Identity Through Time: Constructing Personal Pasts and Futures

Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology: Intraindividual Processes

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 518-544

  Ross, Michael ^a   Buehler, Roger ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Autobiographical memory; Behavior; Marriage; Sociability; Stress disorder

Indexed keywords

EID: 0002844530     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470998519.ch24     Document Type: Chapter

References (167)

1. Allende, I. (1995). Paula. New York: HarperCollins.
2. Anderson, R. C., & Pichert, J. W. (1978). Recall of previously unrecallable information following a shift in perspective. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 17, 1-12.
3. Armor, D. A., & Taylor, S. E. (1998). Situated optimism: Specific outcome expectancies and self-regulation. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 30 (pp. 309-379). New York: Academic Press.
4. Bahrick, H. P., Hall, L. K., & Berger, S. A. (1996). Accuracy and distortion in memory for high school grades. Psychological Science, 7, 265-271.
5. Bartlett, F. C. (1932). Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
6. Baumeister, R. F., & Newman, L. S. (1994). How stories make sense of personal experiences: Motives that shape autobiographical narratives. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, (6), 676-690.
7. Baumeister, R. F., Stillwell, A. M., & Wotman, S. R. (1990). Victim and perpetrator accounts of interpersonal conflict: Autobiographical narratives about anger. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 994-1005.
8. Baumeister, R. F., Wotman, S. R., & Stillwell, A. M. (1993). Unrequited love: On heartbreak, anger, guilt, scriptlessness and humiliation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 377- 394.
9. Boden, J. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1997). Repressive coping: Distraction using pleasant thoughts and memories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 45-62.
10. Bransford, J. D., & Franks, J. J. (1971). The abstraction of linguistic ideas. Cognitive Psychology, 2, 331-350.
11. Brewer. W. F. (1988). Memory for randomly sampled autobiographical events. In U. Neisser & E. Winograd (Eds.), Remembering reconsidered: Ecological and traditional approaches to the study of memory (pp. 21-90). New York: Cambridge University Press.
12. Bruner, J. S., & Goodman, C. C. (1947). Value and need as organizing factors in perception. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 42, 33-44.
13. Buehler, R., & Griffin, D. (1996). Getting things done: The impact of predictions on task completion. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Canada.
14. Buehler, R., & Griffin, D. (1998). Motivated prediction for self and others. Unpublished manuscript, Wilfrid Laurier University.
15. Buehler, R., Griffin, D., & MacDonald, H. (1997). The role of motivated reasoning in optimistic time predictions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 238-247.
16. Buehler, R., Griffin, D., & Ross, M. (1994). Exploring the "planning fallacy:" Why people underestimate their task completion times. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 366-381.
17. Bunn, D. W., & Salo, A. A. (1993). Forecasting with scenarios. European Journal of Operational Research, 68, 291-303.
18. Campbell, J. D., & Fairey, P. J. (1985). Effects of self-esteem, hypothetical explanations, and verbalization of expectancies on future performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1097-1111.
19. Cantor, N., Markus, H. R., Niedenthal, P., & Nurius, P. (1986). On motivation and the self concept. In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior (pp. 96-121). New York: Guilford Press.
20. Carlston, D. E., & Smith, E. R. (1996). Principles of mental representation. In E. T. Higgins & A. Kruglanski (Eds.), Socialpsychology: Handbook ofbasic principles (pp. 184-210). New York: Guilford Press.
21. Carroll, J. S. (1978). The effect of imagining an event on expectations for the event: An interpretation in terms of the availability heuristic. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 14, 88-96.
22. Ceci, S. J., Ross, D. F., & Toglia, M. P. (1987). Suggestibility of children's memory: Psycholegal implications. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 116, 38-49.
23. Christensen-Szalanski, J. J. (1984). Discount functions and the measurement of patients' values: Women's decisions during childbirth. Medical Decision Making, 4, 47-58.
24. Clark, M. S., & Isen, A. M. (1982). Toward understanding the relationship between feeling states and social behavior. In A. H. Hastorf & A. M. Isen (Eds.), Cognitive social psychology (pp. 73-108). New York: Elsevier/North Holland.
25. Conway, M., & Ross, M. (1984). Getting what you want by revising what you had. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 738-748.
