Research trends in ice mechanics

International Journal of Solids and Structures

Volumn 37, Issue 1-2, 2000, Pages 131-153

  Dempsey, John P ^a  

^a Clarkson University   (United States)

Author keywords

Breakup; Compressive; Floe scale; Fracture; Geophysical scale; Grain boundary sliding; Ice dynamics; Ice forces; Ice mechanics; Ice structure interaction; Leads; Multiaxial; Rafting; Ridges; Ships; Structural scale; Tensile; Waves

Indexed keywords

BRITTLE FRACTURE; CONTINUUM MECHANICS; FAILURE (MECHANICAL); FRACTURE MECHANICS; ICE PROBLEMS; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY; SUBMARINE GEOPHYSICS; TENSILE PROPERTIES;

BREAKUP; FLOE SCALE; GEOPHYSICAL SCALE; ICE DYNAMICS; ICE FORCES; ICE MECHANICS; ICE STRUCTURE INTERACTION; RAFTING; RIDGES; STRUCTURAL SCALE;

SEA ICE;

GEOPHYSICS; ICE MECHANICS; ICE-STRUCTURE INTERACTION; SEA ICE;

EID: 0003373625     PISSN: 00207683     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7683(99)00084-0     Document Type: Article

References (128)

1. Abdel-Tawab, K., Rodin, G.J., 1999. Fracture size effects and polycrystalline inhomogeneity. International Journal of Fracture (in press).
2. Ballarini, R., Mullen, R.L., Heuer, A.H., 1999. Monte Carlo simulation of crack-tip parameters in polycrystalline films. International Journal of Fracture 95, 19-39.
3. Balendran, B., Nemat-Nasser, S., 1993. Double sliding model for cyclic deformation of granular materials, including dilatancy effects. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 41, 573-612.
4. Barrette, P.D., Phillips, R., Clark, J.I., Crocker, G., Jones, S.J., 1998. Kimura, T., Kusakabe, O., Takemura, J. (Eds.), Mechanical testing of floating ice sheets, I. Centrifuge 98, pp. 881-886.
5. Bashkirov, A.G., Vityazev, A.V., 1996. Statistical mechanics of fragmentation processes of ice and rock bodies. Planetary and Space Science 44, 909-915.
6. Bažant, Z.P., 1992. Large-scale thermal bending fracture of sea ice plates. Journal of Geophysical Research 97, 17739-17751.
7. Bažant, Z.P., Xiang, Y., 1997. Size effect in compression fracture: splitting crack band propagation. ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics 123, 162-172.
8. Bažant, Z.P., Kim, J.J.H., 1998. Size effect in penetration of sea ice plate with part-through cracks. I: Theory; II: Results. ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics 124, 1310-1324.
9. Beltaos, S., 1998. Scale effects on river ice fracture and breakup. In: Shen, H.T. (Ed.), Ice in Surface Waters, I. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 631-636.
10. Blanchet, D., 1990. Ice design criteria for wide arctic structures. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 27, 701-725.
11. Blanchet, D., 1998. Ice loads from first-year ice ridges and rubble fields. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 25, 206-219.
12. Blanchet, D., Abdelnour, R., Comfort, G., 1997. Mechanical properties of first-year sea ice at Tarsiut Island. ASCE Journal of Cold Regions Engineering 11, 59-83 & 97-98.
13. Brown, P.W., Jordaan, I.J., Nessim, M.A., Haddara, M.M., 1996. Optimization of bow plating for icebreakers. Journal of Ship Research 40, 70-78.
14. Cheng, A., Preller, R.H., 1996. The development of an ice-ocean coupled model for the Northern Hemisphere. Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center. Report No. NRL/FR/7322-95-9627, p. 65.
15. Colbourne, D.B., Lever, J.H., 1992. Development of a component-based scaling system for ship-ice model tests. Journal of Ship Research 36, 77-87.
16. Cole, D.M., 1995. A model for the anelastic straining of saline ice subjected to creep loading. Philosophical Magazine A 72, 231-248.
