What happened to the new left? Toward a radical reading of American foreign relations

Diplomatic History

Volumn 23, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 575-607

  Buzzanco, Robert ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0002599521     PISSN: 01452096     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/0145-2096.00186     Document Type: Article

References (203)

1. See Charles Maier, "Marking Time: The Historiography of International Relations," in The Past Before Us: Contemporary Historical Writing in the United States, ed. Michael Kammen (Ithaca, 1980), 355-87. Prior to Maier's essay, both Alexander DeConde and David Patterson pondered "what's wrong" with the field in the SHAFR Newsletter, May 1970 and September 1978.
2. See Charles Maier, "Marking Time: The Historiography of International Relations," in The Past Before Us: Contemporary Historical Writing in the United States, ed. Michael Kammen (Ithaca, 1980), 355-87. Prior to Maier's essay, both Alexander DeConde and David Patterson pondered "what's wrong" with the field in the SHAFR Newsletter, May 1970 and September 1978.
3. See, for instance, Frank Costigliola, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology, and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History 83 (March 1997): 1309-39, and "The Nuclear Family: Tropes of Gender and Pathology in the Western Alliance," Diplomatic History 21 (Spring 1997): 165-85; Frank Ninkovich, "No Post-Mortems for Postmodernism, Please," Diplomatic History 22 (Summer 1998): 451-66; Kristin Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars (New Haven, 1998); William Walker, "Drug Control and the Issue of Culture in American Foreign Relations," Diplomatic History 12 (Fall 1988): 365-82; Robert Dean, "Masculinity as Ideology: John F. Kennedy and the Domestic Politics of Foreign Policy," Diplomatic History 22 (Winter 1998): 29-62; Laura Belmonte, "A Nation Most Appealing: American National Identity, Propaganda, and the Cold War, 1945-1959," in progress, and "Don't Hate Me Because I'm Cultural: A Young Scholar Looks at Our (Mine) Field," paper delivered at 1999 conference of American Historical Association, Washington, DC; among those critics of the new methodology, William Stueck, Reid Rozen, Tom Nichols, David Kaiser, and others writing on H-DIPLO stand out for the vehemence with which they attack historians practicing new methods of inquiry.
4. See, for instance, Frank Costigliola, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology, and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History 83 (March 1997): 1309-39, and "The Nuclear Family: Tropes of Gender and Pathology in the Western Alliance," Diplomatic History 21 (Spring 1997): 165-85; Frank Ninkovich, "No Post-Mortems for Postmodernism, Please," Diplomatic History 22 (Summer 1998): 451-66; Kristin Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars (New Haven, 1998); William Walker, "Drug Control and the Issue of Culture in American Foreign Relations," Diplomatic History 12 (Fall 1988): 365-82; Robert Dean, "Masculinity as Ideology: John F. Kennedy and the Domestic Politics of Foreign Policy," Diplomatic History 22 (Winter 1998): 29-62; Laura Belmonte, "A Nation Most Appealing: American National Identity, Propaganda, and the Cold War, 1945-1959," in progress, and "Don't Hate Me Because I'm Cultural: A Young Scholar Looks at Our (Mine) Field," paper delivered at 1999 conference of American Historical Association, Washington, DC; among those critics of the new methodology, William Stueck, Reid Rozen, Tom Nichols, David Kaiser, and others writing on H-DIPLO stand out for the vehemence with which they attack historians practicing new methods of inquiry.
5. See, for instance, Frank Costigliola, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology, and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History 83 (March 1997): 1309-39, and "The Nuclear Family: Tropes of Gender and Pathology in the Western Alliance," Diplomatic History 21 (Spring 1997): 165-85; Frank Ninkovich, "No Post-Mortems for Postmodernism, Please," Diplomatic History 22 (Summer 1998): 451-66; Kristin Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars (New Haven, 1998); William Walker, "Drug Control and the Issue of Culture in American Foreign Relations," Diplomatic History 12 (Fall 1988): 365-82; Robert Dean, "Masculinity as Ideology: John F. Kennedy and the Domestic Politics of Foreign Policy," Diplomatic History 22 (Winter 1998): 29-62; Laura Belmonte, "A Nation Most Appealing: American National Identity, Propaganda, and the Cold War, 1945-1959," in progress, and "Don't Hate Me Because I'm Cultural: A Young Scholar Looks at Our (Mine) Field," paper delivered at 1999 conference of American Historical Association, Washington, DC; among those critics of the new methodology, William Stueck, Reid Rozen, Tom Nichols, David Kaiser, and others writing on H-DIPLO stand out for the vehemence with which they attack historians practicing new methods of inquiry.