26. Davis, C. G., Lehman, D. R., Wortman, C. B., Silver, R. C., & Thompson, S. C. (1995). The undoing of traumatic life events. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 109-124.
27. Dawes, R. M. (1988). Rational choice in an uncertain world. Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
28. Dixon, R. A., & Gould, O. N. (1996). Adults telling and retelling stories collaboratively. In P. B. Baltes & U. M. Staudinger (Eds.), Interactive minds: Life-span perspectives on the social foundation of cognition (pp. 221-241). New York: Cambridge University Press.
29. Dougherty, M. R. P., Gettys, C. F., & Thomas, R. P. (1997). The role of mental simulation in judgments of likelihood. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 70, 135-148.
30. Dunning, D., & Story, A. L. (1991). Depression, realism, and the overconfidence effect: Are the sadder wiser when predicting future action and events? Journal of Personality and Social Psychol-ogy, 61, 521-532.
31. Dweck, C. S. (1975). The role of expectations and attributions in the alleviation of learned helplessness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 674-685.
32. Dweck, C. S. (1990). Self-theories and goals: Their role in motivation, personality, and development. In R. A. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Perspectives on motivation, Vol. 38 (pp. 199-235). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
33. Feldman Barrett, L. (1997). The relationship among momentary emotional experiences, personality descriptions, and retrospective ratings of emotion. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 1100-1110.
34. Fischhoff, B. (1975). Hindsight is not equal to foresight: The effects of outcome knowledge on judgment under uncertainty. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1, 288-299.
35. Fischhoff, B., & Beyth, R. (1975). "I knew it would happen:" Remembered probabilities of once-future things. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 13, 1-16.
36. Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
37. Gilbert, D. T., Pinel, E. J., Wilson, T. D., Blumberg, S. J., & Wheatley, T. A. (1998). Immune neglect: A source of durability bias in affective forecasting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 617-638.
38. Gilovich, T. (1983). Biased evaluation and persistence in gambling. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 1110-1126.
39. Gilovich, T. (1991). How we know what isn 't so: The fallibility of reason in everyday life. New York: Free Press.
40. Gilovich, T., & Douglas, C. (1986). Biased evaluations of randomly determined gambling outcomes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22, 228-241.
41. Gilovich, T., Kerr, M., & Medvec, V. H. (1993). Effect of temporal perspective on subjective confidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 552-560.
42. Gollwitzer, P. M. (1993). Goal achievement: The role of intentions. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of psychology, Vol. 4 (pp. 141-185). Chichester UK: Wiley.
43. Gollwitzer, P. M. (1996). The volitional benefits of planning. In P. M. Gollwitzer & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior (pp. 287-312). New York: Guilford Press.
44. Gollwitzer, P. M., Heckhausen, H., & Steller, B. (1990). Deliberative and implemental mind-sets: Cognitive tuning toward congruous thoughts and information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1119-1127.
45. Granberg, D., & Brent, E. (1983). When prophecy bends: The preference-expectation link in US presidential elections, 1952-1980. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45 (3), 477-491.
46. Greenwald, A. G. (1980). The totalitarian ego: Fabrication and revision of personal history. American Psychologist, 35, 603-618.
47. Greenwald, A. G., Carnot, C. G., Beach, R., & Young, B. (1987). Increasing voting behavior by asking people if they expect to vote. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 315-318.
48. Gregory, W. L., Cialdini, R. B., & Carpenter, K. M. (1982). Self-relevant scenarios as mediators of likelihood estimates and compliance: Does imagining make it so? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 89-99.
49. Griffin, D. W., Dunning, D., & Ross, L. (1990). The role of construal processes in overconfident predictions about the self and others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1128-1139.
50. Hastie, R. (1981). Schematic principles in human memory. In E. T. Higgins, C. P. Herman, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Social cognition: The Ontario symposium, Vol. 1 (pp. 39-88). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
51. Herodotus (1996). Histories. Ware, UK: Wordsworth.
52. Hirt, E. R. (1990). Do I see only what I expect? Evidence for an expectancy-guided retrieval model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 937-951.
53. Hirt, E. R., & Markman, K. D. (1995). Multiple explanation: Aconsider-an-alternative strategy for debiasing judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1069-1086.
