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This paper is based on work for the Globalisation and the Advanced Industrial State Project at the Open University, funded by ESRC Research Grant R000233391, to be published by the authors as Global Flows, Global Transformations: Concepts, Evidence and Arguments (Polity Press, 1998).
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In Global Flows, Global Transformations we also highlight two further aspects: first, the patterns of hierarchy and unevenness of access to global networks and sensitivity to their impacts between different countries and groups and, second, whether the mode of interaction between societies is cooperative, competitive or confrontational.
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Global Flows, Global Transformations also considers migration. Migration flows have fluctuated since 1945 but, although they have often been lower relative to population than flows during the Gold Standard and earlier migrations like the slave trade, this period has seen an unprecedented transformation in the ethnic composition of many nations. Trade and capital movements have also partially substituted for migration.
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