17. Cole, D.M., Shapiro, L.H., 1998. Observations of brine drainage networks and microstructure of first-year sea ice. Journal of Geophysical Research 103, 21739-21750.
18. Cole, D.M., Johnson, R.A., Durell, G.D., 1998. The cyclic loading and creep response of aligned first-year sea ice. Journal of Geophysical Research 103, 21751-21758.
19. Cooke, M.L., 1997. Fracture localization along faults with spatially varying friction. Journal of Geophysical Research 102, 22425-22434.
20. Coon, M.D., Echert, D.C., Knoke, G.S., 1992. Pack ice anisotropic constitutive model. In: Proceedings 11th IAHR Ice Symposium, 2, pp. 1188-1205.
21. Coon, M.D., Knoke, G.S., Echert, D.C., Pritchard, R.S., 1998. The architecture of an anisotropic elastic-plastic sea ice mechanics model. Journal of Geophysical Research 103, 21915-21925.
22. Croasdale, K.R., 1997. Discussion of Blanchet et al. 1997. Journal of Cold Regions Engineering 11, 89-93.
23. Curtin, T., Smith, C., Coon, M.D., 1995. Proceedings of the Sea Ice Mechanics and Arctic Modeling Workshop, 2, Anchorage, Alaska. North West Research Associates, Inc, Bellevue, WA.
24. Daley, C., 1992. Ice edge contact and failure. Cold Regions Science and Technology 21, 1-23.
25. Daley, C., Tuhkuri, J., Riska, K., 1998. The role of discrete failures in local ice loads. Cold Regions Science and Technology 27, 197-211.
26. Dempsey, J.P., 1996. Scale effects on the fracture of ice. In: Arsenault, R.J., Cole, D.M., Gross, T., Kostorz, G., Liaw, P., Parameswaran, S., Sizek, H. (Eds.), The Johannes Weertman Symposium. The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), Warrendale, Pennsylvania, pp. 351-361.
27. Dempsey, J.P., Slepyan, L.I., Shekhtman, I.I., 1995. Radial cracking with closure. International Journal of Fracture 73, 233-261.
28. Dempsey, J.P., DeFranco, S.J., Adamson, R.M., Mulmule, S.V., 1999. Scale effects on the in-situ tensile strength and fracture of ice. I: Large grained freshwater ice at Spray Lakes Reservoir, Alberta. II: First-year sea ice at Resolute N.W.T. International Journal of Fracture 95, 325-345 & 347-366.
29. Elvin, A.A., Sunder, S.S., 1996. Microcracking due to grain boundary sliding in polycrystalline ice under uniaxial compression. Acta Materialia 44, 43-56.
30. Flato, G.M., Hibler, W.D., 1995. Ridging and strength in modeling the thickness distribution of Arctic sea ice. Journal of Geophysical Research 100, 18611-18626.
31. Fox, C., Squire, V.A., 1994. On the oblique reflexion and transmission of ocean waves from shore fast sea ice. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Ser. A 347, 185-218.
32. Fransson, L., Oloffson, T., Sandkvist, J., 1991. Observations of the failure process in ice blocks crushed by a flat indentor. In: Proceedings 11th International POAC Conference I, pp. 501-514.
33. Goldstein, R.V., Osipenko, N.M., 1993. Fracture mechanics in modeling of icebreaking capability of ships. ASCE Journal of Cold Regions Engineering 7, 33-43.
34. Greeley, R., Sullivan, R., Coon, M.D., Geissler, P.E., Tufts, B.R., Head, J.W., Pappalardo, R.T., Moore, J.M., 1998. Terrestrial sea ice morphology: considerations for Europa. Icarus 135, 25-40.
35. Gudmestad, O.T., Loset, S., Mølmann, T., 1998. Arctic technology research and development needs. In: Shen, H.T. (Ed.), Ice in Surface Waters, 1. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 217-223.
36. Gupta, V., Picu, R.C., Bergstrom, J.S., 1997. Nucleation of splitting cracks in columnar freshwater ice. Acta Materialia 45, 1411-1423.
37. Gutfraind, R., Savage, S.B., 1997. Marginal ice zone rheology: comparison of results from continuum plastic models and discrete-particle simulations. Journal of Geophysical Research 102, 12647-12661.