54. Hoch, S. J. (1984). Availability and interference in predictive judgment. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 10, 649-662.
55. Hoch, S. J. (1985). Counterfactual reasoning and accuracy in predicting personal events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 11, 719-731.
56. Hollingshead, A. B. (1998). Retrieval processes in transactive memory systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 659-671.
57. Holman, E. A., & Cohen-Silver, R. (1998). Getting "stuck" in the past: Temporal orientation and coping with trauma. Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology, 74, 1146-1163.
58. Hyman, I. E., Jr., & Pentland, J. (1996). The role of mental imagery in the creation of false childhood memories. Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 101-117.
59. Isen, A. M. (1987). Affect, cognition, and social behavior. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 20 (pp. 203-253). San Diego,CA: Academic Press.
60. Johnson, M. K., & Raye, C. L. (1981). Reality monitoring. Psychological Review, 88, 67-85.
61. Johnson, M. K., & Sherman, S. J. (1990). Constructing and reconstructing the past and the future in the present. In E. T. Higgins & R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and social cognition: Foundations of social behavior, Vol. 2 (pp.482-526). New York: Guilford Press.
62. Johnson, M. K., Hashtroudi, S., & Lindsay, D. S. (1993). Source monitoring. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 3-28.
63. Johnson, M. K., Raye, C. L., Wang, A. Y., & Taylor, T. H. (1979). Fact and fantasy: The roles of accuracy and variability in confusing imaginations with perceptual experiences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 5, 229-240.
64. Kahneman, D. (1994). New challenges to the rationality assumption. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 150, 18-36.
65. Kahneman, D., & Lovallo, D. (1993). Timid choices and bold forecasts: A cognitive perspective on risk taking. Management Science, 39, 17-31.
66. Kahneman, D., & Snell, J. (1992). Predicting a changing taste: Do people know what they will like? Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 5, 187-200.
67. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Intuitive prediction: Biases and corrective procedures. TIMS Studies in Management Science, 12, 313-327.
68. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1982a). The simulation heuristic. In D. Kahneman, P. Slovic, & A. Tversky (Eds.), Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases (pp. 201-208). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
69. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1982b). Variants of uncertainty. Cognition, 11, 143-157.
70. Karniol, R., & Ross, M. (1996). The motivational impact of temporal focus: Thinking about the future and the past. Annual Review of Psychology, 47, 593-620.
71. Klein, W. M., & Kunda, Z. (1993). Maintaining self-serving social comparisons: Biased reconstruction of one's past behaviors. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 732-739.
72. Koehler, D. J. (1991). Explanation, imagination, and confidence in judgment. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 499-519.
73. Kruglanski, A. (1989). Lay epistemics and human knowledge: Cognitive and motivational biases. New York: Plenum.
74. Kuhn, K. M., & Sniezek, J. A. (1996). Confidence and uncertainty in judgmental forecasting: Differential effects of scenario presentation. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 9, 231-247.
75. Kunda, Z. (1990). The case for motivated reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 480-490.
76. Lehman, D. R., & Taylor, S. E. (1988). Date with an earthquake: Coping with a probable, unpredictable disaster. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 13, 546-555.
77. Levi, A. S., & Pryor, J. B. (1987). Use of the availability heuristic in probability estimates of future events: The effects of imagining outcomes versus imagining reasons. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 40, 219-234.
78. Levine, L. J. (1997). Reconstructing memory for emotion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 126, 165-177.
79. Liberman, N., & Trope, Y. (1998). The role of feasibility and desirability considerations in near and distant future decisions: A test of temporal construal theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 5-18.
80. Linneman, R. E., & Klein, H. E. (1983). The use of multiple scenarios by US industrial companies: A comparison study, 1977-1981. Long Range Planning, 16, 94-101.
81. Linton, M. (1982). Transformations of memory in everyday life. In U. Neisser (Ed.), Memory observed (pp. 77-91). San Francisco: Freeman.
82. Loewenstein, G. (1996). Out of control: Visceral influences on behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 65, 272-292.
83. Loewenstein, G., & Schkade, D. (in press). Wouldn't it be nice? Predicting future feelings. In E. Diener, N. Schwarz, & D. Kahneman (Eds.), Foundations of hedonic psychology: Scientific perspectives on enjoyment and suffering. New York: Russell Sage Foundation Press.
