Sulphur assimilation and effects on yield and quality of wheat

Journal of Cereal Science

Volumn 30, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 1-17

  Zhao, F J ^a   Hawkesford, M J ^a   McGrath, S P ^a  

^a ROTHAMSTED RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Assimilation; Breadmaking quality; Nutrition; Sulphur; Wheat; Yield

Indexed keywords

BRASSICA; TRITICUM AESTIVUM;

EID: 0002896018     PISSN: 07335210     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/jcrs.1998.0241     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Duke, S.H. and Reisenauer, H.M. Roles and requirements of sulfur in plant nutrition. In 'Sulfur in Agriculture', (M.A. Tabatabai, ed.), American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. (1986) pp 123-168.
2. Ceccotti, S.P. and Messick, D.L. Increasing plant nutrient sulphur use in the European fertilizer industry. Agro-Food-Industry Hi-Tech 5 (1994) 9-14.
3. Department of Environment. Digest of environmental statistics No. 17. London, HMSO (1995).
4. McGrath, S.P., Zhao, F.J. and Withers, P.J.A. Development of sulphur deficiency in crops and its treatment. Proceedings of the Fertiliser Society, No. 379. Peterborough, The Fertiliser Society (1996).
5. Campbell, G.W. and Smith, R.I. Spatial and temporal trends in atmospheric sulphur deposition to agricultural surfaces in the United Kingdom. Proceedings of the Fertiliser Society, No. 378. Peterborough, The Fertiliser Society (1996).
6. Ceccotti, S.P. A global review of nutrient sulphur balance, fertilizers, and the environment. Agro-Food-Industry Hi-Tech 7 (1996) 18-22.
7. Tisdale, S.L., Reneau, R.B. and Platou, J.S. Atlas of sulfur deficiencies. In 'Sulfur in Agriculture', (M.A. Tabatabai, ed.), American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. (1986) pp 295-322.
8. Schnug, E. Sulphur nutritional status of European crops and consequences for agriculture. Sulphur in Agriculture 15 (1991) 7-12.
9. Randall, P.J. and Wrigley, C.W. Effects of sulfur supply on the yield, composition, and quality of grain from cereals, oilseeds, and legumes. Advances in Cereal Science and Technology 8 (1986) 171-206.
10. Rendig, V.V. Sulfur and crop quality. In 'Sulfur in Agriculture', (M.A. Tabatabai, ed.), American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. (1986) pp 635-652.
11. Zhao, F.J., McGrath, S.P., Crosland, A.R. and Salmon, S.E. Changes in the sulfur status of British wheat-grain in the last decade, and its geographical-distribution. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 68 (1995) 507-514.
12. + co-transport in plasma membrane vesicles isolated from Brassica napus: increased transport in membranes isolated from suplhur-starved plants. Planta 190 (1993) 297-304.
13. Clarkson, D.T., Hawkesford, M.J. and Davidian, J.-C. Membrane and long-distance transport of sulfate, in 'Sulfur Nutrition and Assimilation in Higher Plants', (L.J. De Kok, I. Stulen, H. Rennenberg, C. Brunold and W.E. Rauser, eds.), SPB Academic Publishing bv, The Hague (1993) pp 3-19.
14. Smith, F.W., Ealing, P.M., Hawkesford, M.J. and Clarkson, D.T. Plant members of a newly denned family of sulfate transporters reveal functional sub-types. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 92 (1995) 9373-9377.
15. Smith, F.W., Hawkesford, M.J., Ealing, P.M., Clarkson, D.T., Van den Berg, P.J., Belcher, A.R. and Warrilow, A.G.S. Regulation of expression of a cDNA from barley roots encoding a high affinity sulphate transporter. Plant Journal 12 (1997) 875-884.
16. Prosser, L.M. and Hawkesford, M.J. Sulphate transporter genes and their regulation in Triticum tauschii. Unpublished (1998).