6. See, for instance, Frank Costigliola, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology, and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History 83 (March 1997): 1309-39, and "The Nuclear Family: Tropes of Gender and Pathology in the Western Alliance," Diplomatic History 21 (Spring 1997): 165-85; Frank Ninkovich, "No Post-Mortems for Postmodernism, Please," Diplomatic History 22 (Summer 1998): 451-66; Kristin Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars (New Haven, 1998); William Walker, "Drug Control and the Issue of Culture in American Foreign Relations," Diplomatic History 12 (Fall 1988): 365-82; Robert Dean, "Masculinity as Ideology: John F. Kennedy and the Domestic Politics of Foreign Policy," Diplomatic History 22 (Winter 1998): 29-62; Laura Belmonte, "A Nation Most Appealing: American National Identity, Propaganda, and the Cold War, 1945-1959," in progress, and "Don't Hate Me Because I'm Cultural: A Young Scholar Looks at Our (Mine) Field," paper delivered at 1999 conference of American Historical Association, Washington, DC; among those critics of the new methodology, William Stueck, Reid Rozen, Tom Nichols, David Kaiser, and others writing on H-DIPLO stand out for the vehemence with which they attack historians practicing new methods of inquiry.
7. See, for instance, Frank Costigliola, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology, and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History 83 (March 1997): 1309-39, and "The Nuclear Family: Tropes of Gender and Pathology in the Western Alliance," Diplomatic History 21 (Spring 1997): 165-85; Frank Ninkovich, "No Post-Mortems for Postmodernism, Please," Diplomatic History 22 (Summer 1998): 451-66; Kristin Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars (New Haven, 1998); William Walker, "Drug Control and the Issue of Culture in American Foreign Relations," Diplomatic History 12 (Fall 1988): 365-82; Robert Dean, "Masculinity as Ideology: John F. Kennedy and the Domestic Politics of Foreign Policy," Diplomatic History 22 (Winter 1998): 29-62; Laura Belmonte, "A Nation Most Appealing: American National Identity, Propaganda, and the Cold War, 1945-1959," in progress, and "Don't Hate Me Because I'm Cultural: A Young Scholar Looks at Our (Mine) Field," paper delivered at 1999 conference of American Historical Association, Washington, DC; among those critics of the new methodology, William Stueck, Reid Rozen, Tom Nichols, David Kaiser, and others writing on H-DIPLO stand out for the vehemence with which they attack historians practicing new methods of inquiry.
8. See, for instance, Frank Costigliola, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology, and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History 83 (March 1997): 1309-39, and "The Nuclear Family: Tropes of Gender and Pathology in the Western Alliance," Diplomatic History 21 (Spring 1997): 165-85; Frank Ninkovich, "No Post-Mortems for Postmodernism, Please," Diplomatic History 22 (Summer 1998): 451-66; Kristin Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars (New Haven, 1998); William Walker, "Drug Control and the Issue of Culture in American Foreign Relations," Diplomatic History 12 (Fall 1988): 365-82; Robert Dean, "Masculinity as Ideology: John F. Kennedy and the Domestic Politics of Foreign Policy," Diplomatic History 22 (Winter 1998): 29-62; Laura Belmonte, "A Nation Most Appealing: American National Identity, Propaganda, and the Cold War, 1945-1959," in progress, and "Don't Hate Me Because I'm Cultural: A Young Scholar Looks at Our (Mine) Field," paper delivered at 1999 conference of American Historical Association, Washington, DC; among those critics of the new methodology, William Stueck, Reid Rozen, Tom Nichols, David Kaiser, and others writing on H-DIPLO stand out for the vehemence with which they attack historians practicing new methods of inquiry.