38. Hibler, W.D., Schulson, E.M., 1997. On modeling sea-ice fracture and flow in numerical investigations of climate. Annals of Glaciology 25, 26-32.
39. Hopkins, M.A., 1994. On the ridging of intact lead ice. Journal of Geophysical Research 99, 16351-16360.
40. Hopkins, M.A., 1996. On the mesoscale interaction of lead ice and floes. Journal of Geophysical Research 101, 18315-18326.
41. Hopkins, M.A., 1998. Four stages of pressure ridging. Journal of Geophysical Research 103, 21883-21891.
42. Hopkins, M.A., Tuhkuri, J., Lensu, M., 1999. Rafting and ridging of thin ice sheets. Journal of Geophysical Research 104, 13605-13613.
43. Huang, Z.J., Savage, S.B., 1998. Particle-in-cell and finite difference approaches for the study of marginal ice zone problems. Cold Regions Science and Technology 28, 1-28.
44. Jirásek, M., Bažant, Z.P., 1995. Particle model for quasibrittle fracture and application to sea ice. ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics 121, 1016-1025.
45. Joensuu, A., Riska, K., 1989. Contact between ice and a structure. In: Report M-88. Helsinki University of Technology, Ship Laboratory, p. 57p+App (In Finnish).
46. Johnston, M.E., Croasdale, K.R., Jordaan, I.J., 1998. Localized pressures during ice-structure interaction: relevance to design criteria. Cold Regions Science and Technology 27, 105-117.
47. Jordaan, I.J., Xiao, J., 1998. Compressive ice failure. In: Shen, H.T. (Ed.), Ice in Surface Waters, 2. Balkema, Rotterdam (in press).
48. Jordaan, I.J., Macs, M.A., Brown, P.W., Hermans, I.P., 1993. Probabilistic analysis of local ice pressures. ASME Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 115, 83-89.
49. Jordaan, I.J., Matskevitch, D.G., Meglis, I.L., 1998. Disintegration of ice under fast compressive loading. International Journal of Fracture (in press).
50. Kalifa, P., Ouillon, G., Duval, P., 1992. Microcracking and the failure of polycrystalline ice under triaxial compression. Journal of Glaciology 38, 65-77.
51. Kärnä, T., Rim, C.W., 1996. Model for global first-year ice loads. In: Report RTE39-IR-9/1996. VTT Building Technology, Finland.
52. Kärnä, T., Kamesaki, K., Tsukuda, H., 1998. A layered flaking model of ice-structure interaction. In: Shen, H.T. (Ed.), Ice in Surface Waters, 1. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 575-582.
53. Kujala, P., 1994. On the statistics of ice loads on a ship hull in the Baltic. Acta Polytechnica Scandinavica M-116, Helsinki, 98 pp.
54. Langhorne, P.J., Haskell, T.G., 1998. Sea ice fatigue. In: Shen, H.T. (Ed.), Ice in Surface Waters, 2. Balkema, Rotterdam (in press).
55. Langhorne, P.J., Squire, V.A., Fox, C., Haskell, T.G., 1998. Breakup of sea ice by ocean waves. Annals of Glaciology 27, 438-442.
56. LeClair, E.S., Schapery, R.A., Dempsey, J.P., 1999. A broad-spectrum constitutive model for saline ice. International Journal of Fracture (in press).
57. Lemke, P., Hibler, W.D., Flato, G., Harder, M., Kreyscher, M., 1997. On the improvement of sea-ice models for climate simulations: the Sea Ice Model Intercomparison Project. Annals of Glaciology 25, 183-187.
58. Lewis, J.K., 1998. Thermomechanics of pack ice. Journal of Geophysical Research 103, 21869-21882.
59. Lewis, J.K., Richter-Menge, J.A., 1998. Motion-induced stresses in pack ice. Journal of Geophysical Research 103, 21831-21843.
60. Lindsay, R.W., Rothrock, D.A., 1995. Arctic sea ice leads from advanced very high resolution radiometer images. Journal of Geophysical Research 100, 4533-4544.
61. Liu, L., Shen, H.T., Tuthill, A.M., 1998. A numerical model for river ice jam evolution. In: Shen, H.T. (Ed.), Ice in Surface Waters, 2. Balkema, Rotterdam (in press).