17. Takahashi, H., Yamazaki, M., Sasakura, N., Watanabe, A., Leustek, T., Engler, J.D., Engler, G., Van Montagu, M. and Saito, K. Regulation of sulfur assimilation in higher plants: A sulfate transporter induced in sulfate-starved roots plays a central role in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94 (1997) 11102-11107.
18. Hawkesford, M.J. and Smith, F.W. Molecular biology of higher plant sulphate transporters. In 'Sulphur Metabolism in Higher Plants: Molecular, Ecophysiological and Nutritional Aspects', (W.J. Cram, L.J. De Kok, I. Stulen, C. Brunold and H. Rennenberg, eds), Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, Netherlands (1997) pp 13-25.
19. Hawkesford, M.J. Identification and regulation of the sulphate transport proteins in barley. Unpublished (1998).
20. Gutierrez-Marcos, J.F., Roberts, M.A., Campbell, E.I. and Wray, J.L. Three mebers of a novel small gene-family from Arabidopsis thaliana able to complement functionally an Escherichia coli mutant defective in PAPS reductase activity encode proteins with a thioredoxin-like domain and APS reductase-activity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 93 (1996) 13377-13382.
21. Setya, A., Murillo, M. and Leustek, T. Sulfate reduction in higher plants - molecular evidence for a novel 5′-adenylylsulfate reductase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 93 (1996) 13383-13388.
22. Wray, J.L., Campbell, E.I., Roberts, M.A. and Gutierrez-Marcos, J.F. Redefining reductive sulfate assimilation in higher plants. A role for APS reductase, a new member of the thioredoxin superfamily? Chemico-Biological Interactions 109 (1998) 153-167.
23. Lee, S. and Leustek, T. APS kinase from Arabidopsis thaliana: genomic organization, expression, and kinetic analysis of the recombinant enzyme. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 247 (1998) 171-175.
24. Anderson, J.W. Sulfur metabolism in plants. In 'The Biochemistry of Plants Vol. 16, Intermediary Nitrogen Metabolism', (B.J. Miflin and P.J. Lea, eds.), Academic Press, San Diego (1990) pp 327-381.
25. Reuveny, Z., Dougall, D.K. and Trinity, P.M. Regulatory coupling of nitrate and sulfate assimilation pathways in cultured tobacco cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 77 (1980) 6670-6672.
26. Freney, J.R., Spencer, K. and Jones, M.B. The diagnosis of sulphur deficiency in wheat. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 29 (1978) 727-738.
27. Karmoker, J.L., Clarkson, D.T., Saker, L.R., Rooney, J.M. and Purves, J.V. Sulphate deprivation depresses the transport of nitrogen to the xylem and the hydraulic conductivity of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) roots. Planta 185 (1991) 269-278.
28. Zhao, F.J., Hawkesford, M.J., Warrilow, A.G.S., McGrath, S.P. and Clarkson, D.T. Responses of two wheat varieties to sulphur addition and diagnosis of sulphur deficiency. Plant and Soil 181 (1996) 317-327.
29. + deprivation has an early effect on the content of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and photosynthesis in young leaves of wheat. Plant Physiology 115 (1997) 1231-1239.
30. Prosser, I.M., Schneider, A., Hawkesford, M.J. and Clarkson, D.T. Changes in nutrient composition, metabolite concentrations and enzyme activities in spinach in the early stages of S-deprivation. In 'Sulphur Metabolism in Higher Plants: Molecular, Ecophysiological and Nutritional Aspects', (W.J. Cram, L.J. De Kok, I. Stulen, C. Brunold and H. Rennenberg, eds), Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands (1997) pp 339-342.
31. Dijkshoorn, W. and van Wijk, A.L. The sulphur requirements of plants as evidenced by the sulphur-nitrogen ratio in the organic matter a review of published data. Plant and soil 26 (1967) 129-157.
32. Stewart, B.A. and Porter, L.K. Nitrogen-sulfur relationships in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), corn (Zea mays), and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). Agronomy Journal 61 (1969) 267-271.