84. Loftus, E. F. (1993). The reality of repressed memories. American Psychologist, 48, 518-537.
85. Lyubomirsky, S., Caldwell, N. D., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1998). Effects of ruminative and distracting responses to depressed mood on retrieval of autobiographical memories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 166-177.
86. McAdams, D. P. (1993). The stories we live by: Personal myths and the making of the self. New York: Morrow.
87. MacDonald, T. K., & Ross, M. (in press). Assessing the accuracy of prediction about dating relationship: How and why do lovers' predictions differ from those made by observers? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
88. McDonald, H. E., & Hirt, E. R. (1997). When expectancy meets desire: Motivational effects in reconstructive memory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 5-23.
89. McFarland, C., & Buehler, R. (1997). Negative affective states and the motivated retrieval of positive life events: The role of affect acknowledgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73,200-214.
90. McFarland, C., & Buehler, R. (in press). The impact of negative affect on autobiographical memory: The role of self-focused attention to moods. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
91. McFarland, C., & Ross, M. (1987). The relation between current impressions and memories of self and dating partners. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 13, 228-238.
92. McFarland, C., Ross, M., & Giltrow, M. (1992). Biased recollections in older adults: The role of implicit theories ofaging. Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology, 62, 837-850.
93. Makridakis, S. G. (1990). Forecasting, planning, and strategy for the 21st century. New York: Free Press.
94. Markus, H. (1977). Self-schemata and processing information about the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 63-78.
95. Markus, H., & Nurius, P. (1986). Possible selves. American Psychologist, 41, 954-969.
96. Markus, H., & Ruvolo, A. (1989). Possible selves: Personalized representations of goals. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Goal concepts in personality and social psychology (pp. 211-241). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
97. Martin, M. (1990). On the induction of mood. Clinical Psychology Review, 10, 669-697.
98. Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self and society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
99. Mead, G. H. (1964). Selected writings. Ed. A. J. Reck. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
100. Mischel, W. (1974). Processes in delay of gratification. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 7 (pp. 249-292). New York: Academic Press.
101. Mischel, W. (1996). Principles of self-regulation: The nature of willpower and self-control. In E. T. Higgins & A. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 329-360). New York: Guilford Press.
102. Moreland, R. L., Argote, L., & Krishman, R. (1996). Socially shared cognition at work: Transactive and group performance. InJ. L. Nye & A. M. Brower (Eds.), What's social about social cognition? Research on socially shared cognition in small groups (pp. 57-84). London: Sage.
103. Murray, S. L., & Holmes, J. G. (1993). Seeing virtues in faults: Negativity and the transformation of interpersonal narrative in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 707-722.
104. Neisser, U. (1967). Cognitive psychology. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
105. Neisser, U. (1981). John Dean's memory: A case study. Cognition, 9, 1-22.
106. Neisser, U., & Harsch, N. (1992). Phantom flashbulbs: False recollections of hearing the news about Challenger. In E. Winograd & U. Neisser (Eds.), Affect and accuracy in recall: Studies of "flashbulb" memories (pp. 9-31). NewYork: Cambridge University Press.
107. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991). A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 115-121.
108. Ofshe, R. J. (1992). Inadvertent hypnosis during interrogation: False confession due to dissociative state; misidentified multiple personality, and the satanic cult hypothesis. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 40, 125-156.
109. Olson, J. M., Roese, N. J., & Zanna, M. P. (1996). Expectancies. In E. T. Higgins & A. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 211-238). New York: Guilford Press.
110. Osberg, T. M., & Shrauger, J. S. (1986). Self-prediction: Exploring the parameters of accuracy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1044-1057.
111. Parrott, W. G., & Sabini, J. (1990). Mood and memory under natural conditions: Evidence for mood incongruent recall. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 321-336.
112. Pennebaker, J. W. (1990). Opening up: The healing power of confiding in others. New York: William Morrow.
113. Pham, L. B., & Taylor, S. E. (in press). From thought to action: Effects of process- versus outcome-based mental simulations on performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.
114. Platt, J. (1973). Social traps. American Psychologist, 28, 641-651.
115. Rawls, J. (1971). A theory of justice. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
116. Rehm, J. T., & Gadenne, V. (1990). Intuitive predictions and professional forecasts: Cognitive processes and social consequences. Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press.
117. Ross, H., Ross, M., Wilson, A., & Smith, M. (in press). The dandelion war. In S. R. Goldman, A. C. Graesser, and P. Van den Broek (Eds.), The Tom Trabasso Festschrift Volume. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
118. Ross, M. (1989). The relation of implicit theories to the construction of personal histories. Psychological Review, 96, 341-357.
119. Ross, M. (1997). Validating memories. In N. L. Stein, P. A. Ornstein, B. Tversky, & C. Brainerd (Eds.), Memory for everyday andemotionalevents (pp. 49-82). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
120. Ross, M., & Buehler, R. (1994). Creative remembering. In U. Neisser & R. Fivush (Eds.), The remembering self (pp. 205-235). New York: Cambridge University Press.
121. Ross, M., & Conway, M. (1986). Remembering one's own past: The construction of personal histories. In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior, Vol. 1 (pp. 122-144). New York: Guilford Press.
122. Ross, M., Buehler, R., & Karr, J. W. (1998). Assessing the accuracy of conflicting autobiographical memories. Memory and Cognition, 26, 1233-1244.
123. Ross, M., McFarland, C., & Fletcher, G. J. O. (1981). The effect of attitude on the recall of personal histories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 627-634.
124. Ross, M., McFarland, C., Conway, M., & Zanna, M. P. (1983). Reciprocal relation between attitudes and behavior recall: Committing people to newly formed attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 257-267.
125. Rouhana, N. N., & Bar-Tal, D. (1998). Psychological dynamics of intractable ethnonational conflicts. American Psychologist, 53, 761-770.
126. Salovey, P. (1992). Mood-induced self-focused attention. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 699-707.
127. Sanitioso, R., Kunda, Z., & Fong, G. T. (1990). Motivated recruitment of autobiographical memories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 229-241.
128. Savitsky, K., Medvec, V. H., Charlton, A. E., & Gilovich, T. (1998). "What, me worry?": Arousal, misattribution, and the effect of temporal distance on confidence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 529-536.
129. Schacter, D. L. (1996). Searching for memory. New York: Basic Books.
130. Schnaars, S. P., & Topol, M. T. (1987). The use of multiple scenarios in sales forecasting: An empirical test. International Journal of Forecasting, 3, 405-419.
131. Schoemaker, P. J. H. (1993). Multiple scenario development: Its conceptual and behavioral foundation. Strategic Management Journal, 14, 193-213.
132. Schwarz, N., Groves, R. M., & Schuman, H. (1998). Survey methods. InD.T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology. 4th. edn. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
133. Sedikides, C. (1992). Changes in the valence of the self as a function of mood. In M. S. Clark (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology, Vol. 14 (pp. 271-311). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
134. Shepperd, J. A., Ouellette, J. A., & Fernandez, J. K. (1996). Abandoning unrealistic optimism: Performance estimates and the temporal proximity of self-relevant feedback. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 844-855.
135. Sherman, R. T., & Anderson, C. A. (1987). Decreasing premature termination from psychotherapy. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 5, 298-312.
136. Sherman, S. J. (1980). On the self-erasing nature of errors of prediction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 211-221.
137. Sherman, S. J., Skov, R. B., Hervitz, E. F., & Stock, C. B. (1981). The effects of explaining hypothetical future events: From possibility to actuality and beyond. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 17, 142-158.
138. Showers, C. (1992). The motivational and emotional consequences of considering positive or negative possibilities for an upcoming event. Journal of Personality andSocial Psychology, 63, 474-484.
139. Shrauger, J. S., Mariano, E., & Walter, T. J. (1998). Depressive symptoms and accuracy in the prediction of future events. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 880-892.
140. Singer, J. L., & Salovey, P. (1988). Mood and memory: Evaluating the network theory of affect. Clinical Psychology Review, 8, 211-251.
141. Singer, J. L., & Salovey, P. (1993). The remembered self: Emotion and memory in personality. New York: Free Press.
142. Smith, J. (1996). Planning about life: Toward a social-interactive perspective. In P. B. Baltes & U. M. Staudinger (Eds.), Interactive minds: Life-span perspectives on the social foundation of cognition (pp. 242-275). New York: Cambridge University Press.
143. Smith, S. M., & Petty, R. E. (1995). Personality moderators of mood congruency effects on cognition. Journal of Personality a nd Social Psychology, 68, 1092-1107.
144. Spence, D. P. ( 1982). Narrative truth and historical truth: Meaning and interpretation in psychoanalysis. New York: Norton.
145. Spiro, R. J. (1977). Remembering information from text: Theoretical and empirical issues concerning the "state of schema" reconstruction hypothesis. In R. C. Anderson, R. J. Spiro, & W. E. Montague (Eds.), Schooling and the acquisition of knowledge(pp. 137-165). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
146. Stillwell, A. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1997). The construction of victim and perpetrator memories: Accuracy and distortion in role-based accounts. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 1157-1172.
147. Strack, F., Schwarz, N., & Gschneidinger, E. (1985). Happiness and reminiscing: The role of time perspective, affect, and mode of thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 1460-1469.
148. Taylor, K. M., & Sheppard, J. A. (1998). Bracing for the worst: Severity, testing, and feedback timing as moderators of the optimistic bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 915- 926.
149. Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988). Illusion and well-being: Asocial psychological perspective on mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 193-210.
150. Taylor, S. E., & Crocker, J. (1981). Schematic biases of social information processing. In E. T. Higgins, C. P. Herman, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Social cognition: The Ontario symposium, Vol. 1 (pp. 89-134). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
151. Taylor, S. E., & Schneider, S. K. (1989). Coping and the simulation of events. Social Cognition, 7, 174-194.
152. Taylor, S. E., Pham, L. B., Rivkin, I. D., & Armor, D. A. (1998). Harnessing the imagination: Mental simulation, self-regulation, and coping. American Psychologist, 53, 429-439.
153. Tetlock, P. E. (1998). Close-call counterfactuals and belief system defenses: I was not almost wrong but I was almost right. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 639-652.
154. Trope, Y. (1978). Inferences of personal characteristics on the basis of information retrieved from one's memory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 93-106.
155. Tulving, E. (1983). Elements of episodic memory. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. Usher, J. A., & Neisser, U. (1993). Childhood amnesia and the beginnings of memory for four early life events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122, 155-165.
156. Vallone, R., Griffin, D. W., Lin, S., & Ross, L. (1990). Overconfident prediction of future actions and outcomes by self and others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 582-592.
157. Vorauer, J., & Ross, M. (1993). Making mountains out of molehills: A diagnosticity bias in social perception. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 620-632.
158. Vorauer, J., & Ross, M. (1996). The pursuit of knowledge within close relationships: An informational goals analysis. In G. Fletcher and J. Fitness (Eds.), Knowledge structures in close relationships: A social psychological approach (pp. 369-398). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
159. Watson, J., & McFarland, C. (1995). The impact of recalling life events on mood: The role of current interpretation. Paper presented at the meeting of the Canadian Psychological Association, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island.
160. Wegner, D. M. (1987). Transactive memory: A contemporary analysis of the group mind. In B. Mullen & G. R. Goethals (Eds.), Theories of group behavior (pp. 185-208). New York: Springer-Verlag.
161. Wegner, D. M., Erber, R., & Raymond, P. (1991). Transactive memory in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 923-929.
162. Wilson, A. E., Celnar, C., & Ross, M. (1997). Siblings' self and other perceptions of past and present conflict. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Chicago.
163. Wilson, T. D. (1997). Affective forecasting and the durability bias: The problem of focalism. In D. T. Gilbert (Chair), Affective forecasting. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the Society of Experimental Social Psychology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
164. Wilson, T. D., & LaFleur, S. J. (1995). Knowing what you'll do: Effects analyzing reasons on self-prediction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68 (1), 21-35.
165. Wilson, T. D., & Linville, P. W. (1982). Improving the academic performance of college freshmen: Attribution theory revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 367-376.
166. Yates, J. F. (1990). Judgment and decision making. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
167. Zukier, H. (1986). The paradigmatic and narrative modes in goal-guided inference. In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior, Vol. 1 (pp. 465-502). New York: Guilford Press.