The ethics of "place": Reflections on bioregionalism

Environmental Ethics

Volumn 22, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 5-24

  Berthold Bond, Daniel ^a  

^a BARD COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0002603241     PISSN: 01634275     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5840/enviroethics200022146     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Steven Feld and Keith Basso, Senses of Place (Santa Fe: School of American Research, 1996); Irwin Altman and Setha Low, eds., Place Attachment (New York: Plenum, 1992); Eric Hirsch and Michael O'Hanlon, eds., The Anthropology of Landscape: Perspectives on Place and Space (Oxford: Clarendon, 1995); Gerald Creed and Barbara Ching, Knowing Your Place: Rural Identity and Cultural Hierarchy (New York: Routledge, 1997); Margaret Rodman, "Empowering Place: Multilocality and Multivocality," American Anthropologist 94.3 (1992): 640-56; Anthony Cohen, "A Sense of Time, a Sense of Place: the Meaning of Close Social Association in Whalsay, Shetland," in Belonging: Identity and Social Organisation in British Rural Cultures, ed. Anthony Cohen (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1982): 1-38; Arjun Appadurai, "Place and Voice in Anthropological Theory," Cultural Anthropology 3, no. 1 (1988): 16-20.
2. Steven Feld and Keith Basso, Senses of Place (Santa Fe: School of American Research, 1996); Irwin Altman and Setha Low, eds., Place Attachment (New York: Plenum, 1992); Eric Hirsch and Michael O'Hanlon, eds., The Anthropology of Landscape: Perspectives on Place and Space (Oxford: Clarendon, 1995); Gerald Creed and Barbara Ching, Knowing Your Place: Rural Identity and Cultural Hierarchy (New York: Routledge, 1997); Margaret Rodman, "Empowering Place: Multilocality and Multivocality," American Anthropologist 94.3 (1992): 640-56; Anthony Cohen, "A Sense of Time, a Sense of Place: the Meaning of Close Social Association in Whalsay, Shetland," in Belonging: Identity and Social Organisation in British Rural Cultures, ed. Anthony Cohen (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1982): 1-38; Arjun Appadurai, "Place and Voice in Anthropological Theory," Cultural Anthropology 3, no. 1 (1988): 16-20.
3. Steven Feld and Keith Basso, Senses of Place (Santa Fe: School of American Research, 1996); Irwin Altman and Setha Low, eds., Place Attachment (New York: Plenum, 1992); Eric Hirsch and Michael O'Hanlon, eds., The Anthropology of Landscape: Perspectives on Place and Space (Oxford: Clarendon, 1995); Gerald Creed and Barbara Ching, Knowing Your Place: Rural Identity and Cultural Hierarchy (New York: Routledge, 1997); Margaret Rodman, "Empowering Place: Multilocality and Multivocality," American Anthropologist 94.3 (1992): 640-56; Anthony Cohen, "A Sense of Time, a Sense of Place: the Meaning of Close Social Association in Whalsay, Shetland," in Belonging: Identity and Social Organisation in British Rural Cultures, ed. Anthony Cohen (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1982): 1-38; Arjun Appadurai, "Place and Voice in Anthropological Theory," Cultural Anthropology 3, no. 1 (1988): 16-20.
4. Steven Feld and Keith Basso, Senses of Place (Santa Fe: School of American Research, 1996); Irwin Altman and Setha Low, eds., Place Attachment (New York: Plenum, 1992); Eric Hirsch and Michael O'Hanlon, eds., The Anthropology of Landscape: Perspectives on Place and Space (Oxford: Clarendon, 1995); Gerald Creed and Barbara Ching, Knowing Your Place: Rural Identity and Cultural Hierarchy (New York: Routledge, 1997); Margaret Rodman, "Empowering Place: Multilocality and Multivocality," American Anthropologist 94.3 (1992): 640-56; Anthony Cohen, "A Sense of Time, a Sense of Place: the Meaning of Close Social Association in Whalsay, Shetland," in Belonging: Identity and Social Organisation in British Rural Cultures, ed. Anthony Cohen (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1982): 1-38; Arjun Appadurai, "Place and Voice in Anthropological Theory," Cultural Anthropology 3, no. 1 (1988): 16-20.
5. Steven Feld and Keith Basso, Senses of Place (Santa Fe: School of American Research, 1996); Irwin Altman and Setha Low, eds., Place Attachment (New York: Plenum, 1992); Eric Hirsch and Michael O'Hanlon, eds., The Anthropology of Landscape: Perspectives on Place and Space (Oxford: Clarendon, 1995); Gerald Creed and Barbara Ching, Knowing Your Place: Rural Identity and Cultural Hierarchy (New York: Routledge, 1997); Margaret Rodman, "Empowering Place: Multilocality and Multivocality," American Anthropologist 94.3 (1992): 640-56; Anthony Cohen, "A Sense of Time, a Sense of Place: the Meaning of Close Social Association in Whalsay, Shetland," in Belonging: Identity and Social Organisation in British Rural Cultures, ed. Anthony Cohen (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1982): 1-38; Arjun Appadurai, "Place and Voice in Anthropological Theory," Cultural Anthropology 3, no. 1 (1988): 16-20.
6. Steven Feld and Keith Basso, Senses of Place (Santa Fe: School of American Research, 1996); Irwin Altman and Setha Low, eds., Place Attachment (New York: Plenum, 1992); Eric Hirsch and Michael O'Hanlon, eds., The Anthropology of Landscape: Perspectives on Place and Space (Oxford: Clarendon, 1995); Gerald Creed and Barbara Ching, Knowing Your Place: Rural Identity and Cultural Hierarchy (New York: Routledge, 1997); Margaret Rodman, "Empowering Place: Multilocality and Multivocality," American Anthropologist 94.3 (1992): 640-56; Anthony Cohen, "A Sense of Time, a Sense of Place: the Meaning of Close Social Association in Whalsay, Shetland," in Belonging: Identity and Social Organisation in British Rural Cultures, ed. Anthony Cohen (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1982): 1-38; Arjun Appadurai, "Place and Voice in Anthropological Theory," Cultural Anthropology 3, no. 1 (1988): 16-20.