62. Lu, S., Shen, H.T., 1998. Constitutive laws for river ice dynamics. In: Shen, H.T. (Ed.), Ice in Surface Waters, 1. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 109-116.
63. Masterson, D.M., Frederking, R.M.W., 1993. Local contact pressures in ship/ice and structure/ice interactions. Cold Regions Science and Technology 21, 169-185.
64. Masterson, D.M., Spencer, P.A., Nevel, D.E., Nordgren, R.P., 1999. Velocity effects from multi-year ice tests. In: ASME Proceedings 18th International OMAE Conference, Paper OMAE 99-1127, pp. 1-29.
65. Melton, J.S., Schulson, E.M., 1998. Ductile compressive failure of columnar saline ice under triaxial loading. Journal of Geophysical Research 103, 21759-21766.
66. Meylan, M.H., Squire, V.A., Fox, C., 1997. Toward realism in modeling ocean wave behavior in marginal ice zones. Journal of Geophysical Research 102, 22981-22991.
67. Mulmule, S.V., Dempsey, J.P., 1998. A viscoelastic fictitious crack model for the fracture of sea ice. Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials 1, 331-356.
68. Nanthikesan, S., Sunder, S.S., 1995. Tensile cracks in polycrystalline ice under transient creep: I-numerical modeling & II-numerical simulations. Mechanics of Materials 21, 265-279 & 281-301.
69. Nixon, W.A., 1996. Wing crack models of the brittle compressive failure of ice. Cold Regions Science and Technology 24, 41-55.
70. Noltimier, H., Sahagian, D., 1992. Tectonic style of Venus: an analog to polar icepack tectonics. Journal of Geodynamics 16, 65-79.
71. Overland, J.E., Walter, B.A., Curtin, T.B., Turet, P., 1995. Hierarchy and sea ice mechanics: A case study from the Beaufort Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research 100, 4559-4571.
72. Overland, J.E., McNutt, S.L., Salo, S., Groves, J., Li, S., 1998. Arctic sea ice as a granular plastic. Journal of Geophysical Research 103, 21845-21867.
73. Palmer, A.C., 1991. Centrifuge modeling of ice and brittle materials. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 28, 896-898.
74. Palmer, A.C., 1997. Geotechnical evidence of ice scour as a guide to pipeline burial depth. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 34, 1002-1003.
75. Palmer, A.C., Sanderson, T.J.O., Fractal crushing of ice and brittle solids. Proceedings of the Royal Society A433, pp. 469-477.
76. Parsons, B.L., 1991. A renormalized group model for the fragmentation of ice. Cold Regions Science and Technology 20, 99-101.
77. Parsons, B.L., 1993. An estimate of the size of the damage zone beneath an indentor on ice. Cold Regions Science and Technology 21, 371-380.
78. Petrenko, V.F., Gluschenkov, O., 1996. Crack velocities in freshwater and saline ice. Journal of Geophysical Research 101, 11541-11551.
79. Pritchard, R.S., 1992. On modeling the energetics of the ridging process. ASME Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 114, 66-67.
80. Pritchard, R.S., 1998a. Ice conditions in an anisotropic sea ice dynamics model. International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering 8, 9-15.
81. Pritchard, R.S., 1998b. Scale effects and sea ice dynamics models. In: Shen, H.T. (Ed.), Ice in Surface Waters, 2. Balkema, Rotterdam (in press).
82. Randall, D., Curry, J., Battisti, D., Flato, G., Grumbine, R., Häkkinen, S., Martinson, D., Preller, R., Walsh, J., Weatherly, J., 1998. Status of and outlook for large-scale modeling of atmosphere-ice-ocean interactions in the Arctic. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 79, 197-219.
83. Richter-Menge, J.A., 1997. Towards improving the physical basis for ice-dynamics models. Annals of Glaciology 25, 177-182.
84. Richter-Menge, J.A., Elder, B.C., 1998. Characteristics of pack ice stress in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research 103, 21817-21829.