9. See, for instance, Frank Costigliola, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology, and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History 83 (March 1997): 1309-39, and "The Nuclear Family: Tropes of Gender and Pathology in the Western Alliance," Diplomatic History 21 (Spring 1997): 165-85; Frank Ninkovich, "No Post-Mortems for Postmodernism, Please," Diplomatic History 22 (Summer 1998): 451-66; Kristin Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars (New Haven, 1998); William Walker, "Drug Control and the Issue of Culture in American Foreign Relations," Diplomatic History 12 (Fall 1988): 365-82; Robert Dean, "Masculinity as Ideology: John F. Kennedy and the Domestic Politics of Foreign Policy," Diplomatic History 22 (Winter 1998): 29-62; Laura Belmonte, "A Nation Most Appealing: American National Identity, Propaganda, and the Cold War, 1945-1959," in progress, and "Don't Hate Me Because I'm Cultural: A Young Scholar Looks at Our (Mine) Field," paper delivered at 1999 conference of American Historical Association, Washington, DC; among those critics of the new methodology, William Stueck, Reid Rozen, Tom Nichols, David Kaiser, and others writing on H-DIPLO stand out for the vehemence with which they attack historians practicing new methods of inquiry.
10. Robert Berkhofer, Beyond the Great Story: History as Text and Discourse (Cambridge, MA, 1995), 31-36.
11. Marks on H-DIPLO, 9 October 1998, re. Hiring of Diplomatic Historians.
12. Anders Stephanson, "Commentary: Ideology and Neorealist Mirrors," Diplomatic History 17 (Spring 1993): 285-95.
13. See sources cited in note 2.
14. William O. Walker, "'I'm Not a Revisionist, But . . .': An Inquiry into the Prospects of Revisionism," paper delivered at Thomas G. Paterson Tribute Conference, Storrs, CT, October 1998.
15. Michael J. Hogan and Thomas G. Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1991).
16. Among those authors and works associated with the New Left, some of the best-known include William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York, 1969), The Contours of American History (Cleveland, 1961), Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980), America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776-1976 (New York, 1976), American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 (New York, 1952), The United States, Cuba, and Castro (New York, 1962), The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into a Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), and as editor, From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1972); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963), America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York, 1997), The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1978), Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America (New York, 1983), The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (New York, 1997), and "War: Cold," Cornell Alumni News 71 (October 1968): 24-29; Gabriel Kolko, Main Currents in Modern American History (New York, 1976), The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose (Boston, 1969), The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), and with Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York, 1972); Joyce Kolko, America and the Crisis of World Capitalism (Boston, 1974); Lloyd Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, 1964), Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970), Safe for Democracy: Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913-1923 (New York, 1984), and as editor, Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams (Corvallis, OR, 1986); Arno Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917-1918 (New Haven, 1959), and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918-1919 (New York, 1967); Thomas McCormick, China Market: America's Quest for Informal Empire, 1893-1901 (Chicago, 1967), and America's Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and After (Baltimore, 1995); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, KY, 1971); Marilyn Young, The Rhetoric of Empire: American China Policy, 1895-1901 (Cambridge, MA, 1968); Carl Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923 (Pittsburgh, 1969); Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1921 (Pittsburgh, 1971); Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Lain, and Politics (New York, 1988); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution (New York, 1968); Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965); Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1973); and Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York, 1970), and At War with Asia (New York, 1970). I would also like to thank Noam Chomsky, Walter LaFeber, Marilyn Young, and Lloyd Gardner for discussing aspects of the New Left in diplomatic history with me via phone conversations and e-mail.