7. Steven Feld and Keith Basso, Senses of Place (Santa Fe: School of American Research, 1996); Irwin Altman and Setha Low, eds., Place Attachment (New York: Plenum, 1992); Eric Hirsch and Michael O'Hanlon, eds., The Anthropology of Landscape: Perspectives on Place and Space (Oxford: Clarendon, 1995); Gerald Creed and Barbara Ching, Knowing Your Place: Rural Identity and Cultural Hierarchy (New York: Routledge, 1997); Margaret Rodman, "Empowering Place: Multilocality and Multivocality," American Anthropologist 94.3 (1992): 640-56; Anthony Cohen, "A Sense of Time, a Sense of Place: the Meaning of Close Social Association in Whalsay, Shetland," in Belonging: Identity and Social Organisation in British Rural Cultures, ed. Anthony Cohen (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1982): 1-38; Arjun Appadurai, "Place and Voice in Anthropological Theory," Cultural Anthropology 3, no. 1 (1988): 16-20.
8. Edward Relph, Place and Placelessness (London: Pion, 1976); Yi-Fu Tuan, Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes, and Values (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1974); and Tuan, Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1977).
9. Edward Relph, Place and Placelessness (London: Pion, 1976); Yi-Fu Tuan, Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes, and Values (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1974); and Tuan, Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1977).
10. Edward Relph, Place and Placelessness (London: Pion, 1976); Yi-Fu Tuan, Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes, and Values (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1974); and Tuan, Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1977).
11. Ethics, Place and Environment 1 (1998), ed. Tim Unwin, University of London, UK.
12. Journal of Environmental and Architectural Phenomenology (Winter 1992), ed. David Seamon, Kansas State University.
13. Mick Smith, "Against the Enclosure of the Ethical Commons: Radical Environmentalism as an 'Ethics of Place,'" Environmental Ethics 19 (1997): 339-53; Holmes Rolston, III, "People, Population, Prosperity, and Place," in Noel Brown and Pierre Quibler, eds., Ethics and Agenda 21: Moral Implications of a Global Consensus (New York: United Nations Publications, 1994): 35-38; Mark Sagoff, "Settling America: The Concept of Place in Environmental Ethics," Journal of Energy, Natural Resources, and Environmental Law 12 (1992): 351-418; Bryan Norton and Bruce Hannon, "Environmental Values: A Place-Based Approach," Environmental Ethics 19 (1997): 227-45; Donald Seamon and Robert Mugerauer, eds., Dwelling, Place and Environment: Towards a Phenomenology of Person and World (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989); Edward Casey, Getting Back into Place: Toward a Renewed Understanding of the Place-World (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993); Max Oelschlaeger, "Ecofeminist Discourse on Place," in Rana Singh, ed., Environmental Ethics and the Power of Place: Festschrift to Arne Naess (National Geographical Society of India, 1994); J. Donald Hughes, "The Integrity of Nature and Respect for Place," in Singh, Environmental Ethics and the Power of Place.
14. Mick Smith, "Against the Enclosure of the Ethical Commons: Radical Environmentalism as an 'Ethics of Place,'" Environmental Ethics 19 (1997): 339-53; Holmes Rolston, III, "People, Population, Prosperity, and Place," in Noel Brown and Pierre Quibler, eds., Ethics and Agenda 21: Moral Implications of a Global Consensus (New York: United Nations Publications, 1994): 35-38; Mark Sagoff, "Settling America: The Concept of Place in Environmental Ethics," Journal of Energy, Natural Resources, and Environmental Law 12 (1992): 351-418; Bryan Norton and Bruce Hannon, "Environmental Values: A Place-Based Approach," Environmental Ethics 19 (1997): 227-45; Donald Seamon and Robert Mugerauer, eds., Dwelling, Place and Environment: Towards a Phenomenology of Person and World (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989); Edward Casey, Getting Back into Place: Toward a Renewed Understanding of the Place-World (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993); Max Oelschlaeger, "Ecofeminist Discourse on Place," in Rana Singh, ed., Environmental Ethics and the Power of Place: Festschrift to Arne Naess (National Geographical Society of India, 1994); J. Donald Hughes, "The Integrity of Nature and Respect for Place," in Singh, Environmental Ethics and the Power of Place.
15. Mick Smith, "Against the Enclosure of the Ethical Commons: Radical Environmentalism as an 'Ethics of Place,'" Environmental Ethics 19 (1997): 339-53; Holmes Rolston, III, "People, Population, Prosperity, and Place," in Noel Brown and Pierre Quibler, eds., Ethics and Agenda 21: Moral Implications of a Global Consensus (New York: United Nations Publications, 1994): 35-38; Mark Sagoff, "Settling America: The Concept of Place in Environmental Ethics," Journal of Energy, Natural Resources, and Environmental Law 12 (1992): 351-418; Bryan Norton and Bruce Hannon, "Environmental Values: A Place-Based Approach," Environmental Ethics 19 (1997): 227-45; Donald Seamon and Robert Mugerauer, eds., Dwelling, Place and Environment: Towards a Phenomenology of Person and World (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989); Edward Casey, Getting Back into Place: Toward a Renewed Understanding of the Place-World (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993); Max Oelschlaeger, "Ecofeminist Discourse on Place," in Rana Singh, ed., Environmental Ethics and the Power of Place: Festschrift to Arne Naess (National Geographical Society of India, 1994); J. Donald Hughes, "The Integrity of Nature and Respect for Place," in Singh, Environmental Ethics and the Power of Place.