33. Burke, J.J, Holloway, P. and Dalling, M.J. The effect of sulphur deficiency on the organisation and photosynthetic capability of wheat leaves. Journal of Plant Physiology 125 (1986) 371-375.
34. Adiputra, I.G.K. and Anderson, J.W. Effect of sulphur on redistribution of sulphur in vegetative barley. Physiologia Plantarum 95 (1995) 643-650.
35. Sunarpi and Anderson, J.W. Effect of sulfur nutrition on the redistribution of sulfur in vegetative soybean plants. Plant Physiology 112 (1996) 623-632.
36. Sunarpi and Anderson, J.W. Effect of nitrogen nutrition on remobilization of protein sulfur in the leaves of vegetative soybean and associated changes in soluble sulfur metabolites. Plant Physiology 115 (1997) 1671-1680.
37. Sexton, P.J., Batchelor, W.D. and Shibles, R. Sulfur availability, Rubisco content, and photosynthetic rate of soybean. Crop Science 37 (1997) 1801-1806.
38. Smith, L.K. and Lang, A.L. Translocation of sulfate in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr). Plant Physiology 86 (1988) 798-802.
39. Larsson, C.M., Larsson, M., Purves, J.V. and Clarkson, D.T. Translocation and cycling through roots of recently absorbed nitrogen and sulphur in wheat (Triticum aestivum) during vegetative and generative growth. Physiologia Plantarum 82 (1991) 345-352.
40. Herschbach, C. and Rennenberg, H. Long-distance transport of S-35 sulphur in 3-year-old beech trees (Fagus sylvatica) Physiologia Plantarum 95 (1995) 379-386.
41. Hocking, P.J. Dry-matter production, mineral nutrient concentrations, and nutrient distribution and redistribution in irrigated spring wheat. Journal of Plant Nutrition 17 (1994) 1289-1308.
42. Monaghan, J.M., Scrimgeour, C.M., Stein, W.M., Zhao, F.J. and Evans, E.J. Sulphur accumulation and re-distribution in wheat (Triticum aestivum): a study using stable sulphur isotope ratios as a tracer system. Plant, Cell and Environment (1999) (in press).
43. Rasmussen, P.E. and Kresge, P.O. Plant response to sulfur in the Western United States. In 'Sulfur in Agriculture', (M.A. Tabatabai, ed.), American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. (1986) pp 357-374.
44. Beaton, J.D. and Soper, R.J. Plant response to sulfur in the Western Canada. In 'Sulfur in Agriculture', (M.A. Tabatabai, ed.), American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. (1986) pp 375-403.
45. Pasricha, N.S. and Fox, R.L. Plant nutrient sulfur in the tropics and subtropics. Advances in Agronomy 50 (1993) 209-269.
46. Byers, M., McGrath, S.P. and Webster, R. A survey of the sulphur content of wheat grown in Britain. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 38 (1987) 151-160.
47. Withers, P.J.A., Zhao, F.J., McGrath, S.P., Evans, E.J. and Sinclair, A.H., Sulphur inputs for optimum yields of cereals. In 'Aspects of Applied Biology 50, Optimising Cereal Inputs: Its Scientific Basis', (M.J. Gooding and P.R. Shewry, eds), The Association of Applied Biologists, Wellesbourne, U.K. (1997) pp 191-198.
48. Archer, M.J. A sand culture experiment to compare the effects of sulphur on five wheat cultivars (T. aestivum L.). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 25 (1974) 369-380.
49. Scott, N.M., Dyson, P.W., Ross, J. and Sharp, G.S. The effect of sulphur on the yield and chemical composition of winter barley. Journal of Agricultural Science 103 (1984) 699-702.
50. Haneklaus, S., Murphy, D.P.L., Nowak, G. and Schnug, E. Effects of the timing of sulphur application on grain yield and yield components of wheat. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernährung und Bodenkunde 158 (1995) 83-85.