85. Richter-Menge, J.A., Elder, B.C., Overland, J.E., Salo, S., 1996. Relating Arctic pack ice stress and strain at the 10 km scale. In: Lemke, P., Anderson, L., Barry, R., Vuglinsky, V. (Eds.), Proceedings ACSYS Conference on the Dynamics of the Arctic Climate System Goteborg Sweden, pp. 327-331.
86. Riska, K., 1991. Observations of the line-like nature of ship-ice contact. In: Proceedings 11th International POAC Conference II, pp. 785-811.
87. Riska, K., 1995. Models of ice-structure contact for engineering applications. In: Selvadurai, A.P.S., Boulon, M.J. (Eds.), Mechanics of Geomaterial Interfaces. Elsevier Science B.V, pp. 77-103.
88. Rist, M.A., 1997. High stress ice fracture and friction. Journal of Physical Chemistry B101, 6263-6266.
89. Rist, M.A., Sammonds, P.R., Murrell, S.A.F., Meredith, P.G., Doake, C.S.M., Oerter, H., Matsuki, K., 1999. Experimental and theoretical fracture mechanics applied to Antarctic ice fracture and surface crevassing. Journal of Geophysical Research 104, 2973-2987.
90. Savage, S.B., Sayed, M., Frederking, R.M.W., 1992. Two-dimensional extrusion of crushed ice. Part 2: analysis. Cold Regions Science and Technology 21, 37-47.
91. Sayed, M., Frederking, R.M.W., 1992. Two-dimensional extrusion of crushed ice. Part 1: experimental. Cold Regions Science and Technology 21, 25-36.
92. Schapery, R.A., 1997a. Linear elastic and viscoelastic deformation behavior of ice. ASCE Journal of Cold Regions Engineering 11, 271-290.
93. Schapery, R.A., 1997b. Thermoviscoelastic constitutive equations for polycrystalline ice. ASCE Journal of Cold Regions Engineering 11, 146-157.
94. Schulson, E.M., 1997. The brittle failure of ice under compression. Journal of Physical Chemistry B101, 6254-6258.
95. Schulson, E.M., Iliescu, D., Renshaw, C.E., 1999. On the initiation of shear faults during brittle compressive failure: a new mechanism. Journal of Geophysical Research 104, 695-705.
96. Shen, H.H., Aidanpää, J.-O., 1998. Onset of transition for cohesive and viscous granular flows. ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics 124, 1073-1079.
97. Shen, H.T., Lu, S., Crissman, R.D., 1997. Numerical simulation of ice transport over the Lake Erie-Niagara river ice boom. Cold Regions Science and Technology 26, 17-33.
98. Shkhinek, K.N., Blanchet, D., Croasdale, K., Matskevitch, D.G., Bhat, S.U., 1994. Comparison of the Russian and foreign codes and methods for global load estimation. In: Proceedings 13th International OMAE Conference IV, pp. 75-82.
99. Singh, S.K., Jordaan, I.J., 1997. Constitutive behaviour of crushed ice. In: Jordaan, I.J., Seshadri, R., Meglis, I.L. (Eds.), Inelasticity and Damage in Solids Subject to Microstructural Change. Memorial University of Newfoundland, pp. 367-379.
100. Slepyan, L.I., 1990. Modeling of fracture of sheet ice. Mechanics of Solids 5, 155-161.
101. Sodhi, D.S., 1995. An ice-structure interaction model. In: Selvadurai, A.P.S., Boulon, M.J. (Eds.), Mechanics of Geomaterial Interfaces. Elsevier Science B.V, pp. 57-75.
102. Sodhi, D.S., 1998a. Nonsimultaneous crushing during edge indentation of freshwater ice sheets. Cold Regions Science and Technology 27, 179-195.
103. Sodhi, D.S., 1998b. Vertical penetration of floating ice sheets. International Journal of Solids and Structures 35, 4275-4294.
104. Sodhi, D.S., Takeuchi, T., Nakazawa, N., Akagawa, S., Saeki, H., 1998. Medium-scale indentation tests on sea ice at various speeds. Cold Regions Science and Technology 28, 161-182.
105. Steele, M., Zhang, J., Rothrock, D., Stern, H., 1997. The force balance of sea ice in a numerical model of the Arctic Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research 102, 21061-21079.
106. Stern, H.L., Rothrock, D.A., Kwok, R., 1995. Open water production in Arctic sea ice: Satellite measurements and model parameterizations. Journal of Geophysical Research 100, 20601-20612.
107. Stone, B.M., Jordaan, I.J., Xiao, J., Jones, S.J., 1997. Experiments on the damage process in ice under compressive states of stress. Journal of Glaciology 43, 11-25.
108. Timco, G.W., 1992. Second Report of the IAHR Working Group on Ice Modelling Materials. In: Proceedings 11th IAHR Ice Symposium III, pp. 1527-1536.
109. Timco, G.W., 1996. NRC centre of ice/structure interaction: archiving Beaufort Sea data. In: Proceedings 13th IAHR Symposium on Ice I, pp. 142-149.
110. Timco, G.W., Morin, I., 1998. Canadian ice regime system database. In: Proceedings 8th ISOPE Conference II, pp. 586-591.
111. Tremblay, L.-B., Mysak, L.A., 1997. Modeling sea ice as a granular material, including the dilatancy effect. Journal of Physical Oceanography 27, 2342-2360.
112. Tuhkuri, J., 1994. Analysis of ice fragmentation from measured particle size distributions of crushed ice. Cold Regions Science and Technology 23, 69-82.
113. Tuhkuri, J., 1995. Experimental observations of the brittle failure process of ice and ice-structure contact. Cold Regions Science and Technology 23, 265-278.
114. Tuhkuri, J., Lensu, M., 1998. Ice tank tests on ridging of non-uniform ice sheets. In: Ship Laboratory Report M-236. Helsinki University of Technology.
115. Tuhkuri, J.A., Goldstein, R.V., Osipenko, N.M., 1997. Modeling of the fracture surface of an ice block failing against a structure. In: Proceedings 16th International OMAE Conference IV, pp. 263-269.
116. Wadhams, P., 1995. Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Ser. A 352, 301-319.
117. Walter, B.A., Overland, J.E., 1993. The response of lead patterns in the Beaufort Sea to storm-scale wind-forcing. Annals of Glaciology 17, 219-226.
118. Weber, L.J., Nixon, W.A., 1997a. Fracture toughness of freshwater ice. I. Experimental technique and results & II. Analysis and micrography. ASME Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 118, 135-140 & 141-147.
119. Weber, L.J., Nixon, W.A., 1997b. Fatigue of freshwater ice. Cold Regions Science and Technology 26, 153-164.
120. Weiss, J., Gay, M., 1998. Fracturing of ice under compression creep as revealed by a multifractal analysis. Journal of Geophysical Research 103, 24005-24016.
121. Woodworth-Lynas, C.M.L., Nixon, J.D., Philips, R., Palmer, A.C., 1996. Subgouge deformations and the security of Arctic marine pipelines. In: Proceedings 28th Annual Offshore Technology Conference, 4, pp. 657-664.
122. Wright, B.D., Timco, G.W., 1994. A review of ice forces and failure modes on the Molikpaq. In: Proceedings 12th IAHR Ice Symposium II, pp. 816-825.
123. Wu, M.S., Niu, J., 1995. A theoretical-analysis of crack nucleation due to grain-boundary dislocation pile-ups in a random ice microstructure. Philosophical Magazine A 71, 831-854.
124. Wu, M.S., Zhang, Y., 1995. Crack nucleation in saline ice with interacting inhomogeneities. Cold Regions Science and Technology 23, 343-365.
125. Xiao, J., Jordaan, I.J., 1996. Application of damage mechanics to ice failure in compression. Cold Regions Science and Technology 24, 305-322.
126. Zou, B., Xiao, J., Jordaan, I.J., 1996. Ice fracture and spalling in ice-structure interaction. Cold Regions Science and Technology 24, 213-220.
127. Zhan, C., Evgin, E., Sinha, N.K., 1994. A three dimensional anisotropic constitutive model for ductile behavior of columnar grained ice. Cold Regions Science and Technology 22, 269-284.
128. Xie, Y., Farmer, D.M., 1993. The sound of ice fracturing due to propagating tensile failure. In: ONR Report.