16. Mick Smith, "Against the Enclosure of the Ethical Commons: Radical Environmentalism as an 'Ethics of Place,'" Environmental Ethics 19 (1997): 339-53; Holmes Rolston, III, "People, Population, Prosperity, and Place," in Noel Brown and Pierre Quibler, eds., Ethics and Agenda 21: Moral Implications of a Global Consensus (New York: United Nations Publications, 1994): 35-38; Mark Sagoff, "Settling America: The Concept of Place in Environmental Ethics," Journal of Energy, Natural Resources, and Environmental Law 12 (1992): 351-418; Bryan Norton and Bruce Hannon, "Environmental Values: A Place-Based Approach," Environmental Ethics 19 (1997): 227-45; Donald Seamon and Robert Mugerauer, eds., Dwelling, Place and Environment: Towards a Phenomenology of Person and World (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989); Edward Casey, Getting Back into Place: Toward a Renewed Understanding of the Place-World (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993); Max Oelschlaeger, "Ecofeminist Discourse on Place," in Rana Singh, ed., Environmental Ethics and the Power of Place: Festschrift to Arne Naess (National Geographical Society of India, 1994); J. Donald Hughes, "The Integrity of Nature and Respect for Place," in Singh, Environmental Ethics and the Power of Place.
17. Mick Smith, "Against the Enclosure of the Ethical Commons: Radical Environmentalism as an 'Ethics of Place,'" Environmental Ethics 19 (1997): 339-53; Holmes Rolston, III, "People, Population, Prosperity, and Place," in Noel Brown and Pierre Quibler, eds., Ethics and Agenda 21: Moral Implications of a Global Consensus (New York: United Nations Publications, 1994): 35-38; Mark Sagoff, "Settling America: The Concept of Place in Environmental Ethics," Journal of Energy, Natural Resources, and Environmental Law 12 (1992): 351-418; Bryan Norton and Bruce Hannon, "Environmental Values: A Place-Based Approach," Environmental Ethics 19 (1997): 227-45; Donald Seamon and Robert Mugerauer, eds., Dwelling, Place and Environment: Towards a Phenomenology of Person and World (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989); Edward Casey, Getting Back into Place: Toward a Renewed Understanding of the Place-World (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993); Max Oelschlaeger, "Ecofeminist Discourse on Place," in Rana Singh, ed., Environmental Ethics and the Power of Place: Festschrift to Arne Naess (National Geographical Society of India, 1994); J. Donald Hughes, "The Integrity of Nature and Respect for Place," in Singh, Environmental Ethics and the Power of Place.
18. Mick Smith, "Against the Enclosure of the Ethical Commons: Radical Environmentalism as an 'Ethics of Place,'" Environmental Ethics 19 (1997): 339-53; Holmes Rolston, III, "People, Population, Prosperity, and Place," in Noel Brown and Pierre Quibler, eds., Ethics and Agenda 21: Moral Implications of a Global Consensus (New York: United Nations Publications, 1994): 35-38; Mark Sagoff, "Settling America: The Concept of Place in Environmental Ethics," Journal of Energy, Natural Resources, and Environmental Law 12 (1992): 351-418; Bryan Norton and Bruce Hannon, "Environmental Values: A Place-Based Approach," Environmental Ethics 19 (1997): 227-45; Donald Seamon and Robert Mugerauer, eds., Dwelling, Place and Environment: Towards a Phenomenology of Person and World (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989); Edward Casey, Getting Back into Place: Toward a Renewed Understanding of the Place-World (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993); Max Oelschlaeger, "Ecofeminist Discourse on Place," in Rana Singh, ed., Environmental Ethics and the Power of Place: Festschrift to Arne Naess (National Geographical Society of India, 1994); J. Donald Hughes, "The Integrity of Nature and Respect for Place," in Singh, Environmental Ethics and the Power of Place.
19. Mick Smith, "Against the Enclosure of the Ethical Commons: Radical Environmentalism as an 'Ethics of Place,'" Environmental Ethics 19 (1997): 339-53; Holmes Rolston, III, "People, Population, Prosperity, and Place," in Noel Brown and Pierre Quibler, eds., Ethics and Agenda 21: Moral Implications of a Global Consensus (New York: United Nations Publications, 1994): 35-38; Mark Sagoff, "Settling America: The Concept of Place in Environmental Ethics," Journal of Energy, Natural Resources, and Environmental Law 12 (1992): 351-418; Bryan Norton and Bruce Hannon, "Environmental Values: A Place-Based Approach," Environmental Ethics 19 (1997): 227-45; Donald Seamon and Robert Mugerauer, eds., Dwelling, Place and Environment: Towards a Phenomenology of Person and World (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989); Edward Casey, Getting Back into Place: Toward a Renewed Understanding of the Place-World (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993); Max Oelschlaeger, "Ecofeminist Discourse on Place," in Rana Singh, ed., Environmental Ethics and the Power of Place: Festschrift to Arne Naess (National Geographical Society of India, 1994); J. Donald Hughes, "The Integrity of Nature and Respect for Place," in Singh, Environmental Ethics and the Power of Place.
20. Mick Smith, "Against the Enclosure of the Ethical Commons: Radical Environmentalism as an 'Ethics of Place,'" Environmental Ethics 19 (1997): 339-53; Holmes Rolston, III, "People, Population, Prosperity, and Place," in Noel Brown and Pierre Quibler, eds., Ethics and Agenda 21: Moral Implications of a Global Consensus (New York: United Nations Publications, 1994): 35-38; Mark Sagoff, "Settling America: The Concept of Place in Environmental Ethics," Journal of Energy, Natural Resources, and Environmental Law 12 (1992): 351-418; Bryan Norton and Bruce Hannon, "Environmental Values: A Place-Based Approach," Environmental Ethics 19 (1997): 227-45; Donald Seamon and Robert Mugerauer, eds., Dwelling, Place and Environment: Towards a Phenomenology of Person and World (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989); Edward Casey, Getting Back into Place: Toward a Renewed Understanding of the Place-World (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993); Max Oelschlaeger, "Ecofeminist Discourse on Place," in Rana Singh, ed., Environmental Ethics and the Power of Place: Festschrift to Arne Naess (National Geographical Society of India, 1994); J. Donald Hughes, "The Integrity of Nature and Respect for Place," in Singh, Environmental Ethics and the Power of Place.
21. Special session of the Society for Phenomenology and the Human Sciences on "Phenomenologies of Place," University Park, Pennsylvania, October, 1982.
22. Peter Berg and Raymond Dasmann, "Reinhabiting California," in Reinhabiting a Separate Country: A Bioregional Anthology of Northern California, ed. Peter Berg (San Francisco: Planet Drum Foundation, 1978), pp. 217-18.
23. While I am claiming that the more "subjective" geography of place suggested by bioregional theory "subverts" the more literalistic, "objective" definition, I do not claim that the two are inherently incompatible. The point is that "objective" definitions are not sufficient unto themselves. I return to this issue later in the article.
24. Jim Dodge, "Living by Life: Some Bioregional Theory and Practice," The CoEvolution Quarterly 32 (1981), reprinted in Radical Environmentalism: Philosophy and Tactics, ed. Peter List (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1993), p. 108.
25. Jim Dodge, "Living by Life: Some Bioregional Theory and Practice," The CoEvolution Quarterly 32 (1981), reprinted in Radical Environmentalism: Philosophy and Tactics, ed. Peter List (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1993), p. 108.
26. For a few discussions of moral standing written from the perspective of environmental ethics, see Robin Attfield, "Biocentrism, Moral Standing and Moral Significance," Philosophica 39 (1987): 47-58; Andrew Brennan, "The Moral Standing of Natural Objects," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 35-56; Alastair Gunn, "Environmental Ethics and Tropical Rain Forests: Should Greens Have Standing?" Environmental Ethics 16 (1994): 21-41; Wayne Sumner, Donald Callen, and Thomas Attig, eds., Values and Moral Standing, vol. 8 (Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University Studies in Applied Philosophy, 1986); and Christopher Stone's now classic Should Trees Have Standing? - Towards Legal Rights for Natural Objects (Los Altos, Calif.: W. Kaufmann, 1974).
27. For a few discussions of moral standing written from the perspective of environmental ethics, see Robin Attfield, "Biocentrism, Moral Standing and Moral Significance," Philosophica 39 (1987): 47-58; Andrew Brennan, "The Moral Standing of Natural Objects," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 35-56; Alastair Gunn, "Environmental Ethics and Tropical Rain Forests: Should Greens Have Standing?" Environmental Ethics 16 (1994): 21-41; Wayne Sumner, Donald Callen, and Thomas Attig, eds., Values and Moral Standing, vol. 8 (Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University Studies in Applied Philosophy, 1986); and Christopher Stone's now classic Should Trees Have Standing? - Towards Legal Rights for Natural Objects (Los Altos, Calif.: W. Kaufmann, 1974).
28. For a few discussions of moral standing written from the perspective of environmental ethics, see Robin Attfield, "Biocentrism, Moral Standing and Moral Significance," Philosophica 39 (1987): 47-58; Andrew Brennan, "The Moral Standing of Natural Objects," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 35-56; Alastair Gunn, "Environmental Ethics and Tropical Rain Forests: Should Greens Have Standing?" Environmental Ethics 16 (1994): 21-41; Wayne Sumner, Donald Callen, and Thomas Attig, eds., Values and Moral Standing, vol. 8 (Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University Studies in Applied Philosophy, 1986); and Christopher Stone's now classic Should Trees Have Standing? - Towards Legal Rights for Natural Objects (Los Altos, Calif.: W. Kaufmann, 1974).
29. For a few discussions of moral standing written from the perspective of environmental ethics, see Robin Attfield, "Biocentrism, Moral Standing and Moral Significance," Philosophica 39 (1987): 47-58; Andrew Brennan, "The Moral Standing of Natural Objects," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 35-56; Alastair Gunn, "Environmental Ethics and Tropical Rain Forests: Should Greens Have Standing?" Environmental Ethics 16 (1994): 21-41; Wayne Sumner, Donald Callen, and Thomas Attig, eds., Values and Moral Standing, vol. 8 (Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University Studies in Applied Philosophy, 1986); and Christopher Stone's now classic Should Trees Have Standing? - Towards Legal Rights for Natural Objects (Los Altos, Calif.: W. Kaufmann, 1974).
30. For a few discussions of moral standing written from the perspective of environmental ethics, see Robin Attfield, "Biocentrism, Moral Standing and Moral Significance," Philosophica 39 (1987): 47-58; Andrew Brennan, "The Moral Standing of Natural Objects," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 35-56; Alastair Gunn, "Environmental Ethics and Tropical Rain Forests: Should Greens Have Standing?" Environmental Ethics 16 (1994): 21-41; Wayne Sumner, Donald Callen, and Thomas Attig, eds., Values and Moral Standing, vol. 8 (Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University Studies in Applied Philosophy, 1986); and Christopher Stone's now classic Should Trees Have Standing? - Towards Legal Rights for Natural Objects (Los Altos, Calif.: W. Kaufmann, 1974).
31. This argument is made by countless writers in the field of environmental ethics. For a good history, see Roderick Nash, The Rights of Nature: A History of Environmental Ethics (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989).
32. See, for example, David Ehrenfeld, The Arrogance of Humanism (New York: Oxford University Press 1978); Elizabeth Harlow, "The Human Face of Nature: Environmental Values and the Limits of Nonanthropocentrism," Environmental Ethics 14 (1992): 27-42; Bryan Norton, "Environmental Ethics and Weak Anthropocentrism," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 131-48; Norton, "Why I am Not a Nonanthropocentrist: Callicott and the Failure of Monistic Inherentism," Environmental Ethics 17 (1995): 341-58; Donald Scherer, "Anthropocentrism, Atomism, and Environmental Ethics," Environmental Ethics 4 (1982): 115-23; Henryk Skolimowski, "The Dogma of Anti-Anthropocentrism and Ecophilosophy," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 283-88; Milton Snoeyenbos, "A Critique of Ehrenfeld's Views on Humanism and the Environment," Environmental Ethics 3 (1981): 231-35; James Sterba, "A Biocentrist Strikes Back," Environmental Ethics 20 (1998): 361-76; Paul Taylor, "In Defense of Biocentrism," Environmental Ethics 5 (1983): 237-43; and Richard Watson, "A Critique of Anti-Anthropocentric Biocentrism," Environmental Ethics 5 (1983): 245-56.