17. Among those authors and works associated with the New Left, some of the best-known include William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York, 1969), The Contours of American History (Cleveland, 1961), Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980), America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776-1976 (New York, 1976), American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 (New York, 1952), The United States, Cuba, and Castro (New York, 1962), The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into a Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), and as editor, From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1972); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963), America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York, 1997), The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1978), Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America (New York, 1983), The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (New York, 1997), and "War: Cold," Cornell Alumni News 71 (October 1968): 24-29; Gabriel Kolko, Main Currents in Modern American History (New York, 1976), The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose (Boston, 1969), The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), and with Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York, 1972); Joyce Kolko, America and the Crisis of World Capitalism (Boston, 1974); Lloyd Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, 1964), Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970), Safe for Democracy: Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913-1923 (New York, 1984), and as editor, Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams (Corvallis, OR, 1986); Arno Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917-1918 (New Haven, 1959), and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918-1919 (New York, 1967); Thomas McCormick, China Market: America's Quest for Informal Empire, 1893-1901 (Chicago, 1967), and America's Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and After (Baltimore, 1995); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, KY, 1971); Marilyn Young, The Rhetoric of Empire: American China Policy, 1895-1901 (Cambridge, MA, 1968); Carl Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923 (Pittsburgh, 1969); Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1921 (Pittsburgh, 1971); Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Lain, and Politics (New York, 1988); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution (New York, 1968); Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965); Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1973); and Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York, 1970), and At War with Asia (New York, 1970). I would also like to thank Noam Chomsky, Walter LaFeber, Marilyn Young, and Lloyd Gardner for discussing aspects of the New Left in diplomatic history with me via phone conversations and e-mail.
18. Among those authors and works associated with the New Left, some of the best-known include William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York, 1969), The Contours of American History (Cleveland, 1961), Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980), America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776-1976 (New York, 1976), American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 (New York, 1952), The United States, Cuba, and Castro (New York, 1962), The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into a Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), and as editor, From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1972); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963), America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York, 1997), The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1978), Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America (New York, 1983), The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (New York, 1997), and "War: Cold," Cornell Alumni News 71 (October 1968): 24-29; Gabriel Kolko, Main Currents in Modern American History (New York, 1976), The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose (Boston, 1969), The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), and with Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York, 1972); Joyce Kolko, America and the Crisis of World Capitalism (Boston, 1974); Lloyd Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, 1964), Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970), Safe for Democracy: Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913-1923 (New York, 1984), and as editor, Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams (Corvallis, OR, 1986); Arno Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917-1918 (New Haven, 1959), and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918-1919 (New York, 1967); Thomas McCormick, China Market: America's Quest for Informal Empire, 1893-1901 (Chicago, 1967), and America's Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and After (Baltimore, 1995); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, KY, 1971); Marilyn Young, The Rhetoric of Empire: American China Policy, 1895-1901 (Cambridge, MA, 1968); Carl Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923 (Pittsburgh, 1969); Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1921 (Pittsburgh, 1971); Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Lain, and Politics (New York, 1988); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution (New York, 1968); Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965); Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1973); and Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York, 1970), and At War with Asia (New York, 1970). I would also like to thank Noam Chomsky, Walter LaFeber, Marilyn Young, and Lloyd Gardner for discussing aspects of the New Left in diplomatic history with me via phone conversations and e-mail.
19. Among those authors and works associated with the New Left, some of the best-known include William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York, 1969), The Contours of American History (Cleveland, 1961), Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980), America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776-1976 (New York, 1976), American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 (New York, 1952), The United States, Cuba, and Castro (New York, 1962), The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into a Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), and as editor, From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1972); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963), America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York, 1997), The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1978), Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America (New York, 1983), The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (New York, 1997), and "War: Cold," Cornell Alumni News 71 (October 1968): 24-29; Gabriel Kolko, Main Currents in Modern American History (New York, 1976), The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose (Boston, 1969), The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), and with Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York, 1972); Joyce Kolko, America and the Crisis of World Capitalism (Boston, 1974); Lloyd Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, 1964), Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970), Safe for Democracy: Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913-1923 (New York, 1984), and as editor, Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams (Corvallis, OR, 1986); Arno Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917-1918 (New Haven, 1959), and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918-1919 (New York, 1967); Thomas McCormick, China Market: America's Quest for Informal Empire, 1893-1901 (Chicago, 1967), and America's Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and After (Baltimore, 1995); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, KY, 1971); Marilyn Young, The Rhetoric of Empire: American China Policy, 1895-1901 (Cambridge, MA, 1968); Carl Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923 (Pittsburgh, 1969); Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1921 (Pittsburgh, 1971); Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Lain, and Politics (New York, 1988); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution (New York, 1968); Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965); Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1973); and Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York, 1970), and At War with Asia (New York, 1970). I would also like to thank Noam Chomsky, Walter LaFeber, Marilyn Young, and Lloyd Gardner for discussing aspects of the New Left in diplomatic history with me via phone conversations and e-mail.