51. Monaghan, J.M., Evans, E.J. and Shewry, P.R. The effect of amount and timing of S on grain yield and quality of winter wheat. In 'Aspects of Applied Biology 50, Optimising Cereal Inputs: Its Scientific Basis', (M.J. Gooding and P.R. Shewry, eds.), The Association of Applied Biologists, Wellesbourne, U.K. (1997) pp 231-236.
52. Zhao, F.J., McGrath, S.P., Salmon, S.E., Shewry, P.R., Quayle, R., Withers, P.J.A., Evans, E.J. and Monaghan, J. Optimising sulphur inputs for breadmaking quality of wheat. In 'Aspects of Applied Biology 50, Optimising Cereal Inputs: Its Scientific Basis', (M.J. Gooding and P.R. Shewry, eds.), The Association of Applied Biologists, Wellesbourne, U.K. (1997) pp 199-205.
53. McGrath, S.P. and Zhao, F.J. A risk assessment of sulphur deficiency in cereals using soil and atmospheric deposition data. Soil Use and Management 11 (1995) 110-114.
54. Anderson, G., Lefroy, R., Chinoim, N. and Blair, G. Soil sulphur testing. Sulphur in Agriculture 16 (1992) 6-14.
55. Zhao, F. and McGrath, S.P. Soil extractable sulphate and organic sulphur and their availability to plant. Plant and Soil 164 (1994) 243-250.
56. Rasmussen, P.E., Ramig, R.E., Ekin, L.G. and Rohde, C.R. Tissue analyses guidelines for diagnosing sulfur deficiency in white wheat. Plant and Soil 46 (1977) 153-163.
57. Spencer, K. and Freney, J.R. Assessing the sulfur status of field-grown wheat by plant analysis. Agronomy Journal 72 (1980) 469-472.
58. Robson, A.D., Osborne, L.D., Snowball, K. and Simmons, W.J. Assessing sulfur status in lupins and wheat. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35 (1995) 79-86.
59. Scaife, A. and Burns, I.G. The Sulphate-S/total S ratio in plants as an index of their sulphur status. Plant and Soil 91 (1986) 61-71.
60. Zadoks, J.C., Chang, T.T. and Konnzak, C.F. A decimal code for growth stages of cereals. Weed Research 14 (1974) 415-421.
61. Westfall, D.G., Whitney, D.A. and Brandon, D.M. Plant analysis as an aid in fertilizing small grains. In 'Soil Testing and Plant Analysis, 3rd Edition', (R.L. Westerman, ed.), Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. (1990) pp 495-519.
62. Taureau, J.C., Thevenet, G., Bordeaux, J.L. and De Froberville, G. Réponse des cultures à la fertilisation soufrée. Perspectives Agricole 111 (1987) 22-44.
63. Withers, P.J.A. and Sinclair, A.H. Sulphur nutrition of cereals in the UK: effects on yield and grain quality. Home-Grown Cereals Authority. Research Review No. 30. London (1994).
64. Withers, P.J.A., Tytherleigh, A.R.J. and O'Donnell, F.M. Effect of sulphur fertilizers on the grain yield and sulphur content of cereals. Journal of Agricultural Science 125 (1995) 317-324.
65. Randall, P.J., Spencer, K. and Freney, J.R. Sulfur and nitrogen-fertilizer effects on wheat .1. Concentrations of sulfur and nitrogen and the nitrogen to sulfur ratio in grain, in relation to the yield response. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 32 (1981) 203-212.
66. Zhao, F.J., McGrath, S.P., Withers, P.J.A., Evans, E.J. and Monaghan, J. Sulphur uptake and distribution in winter wheat. Unpublished (1998).
67. Byers, M. and Bolton, J. Effects of nitrogen and sulphur fertilisers on the yield, N and S content, and amino acid composition of the grain of spring wheat. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 30 (1979) 251-263.
68. Byers, M., Franklin, J. and Smith, S.J. The nitrogen and sulphur nutrition of wheat and its effect on the composition and baking quality of the grain. Aspects of Applied Biology, Cereal Quality 15 (1987) 337-344.
69. Wrigley, C.W., Du Gros, D.L., Archer, M.J., Downie, P.G. and Roxburgh, C.M. The sulfur content of wheat endosperm proteins and its relevance to grain quality. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 7 (1980) 755-766.
70. Friedman, M. Nutritional value of proteins from different food sources: a review. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 44 (1996) 6-29.
71. Shewry, P.R. Plant storage proteins. Biological Reviews 70 (1995) 375-426.
72. Shewry, P.R., Tatham, A.S. and Lazzeri, P. Biotechnology of wheat quality. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 73 (1997) 397-406.
73. Moss, H.J., Wrigley, C.W., MacRitchie, F. and Randall, P.J. Sulfur and nitrogen fertilizer effects on wheat. II. Influence on grain quality. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 32 (1981) 213-226.
74. Wrigley, C.W., Du Gros, D.L., Fullington, J.G. and Kasarda, D.D. Changes in polypeptide composition and grain quality due to sulfur deficiency in wheat. Journal of Cereal Science 2 (1984) 15-24.
75. Fullington, J.G., Miskelly, D.M., Wrigley, C.W. and Kasarda, D.D. Quality-related endosperm proteins in sulfur-deficient and normal wheat grain. Journal of Cereal Science 5 (1987) 233-245.
76. Castle, S.L. and Randall, P.J. Effects of sulfur deficiency on the synthesis and accumulation of proteins in the developing wheat seed. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 14 (1987) 503-516.
77. Skerritt, J.H., Lew, P.Y. and Castle, S.L. Accumulation of gliadin and glutenin polypeptides during development of normal and sulphur-deficient wheat seed: analysis using specific monoclonal antibodies. Journal of Experimental Botany 39 (1988) 723-737.
78. MacRitchie, F. and Gupta, R.B. Functionality-composition relationships of wheat flour as a result of variation in sulfur availability. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44 (1993) 1767-1774.
79. Shewry, P.R., Halford, N.G. and Tatham, A.S. High molecular weight subunits of wheat glutenin. Journal of Cereal Science 15 (1992) 105-120.
80. Zhao, F.J., Salmon, S.E., Withers, P.J.A., Monaghan, J.M., Evans, E.J., Shewry, P.R. and McGrath, S.P. Variation in the breadmaking quality and rheological properties of wheat in relation to sulphur nutrition under field conditions. Journal of Cereal Science (1999), (in press).
81. Pritchard, P.E. and Brock, C.J. The glutenin fraction of wheat protein: the importance of genetic background on its quantity and quality. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 65 (1994) 401-406.
82. Graveland, A., Bosveld, P., Lichtendonk, W.J., Moonen, H.H.E. and Scheepstra, A. Extraction and fractionation of wheat flour proteins. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 33 (1982) 1117-1128.
83. Weegel, P.L., Hamer, R.J. and Schofield, J.D. Functional properties of wheat glutenin. Journal of Cereal Science 23 (1996) 1-18.
84. Shewry, P.R., Napier, J.A. and Tatham, A.S. Seed storage proteins: structures and biosynthesis. The Plant Cell 7 (1995) 945-956.
85. Vasil, I.K. and Anderson, O.D. Genetic engineering of wheat gluten. Trends in Plant Science 2 (1997) 292-297.
86. Frater, R., Hird, F.J.R., Moss, H.J. and Yates, J.R. A role for thiol and disulphide groups in determining the rheological properties of dough made from wheaten flour. Nature 186 (1960) 451-454.
87. Wall, J.S. Disulfide bonds: determination, location, and influence on molecular properties of proteins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 19 (1971) 619-625.
88. Shewry, P.R. and Tatham, A.S. Disulphide bonds in wheat gluten proteins. Journal of Cereal Science 25 (1997) 207-227.
89. Yoshino, D. and McCalla, A.G. The effects of sulfur content on the properties of wheat gluten. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry 44 (1966) 339-346.
90. Moss, H.J., Randall, P.J. and Wrigley, C.W. Alteration to grain, flour and dough quality in three wheat types with variation in soil sulfur supply. Journal of Cereal Science 1 (1983) 255-264.
91. Chen, X. and Schofield, J.D. Determination of proteinglutathione mixed disulfides in wheat flour. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 43 (1995) 2362-2368.
92. Grosch, W. Redox systems in dough. In 'Chemistry and Physics of Baking', (J.M.V. Blanshard, P.J. Frazier and T. Galliard, eds), Royal Society of Chemistry, London (1986) pp 179-198.
93. Sullivan, B., Howe, M. and Schmalz, F.D. On the presence of glutathione in wheat germ. Cereal Chemistry 13 (1936) 665-669.
94. Frater, R. and Hird, F.J.R. The reaction of glutathione with serum albumin, gluten and flour proteins. Biochemical Journal 88 (1963) 100-105.
95. Jones, I.K. and Carnegie, P.R. Rheological activity of peptides, simple disulphides and simple thiols in wheat dough. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 20 (1969) 60-64.
96. Chen, X. and Schofield, J.D. Effects of dough mixing and oxidising improvers on free reduced and free oxidised glutathione and protein-glutathione mixed disulphides of wheat flour. Zeitschrift fur Lebensmittel Untersuchung und Forschung 203 (1996) 255-261.
97. Coventry, D.R., Carnegie, P.R. and Jones, I.K. The total glutathione content and its relation to rheological properties of dough. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 23 (1972) 587-594.
98. Chen, X. and Schofield, J.D. Changes in the glutathione content and breadmaking performance of white wheat flour during short-term storage. Cereal Chemistry 73 (1996) 1-4.
99. Salmon, S.E., Greenwell, P. and Dampney, P.M.R. The effect of rate and timing of late nitrogen applications to breadmaking wheats as ammonium nitrate or foliar urea-N, and the effect of foliar sulphur application. II. Effect on milling and baking quality. Aspects of Applied Biology 25 (1990) 242-253.
100. Kettlewell, P.S., Griffiths, M.W., Hocking, T.J. and Wallington, D.J. Dependence of wheat extensibility on flour sulphur and nitrogen concentrations and the influence of foliar-applied sulphur and nitrogen. Journal of Cereal Science 28 (1998) 15-23.
101. Timms, M.F., Bottomley, R.C., Ellis, J.R.S. and Schofield, J.D. The baking quality and protein characteristics of a winter wheat grown at different levels of nitrogen fertilisation. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 32 (1981) 648-698.
102. Zhao, F.J., Withers, P.J.A., Salmon, S.E., Evans, E.J., Shewry, P.R. and McGrath, S.P. Sulphur nutrition: An important factor for the quality of wheat and rapeseed. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 43 (1997) 1137-1142.
103. Schnug, E., Haneklaus, S. and Murphy, D. Impact of sulphur supply on the baking quality of wheat. Aspects of Applied Biology 36 (1993) 337-345.
104. Payne, P.I. Genetics of wheat storage proteins and the effect of allelic variation on breadmaking quality. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 38 (1987) 141-153.
105. Zhao, F.J., Salmon, S.E., Withers, P.J.A., Monaghan, J.M., Evans, E.J., Shewry, P.R. and McGrath, S.P. Breadmaking quality responses of three wheat varieties to sulphur nutrition. Unpublished (1998).
106. Alary, R. and Kobrehel, K. The sulfhydryl plus disulfide content in the proteins of durum wheat and its relationship with the cooking quality of pasta. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 39 (1987) 13-136.
107. Kobrehel, K. and Alary, R. The role of a low molecular weigh glutenin fraction in the cooking quality of pasta. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 47 (1989) 487-500.
108. Barro, F., Rooke, L., Bekes, F., Gras, P., Tatham, A.S., Fido, R., Lazzeri, P.A., Shewry, P.R. and Barcelo, P. Transformation of wheat with high molecular weight subunit genes results in improved functional properties. Nature Biotechnology 15 (1997) 1295-1299.