33. See, for example, David Ehrenfeld, The Arrogance of Humanism (New York: Oxford University Press 1978); Elizabeth Harlow, "The Human Face of Nature: Environmental Values and the Limits of Nonanthropocentrism," Environmental Ethics 14 (1992): 27-42; Bryan Norton, "Environmental Ethics and Weak Anthropocentrism," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 131-48; Norton, "Why I am Not a Nonanthropocentrist: Callicott and the Failure of Monistic Inherentism," Environmental Ethics 17 (1995): 341-58; Donald Scherer, "Anthropocentrism, Atomism, and Environmental Ethics," Environmental Ethics 4 (1982): 115-23; Henryk Skolimowski, "The Dogma of Anti-Anthropocentrism and Ecophilosophy," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 283-88; Milton Snoeyenbos, "A Critique of Ehrenfeld's Views on Humanism and the Environment," Environmental Ethics 3 (1981): 231-35; James Sterba, "A Biocentrist Strikes Back," Environmental Ethics 20 (1998): 361-76; Paul Taylor, "In Defense of Biocentrism," Environmental Ethics 5 (1983): 237-43; and Richard Watson, "A Critique of Anti-Anthropocentric Biocentrism," Environmental Ethics 5 (1983): 245-56.
34. See, for example, David Ehrenfeld, The Arrogance of Humanism (New York: Oxford University Press 1978); Elizabeth Harlow, "The Human Face of Nature: Environmental Values and the Limits of Nonanthropocentrism," Environmental Ethics 14 (1992): 27-42; Bryan Norton, "Environmental Ethics and Weak Anthropocentrism," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 131-48; Norton, "Why I am Not a Nonanthropocentrist: Callicott and the Failure of Monistic Inherentism," Environmental Ethics 17 (1995): 341-58; Donald Scherer, "Anthropocentrism, Atomism, and Environmental Ethics," Environmental Ethics 4 (1982): 115-23; Henryk Skolimowski, "The Dogma of Anti-Anthropocentrism and Ecophilosophy," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 283-88; Milton Snoeyenbos, "A Critique of Ehrenfeld's Views on Humanism and the Environment," Environmental Ethics 3 (1981): 231-35; James Sterba, "A Biocentrist Strikes Back," Environmental Ethics 20 (1998): 361-76; Paul Taylor, "In Defense of Biocentrism," Environmental Ethics 5 (1983): 237-43; and Richard Watson, "A Critique of Anti-Anthropocentric Biocentrism," Environmental Ethics 5 (1983): 245-56.
35. See, for example, David Ehrenfeld, The Arrogance of Humanism (New York: Oxford University Press 1978); Elizabeth Harlow, "The Human Face of Nature: Environmental Values and the Limits of Nonanthropocentrism," Environmental Ethics 14 (1992): 27-42; Bryan Norton, "Environmental Ethics and Weak Anthropocentrism," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 131-48; Norton, "Why I am Not a Nonanthropocentrist: Callicott and the Failure of Monistic Inherentism," Environmental Ethics 17 (1995): 341-58; Donald Scherer, "Anthropocentrism, Atomism, and Environmental Ethics," Environmental Ethics 4 (1982): 115-23; Henryk Skolimowski, "The Dogma of Anti-Anthropocentrism and Ecophilosophy," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 283-88; Milton Snoeyenbos, "A Critique of Ehrenfeld's Views on Humanism and the Environment," Environmental Ethics 3 (1981): 231-35; James Sterba, "A Biocentrist Strikes Back," Environmental Ethics 20 (1998): 361-76; Paul Taylor, "In Defense of Biocentrism," Environmental Ethics 5 (1983): 237-43; and Richard Watson, "A Critique of Anti-Anthropocentric Biocentrism," Environmental Ethics 5 (1983): 245-56.
36. See, for example, David Ehrenfeld, The Arrogance of Humanism (New York: Oxford University Press 1978); Elizabeth Harlow, "The Human Face of Nature: Environmental Values and the Limits of Nonanthropocentrism," Environmental Ethics 14 (1992): 27-42; Bryan Norton, "Environmental Ethics and Weak Anthropocentrism," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 131-48; Norton, "Why I am Not a Nonanthropocentrist: Callicott and the Failure of Monistic Inherentism," Environmental Ethics 17 (1995): 341-58; Donald Scherer, "Anthropocentrism, Atomism, and Environmental Ethics," Environmental Ethics 4 (1982): 115-23; Henryk Skolimowski, "The Dogma of Anti-Anthropocentrism and Ecophilosophy," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 283-88; Milton Snoeyenbos, "A Critique of Ehrenfeld's Views on Humanism and the Environment," Environmental Ethics 3 (1981): 231-35; James Sterba, "A Biocentrist Strikes Back," Environmental Ethics 20 (1998): 361-76; Paul Taylor, "In Defense of Biocentrism," Environmental Ethics 5 (1983): 237-43; and Richard Watson, "A Critique of Anti-Anthropocentric Biocentrism," Environmental Ethics 5 (1983): 245-56.
37. See, for example, David Ehrenfeld, The Arrogance of Humanism (New York: Oxford University Press 1978); Elizabeth Harlow, "The Human Face of Nature: Environmental Values and the Limits of Nonanthropocentrism," Environmental Ethics 14 (1992): 27-42; Bryan Norton, "Environmental Ethics and Weak Anthropocentrism," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 131-48; Norton, "Why I am Not a Nonanthropocentrist: Callicott and the Failure of Monistic Inherentism," Environmental Ethics 17 (1995): 341-58; Donald Scherer, "Anthropocentrism, Atomism, and Environmental Ethics," Environmental Ethics 4 (1982): 115-23; Henryk Skolimowski, "The Dogma of Anti-Anthropocentrism and Ecophilosophy," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 283-88; Milton Snoeyenbos, "A Critique of Ehrenfeld's Views on Humanism and the Environment," Environmental Ethics 3 (1981): 231-35; James Sterba, "A Biocentrist Strikes Back," Environmental Ethics 20 (1998): 361-76; Paul Taylor, "In Defense of Biocentrism," Environmental Ethics 5 (1983): 237-43; and Richard Watson, "A Critique of Anti-Anthropocentric Biocentrism," Environmental Ethics 5 (1983): 245-56.
38. See, for example, David Ehrenfeld, The Arrogance of Humanism (New York: Oxford University Press 1978); Elizabeth Harlow, "The Human Face of Nature: Environmental Values and the Limits of Nonanthropocentrism," Environmental Ethics 14 (1992): 27-42; Bryan Norton, "Environmental Ethics and Weak Anthropocentrism," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 131-48; Norton, "Why I am Not a Nonanthropocentrist: Callicott and the Failure of Monistic Inherentism," Environmental Ethics 17 (1995): 341-58; Donald Scherer, "Anthropocentrism, Atomism, and Environmental Ethics," Environmental Ethics 4 (1982): 115-23; Henryk Skolimowski, "The Dogma of Anti-Anthropocentrism and Ecophilosophy," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 283-88; Milton Snoeyenbos, "A Critique of Ehrenfeld's Views on Humanism and the Environment," Environmental Ethics 3 (1981): 231-35; James Sterba, "A Biocentrist Strikes Back," Environmental Ethics 20 (1998): 361-76; Paul Taylor, "In Defense of Biocentrism," Environmental Ethics 5 (1983): 237-43; and Richard Watson, "A Critique of Anti-Anthropocentric Biocentrism," Environmental Ethics 5 (1983): 245-56.
39. See, for example, David Ehrenfeld, The Arrogance of Humanism (New York: Oxford University Press 1978); Elizabeth Harlow, "The Human Face of Nature: Environmental Values and the Limits of Nonanthropocentrism," Environmental Ethics 14 (1992): 27-42; Bryan Norton, "Environmental Ethics and Weak Anthropocentrism," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 131-48; Norton, "Why I am Not a Nonanthropocentrist: Callicott and the Failure of Monistic Inherentism," Environmental Ethics 17 (1995): 341-58; Donald Scherer, "Anthropocentrism, Atomism, and Environmental Ethics," Environmental Ethics 4 (1982): 115-23; Henryk Skolimowski, "The Dogma of Anti-Anthropocentrism and Ecophilosophy," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 283-88; Milton Snoeyenbos, "A Critique of Ehrenfeld's Views on Humanism and the Environment," Environmental Ethics 3 (1981): 231-35; James Sterba, "A Biocentrist Strikes Back," Environmental Ethics 20 (1998): 361-76; Paul Taylor, "In Defense of Biocentrism," Environmental Ethics 5 (1983): 237-43; and Richard Watson, "A Critique of Anti-Anthropocentric Biocentrism," Environmental Ethics 5 (1983): 245-56.
40. See, for example, David Ehrenfeld, The Arrogance of Humanism (New York: Oxford University Press 1978); Elizabeth Harlow, "The Human Face of Nature: Environmental Values and the Limits of Nonanthropocentrism," Environmental Ethics 14 (1992): 27-42; Bryan Norton, "Environmental Ethics and Weak Anthropocentrism," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 131-48; Norton, "Why I am Not a Nonanthropocentrist: Callicott and the Failure of Monistic Inherentism," Environmental Ethics 17 (1995): 341-58; Donald Scherer, "Anthropocentrism, Atomism, and Environmental Ethics," Environmental Ethics 4 (1982): 115-23; Henryk Skolimowski, "The Dogma of Anti-Anthropocentrism and Ecophilosophy," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 283-88; Milton Snoeyenbos, "A Critique of Ehrenfeld's Views on Humanism and the Environment," Environmental Ethics 3 (1981): 231-35; James Sterba, "A Biocentrist Strikes Back," Environmental Ethics 20 (1998): 361-76; Paul Taylor, "In Defense of Biocentrism," Environmental Ethics 5 (1983): 237-43; and Richard Watson, "A Critique of Anti-Anthropocentric Biocentrism," Environmental Ethics 5 (1983): 245-56.
41. See, for example, David Ehrenfeld, The Arrogance of Humanism (New York: Oxford University Press 1978); Elizabeth Harlow, "The Human Face of Nature: Environmental Values and the Limits of Nonanthropocentrism," Environmental Ethics 14 (1992): 27-42; Bryan Norton, "Environmental Ethics and Weak Anthropocentrism," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 131-48; Norton, "Why I am Not a Nonanthropocentrist: Callicott and the Failure of Monistic Inherentism," Environmental Ethics 17 (1995): 341-58; Donald Scherer, "Anthropocentrism, Atomism, and Environmental Ethics," Environmental Ethics 4 (1982): 115-23; Henryk Skolimowski, "The Dogma of Anti-Anthropocentrism and Ecophilosophy," Environmental Ethics 6 (1984): 283-88; Milton Snoeyenbos, "A Critique of Ehrenfeld's Views on Humanism and the Environment," Environmental Ethics 3 (1981): 231-35; James Sterba, "A Biocentrist Strikes Back," Environmental Ethics 20 (1998): 361-76; Paul Taylor, "In Defense of Biocentrism," Environmental Ethics 5 (1983): 237-43; and Richard Watson, "A Critique of Anti-Anthropocentric Biocentrism," Environmental Ethics 5 (1983): 245-56.
42. See Martin Heidegger, The Question Concerning Technology, trans. William Lovitt, in Martin Heidegger: Basic Writings, ed. David Farrell Krell (New York: Harper and Row, 1977), p. 298.
43. Aldo Leopold, "The Land Ethic," in A Sand Country Almanac and Sketches Here and There (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1949), pp. 203-04.
44. See Berg and Dasmann, "Reinhabiting California," p. 217; and Gary Snyder, The Practice of the Wild (San Francisco: North Point Press, 1990), p. 25.
45. See Berg and Dasmann, "Reinhabiting California," p. 217; and Gary Snyder, The Practice of the Wild (San Francisco: North Point Press, 1990), p. 25.
46. Dodge, "Living by Life," p. 112.
47. Ibid., p. 108.
48. Editorial, "An Integrating Idea," The New Catalyst 1, no. 2 (1986): 2; cited by Donald Alexander, "Bioregionalism: Science or Sensibility?" Environmental Ethics 12 (1990): 163.
49. Editorial, "An Integrating Idea," The New Catalyst 1, no. 2 (1986): 2; cited by Donald Alexander, "Bioregionalism: Science or Sensibility?" Environmental Ethics 12 (1990): 163.
50. Peter Berg, "Growing a Life-Place Politics," in Raise the Stakes: The Planet Drum Review 8 (1983); reprinted in List, Radical Environmentalism, pp. 236, 243 (emphasis added).
51. Peter Berg, "Growing a Life-Place Politics," in Raise the Stakes: The Planet Drum Review 8 (1983); reprinted in List, Radical Environmentalism, pp. 236, 243 (emphasis added).
52. Snyder, Practice of the Wild, p. 37.
53. Ibid., p. 29.
54. Kirkpatrick Sale, Dwellers in the Land: The Bioregional Vision (Philadelphia: New Society Publishers, 1991), p. 43.
55. I am aware that this is a very quick characterization of deep ecology and as such that it glosses over a great deal of the subtlety and complexity with which it formulates its biocentric outlook. While I believe that any deep ecologist would agree with what I have said in this sentence, there remains the question as to just what these ideas entail. More particularly, there remains the question of whether what is said in the next paragraph amounts to an unfair simplification (e.g., where I talk about the invocation of a "notion of a primordial author [Gaea, Nature] of a 'given' text [natural regions and their inherent qualities] which only mystifies the relation between nature and culture"). If so, I am happy to recant. My point is only to warn against any stance that is too naturalistic or romantic - a stance which is at the very least suggested by some bioregionalist literature - and certainly not to polarize debate and conversation. For statements of the principles of "biocentrism," "intrinsic value," and "self-realization" through submergence in the Whole of nature within deep ecology, see, for example, Arne Naess, "The Shallow and the Deep, Long-Range Ecology Movement: A Summary," Inquiry 16 (1973): 95-100 (this is the article in which Naess coined the term deep ecology); Bill Devall, Simple in Means, Rich in Ends: Practicing Deep Ecology (Peregrine Smith, 1988); Bill Devall and George Sessions, eds., Deep Ecology: Living as if the Earth Mattered (Gibbs Smith, 1985); and Michael Tobias, ed., Deep Ecology (San Diego, 1985).
56. I am aware that this is a very quick characterization of deep ecology and as such that it glosses over a great deal of the subtlety and complexity with which it formulates its biocentric outlook. While I believe that any deep ecologist would agree with what I have said in this sentence, there remains the question as to just what these ideas entail. More particularly, there remains the question of whether what is said in the next paragraph amounts to an unfair simplification (e.g., where I talk about the invocation of a "notion of a primordial author [Gaea, Nature] of a 'given' text [natural regions and their inherent qualities] which only mystifies the relation between nature and culture"). If so, I am happy to recant. My point is only to warn against any stance that is too naturalistic or romantic - a stance which is at the very least suggested by some bioregionalist literature - and certainly not to polarize debate and conversation. For statements of the principles of "biocentrism," "intrinsic value," and "self-realization" through submergence in the Whole of nature within deep ecology, see, for example, Arne Naess, "The Shallow and the Deep, Long-Range Ecology Movement: A Summary," Inquiry 16 (1973): 95-100 (this is the article in which Naess coined the term deep ecology); Bill Devall, Simple in Means, Rich in Ends: Practicing Deep Ecology (Peregrine Smith, 1988); Bill Devall and George Sessions, eds., Deep Ecology: Living as if the Earth Mattered (Gibbs Smith, 1985); and Michael Tobias, ed., Deep Ecology (San Diego, 1985).
57. I am aware that this is a very quick characterization of deep ecology and as such that it glosses over a great deal of the subtlety and complexity with which it formulates its biocentric outlook. While I believe that any deep ecologist would agree with what I have said in this sentence, there remains the question as to just what these ideas entail. More particularly, there remains the question of whether what is said in the next paragraph amounts to an unfair simplification (e.g., where I talk about the invocation of a "notion of a primordial author [Gaea, Nature] of a 'given' text [natural regions and their inherent qualities] which only mystifies the relation between nature and culture"). If so, I am happy to recant. My point is only to warn against any stance that is too naturalistic or romantic - a stance which is at the very least suggested by some bioregionalist literature - and certainly not to polarize debate and conversation. For statements of the principles of "biocentrism," "intrinsic value," and "self-realization" through submergence in the Whole of nature within deep ecology, see, for example, Arne Naess, "The Shallow and the Deep, Long-Range Ecology Movement: A Summary," Inquiry 16 (1973): 95-100 (this is the article in which Naess coined the term deep ecology); Bill Devall, Simple in Means, Rich in Ends: Practicing Deep Ecology (Peregrine Smith, 1988); Bill Devall and George Sessions, eds., Deep Ecology: Living as if the Earth Mattered (Gibbs Smith, 1985); and Michael Tobias, ed., Deep Ecology (San Diego, 1985).
58. I am aware that this is a very quick characterization of deep ecology and as such that it glosses over a great deal of the subtlety and complexity with which it formulates its biocentric outlook. While I believe that any deep ecologist would agree with what I have said in this sentence, there remains the question as to just what these ideas entail. More particularly, there remains the question of whether what is said in the next paragraph amounts to an unfair simplification (e.g., where I talk about the invocation of a "notion of a primordial author [Gaea, Nature] of a 'given' text [natural regions and their inherent qualities] which only mystifies the relation between nature and culture"). If so, I am happy to recant. My point is only to warn against any stance that is too naturalistic or romantic - a stance which is at the very least suggested by some bioregionalist literature - and certainly not to polarize debate and conversation. For statements of the principles of "biocentrism," "intrinsic value," and "self-realization" through submergence in the Whole of nature within deep ecology, see, for example, Arne Naess, "The Shallow and the Deep, Long-Range Ecology Movement: A Summary," Inquiry 16 (1973): 95-100 (this is the article in which Naess coined the term deep ecology); Bill Devall, Simple in Means, Rich in Ends: Practicing Deep Ecology (Peregrine Smith, 1988); Bill Devall and George Sessions, eds., Deep Ecology: Living as if the Earth Mattered (Gibbs Smith, 1985); and Michael Tobias, ed., Deep Ecology (San Diego, 1985).
59. Sale, Dwellers in the Land, p. 55.
60. Cited in Snyder, Practice of the Wild, p. 37.
61. Alexander, "Science or Sensibility?" pp. 161, 164, 167.
62. Goethe, Faust, part I, "Faust's Study," scene iii.
63. Wordsworth, The Tables Turned, stanzas 6, 7.
64. William Westfall, "On the Concept of Region in Canadian History and Literature," Journal of Canadian Studies 15, no. 2 (1980): 7; cited by Alexander, "Science or Sensibility?" p. 168.
65. William Westfall, "On the Concept of Region in Canadian History and Literature," Journal of Canadian Studies 15, no. 2 (1980): 7; cited by Alexander, "Science or Sensibility?" p. 168.
66. J. Lewis Robinson, Concepts and Themes in the Regional Geography of Canada (Vancouver: Talonbooks, 1983), p. 14; cited by Alexander, "Science or Sensibility?" p. 168.
67. J. Lewis Robinson, Concepts and Themes in the Regional Geography of Canada (Vancouver: Talonbooks, 1983), p. 14; cited by Alexander, "Science or Sensibility?" p. 168.
68. Edward Relph, "Geographical Experiences and Being-in-the-world: The Phenomenological Origins of Geography," in Seamon and Mugerauer, Dwelling, Place, and Environment, pp. 26, 27.
69. Francis Violich, "Towards Revealing the Sense of Place: An Intuitive 'Reading' of Four Dalmatian Towns," in Seamon and Mugerauer, Dwelling, Place, and Environment, p. 113.
70. Dodge, "Bioregional Theory and Practice," p. 109 (emphasis added).
71. Ibid., pp. 109-10.
72. Alexander, "Science or Sensibility?" p. 168.
73. Lewis Mumford, The Culture of Cities (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1938), p. 367; quoted in Alexander, "Science or Sensibility?" p. 172.
74. Lewis Mumford, The Culture of Cities (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1938), p. 367; quoted in Alexander, "Science or Sensibility?" p. 172.
75. Botond Bognar, "Phenomenological Approach to Architecture," in Seamon and Mugerauer, Dwelling, Place, and Environment, p. 188. Christopher Alexander's phrase, "quality without a name," is cited from The Timeless Way of Building (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), p. 19.
76. Botond Bognar, "Phenomenological Approach to Architecture," in Seamon and Mugerauer, Dwelling, Place, and Environment, p. 188. Christopher Alexander's phrase, "quality without a name," is cited from The Timeless Way of Building (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), p. 19.
77. Relph, "Geographical Experiences," pp. 21, 22.
78. Aristotle, Physics IV: 1, 208a33, trans. R. P. Hardie and R. K. Gaye, in The Basic Works of Aristotle, ed. Richard McKeon (New York: Random House, 1941).
79. Aristotle, Physics IV: 1, 208a33, trans. R. P. Hardie and R. K. Gaye, in The Basic Works of Aristotle, ed. Richard McKeon (New York: Random House, 1941).
80. N. Scott Momaday, "Native American Attitudes to the Environment," adapted from transcripts of oral remarks, in The Environmental Ethics and Policy Book, ed. Donald VanDe Veer and Christine Pierce (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1993), p. 102.
81. Momaday, "Native American Attitudes," p. 104.
82. Snyder, Practice of the Wild, p. 27.
83. Dodge, "Bioregional Theory and Practice," p. 109.
84. Leopold, Almanac, p. viii.
85. Ibid., pp. 224-25.
86. Cheney, "Postmodern Environmental Ethics," p. 125.
87. Leopold, Almanac, p. 137.
88. Ibid., pp. 149, 154.
89. Judith Plant, "Revaluing Home: Feminism and Bioregionalism," in Peter List, Radical Environmentalism, p. 124.
90. Snyder, Practice of the Wild, p. 39.
91. Leopold, Almanac, p. 34.
92. Ibid., pp. viii, 223.
93. Murray Bookchin, Remaking Society: Pathways to a Green Future (Boston: South End Press, 1990). See, for example, pp. 8, 12, 21, 33, 38-39, 165, 167, 202, 204. Also see Bookchin, "Social Ecology vs. Deep Ecology: A Challenge for the Ecology Movement," Green Perspectives 4 (1987): 1-23.
94. Murray Bookchin, Remaking Society: Pathways to a Green Future (Boston: South End Press, 1990). See, for example, pp. 8, 12, 21, 33, 38-39, 165, 167, 202, 204. Also see Bookchin, "Social Ecology vs. Deep Ecology: A Challenge for the Ecology Movement," Green Perspectives 4 (1987): 1-23.
95. How can alternative energy technologies be used here, in this region? How can genuinely sustainable agricultural practices be developed here, in this region? Or a local system of barter-economics? Or, in cities, the establishment of neighborhood common gardens, food cooperatives, wild-corridor parks, or processing urban sewage into fertilizer that can be returned to farm land (see Berg's description of "Green City programs," in Berg, "Growing a Life-Place Politics," pp. 237-38).
96. Sale, Dwellers in the Land, pp. 47-48.
97. Dodge, "Bioregional Theory and Practice," p. 117.
98. Leopold, Almanac, pp. 158-62.