20. Among those authors and works associated with the New Left, some of the best-known include William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York, 1969), The Contours of American History (Cleveland, 1961), Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980), America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776-1976 (New York, 1976), American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 (New York, 1952), The United States, Cuba, and Castro (New York, 1962), The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into a Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), and as editor, From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1972); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963), America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York, 1997), The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1978), Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America (New York, 1983), The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (New York, 1997), and "War: Cold," Cornell Alumni News 71 (October 1968): 24-29; Gabriel Kolko, Main Currents in Modern American History (New York, 1976), The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose (Boston, 1969), The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), and with Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York, 1972); Joyce Kolko, America and the Crisis of World Capitalism (Boston, 1974); Lloyd Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, 1964), Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970), Safe for Democracy: Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913-1923 (New York, 1984), and as editor, Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams (Corvallis, OR, 1986); Arno Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917-1918 (New Haven, 1959), and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918-1919 (New York, 1967); Thomas McCormick, China Market: America's Quest for Informal Empire, 1893-1901 (Chicago, 1967), and America's Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and After (Baltimore, 1995); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, KY, 1971); Marilyn Young, The Rhetoric of Empire: American China Policy, 1895-1901 (Cambridge, MA, 1968); Carl Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923 (Pittsburgh, 1969); Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1921 (Pittsburgh, 1971); Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Lain, and Politics (New York, 1988); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution (New York, 1968); Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965); Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1973); and Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York, 1970), and At War with Asia (New York, 1970). I would also like to thank Noam Chomsky, Walter LaFeber, Marilyn Young, and Lloyd Gardner for discussing aspects of the New Left in diplomatic history with me via phone conversations and e-mail.
21. Among those authors and works associated with the New Left, some of the best-known include William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York, 1969), The Contours of American History (Cleveland, 1961), Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980), America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776-1976 (New York, 1976), American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 (New York, 1952), The United States, Cuba, and Castro (New York, 1962), The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into a Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), and as editor, From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1972); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963), America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York, 1997), The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1978), Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America (New York, 1983), The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (New York, 1997), and "War: Cold," Cornell Alumni News 71 (October 1968): 24-29; Gabriel Kolko, Main Currents in Modern American History (New York, 1976), The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose (Boston, 1969), The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), and with Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York, 1972); Joyce Kolko, America and the Crisis of World Capitalism (Boston, 1974); Lloyd Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, 1964), Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970), Safe for Democracy: Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913-1923 (New York, 1984), and as editor, Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams (Corvallis, OR, 1986); Arno Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917-1918 (New Haven, 1959), and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918-1919 (New York, 1967); Thomas McCormick, China Market: America's Quest for Informal Empire, 1893-1901 (Chicago, 1967), and America's Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and After (Baltimore, 1995); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, KY, 1971); Marilyn Young, The Rhetoric of Empire: American China Policy, 1895-1901 (Cambridge, MA, 1968); Carl Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923 (Pittsburgh, 1969); Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1921 (Pittsburgh, 1971); Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Lain, and Politics (New York, 1988); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution (New York, 1968); Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965); Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1973); and Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York, 1970), and At War with Asia (New York, 1970). I would also like to thank Noam Chomsky, Walter LaFeber, Marilyn Young, and Lloyd Gardner for discussing aspects of the New Left in diplomatic history with me via phone conversations and e-mail.
22. Among those authors and works associated with the New Left, some of the best-known include William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York, 1969), The Contours of American History (Cleveland, 1961), Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980), America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776-1976 (New York, 1976), American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 (New York, 1952), The United States, Cuba, and Castro (New York, 1962), The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into a Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), and as editor, From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1972); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963), America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York, 1997), The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1978), Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America (New York, 1983), The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (New York, 1997), and "War: Cold," Cornell Alumni News 71 (October 1968): 24-29; Gabriel Kolko, Main Currents in Modern American History (New York, 1976), The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose (Boston, 1969), The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), and with Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York, 1972); Joyce Kolko, America and the Crisis of World Capitalism (Boston, 1974); Lloyd Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, 1964), Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970), