods, 'Globalization and Inequality', Millennium, 24:3 (1995), pp. 447-70; R. O. Keohane and H. V. Milner (eds.), Internationalization and Domestic Politics (Cambridge, 1996); Jessop, 'Capitalism and its Future'; Mann, 'Has Globalization Ended the Rise and Rise of the Nation-state?'.
73. See A. Hurrell and N. Woods, 'Globalization and Inequality', Millennium, 24:3 (1995), pp. 447-70; R. O. Keohane and H. V. Milner (eds.), Internationalization and Domestic Politics (Cambridge, 1996); Jessop, 'Capitalism and its Future'; Mann, 'Has Globalization Ended the Rise and Rise of the Nation-state?'.
74. See A. Hurrell and N. Woods, 'Globalization and Inequality', Millennium, 24:3 (1995), pp. 447-70; R. O. Keohane and H. V. Milner (eds.), Internationalization and Domestic Politics (Cambridge, 1996); Jessop, 'Capitalism and its Future'; Mann, 'Has Globalization Ended the Rise and Rise of the Nation-state?'.
75. See Held, Democracy and the Global Order; Models of Democracy, second edition (Cambridge, 1996); and Archibugi, Held and Köhler, Re-imagining Political Community.
76. See Held, Democracy and the Global Order; Models of Democracy, second edition (Cambridge, 1996); and Archibugi, Held and Köhler, Re-imagining Political Community.
77. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis, p. 13. See also his remarks on realism and utopianism on p. 10.
78. Ohmae, The End of the Nation State, p. 5.
79. Strange, The Retreat of the State, p. 4.
80. See Perlmutter, 'On the Rocky Road to the First Global Civilization'.
81. Ohmae, The End of the Nation State, p. 149.
82. Commission of Global Governance, Our Global Neighbourhood (Oxford, 1995), pp. 2 and 5.
83. Ibid.
84. Ibid., p. 43.
85. Ibid., p. 337.
86. Ibid., p. 336.
87. R. Falk, 'Liberalism at the Global Level: The Last of the Independent Commissions?', Millennium, 24: 3 (1995), pp. 563-78.
88. Commission on Global Governance, Our Global Neighboughood, p. 5.
89. R. Keohane, 'International Institutions: Can Interdependence Work?', Foreign Policy (Spring, 1998), pp. 82-96.
90. Ibid.
91. cf. Burnheim, Is Democracy Possible? (Cambridge, 1985); R. B. J. Walker, One World, Many Worlds (Boulder, CO., 1988); R. Falk, On Humane Governance (Cambridge, 1995).
92. cf. Burnheim, Is Democracy Possible? (Cambridge, 1985); R. B. J. Walker, One World, Many Worlds (Boulder, CO., 1988); R. Falk, On Humane Governance (Cambridge, 1995).
93. cf. Burnheim, Is Democracy Possible? (Cambridge, 1985); R. B. J. Walker, One World, Many Worlds (Boulder, CO., 1988); R. Falk, On Humane Governance (Cambridge, 1995).
94. See Held, Democracy and the Global Order; A. Linklater, The Transformation of Political Community (Cambridge, 1998); Archibugi, Held and Köhler, Re-imagining Political Community.
95. See Held, Democracy and the Global Order; A. Linklater, The Transformation of Political Community (Cambridge, 1998); Archibugi, Held and Köhler, Re-imagining Political Community.
96. See Held, Democracy and the Global Order; A. Linklater, The Transformation of Political Community (Cambridge, 1998); Archibugi, Held and Köhler, Re-imagining Political Community.
97. See Held, ibid., pt. III.
98. Carr, The Twenty Years Crisis, p. 237.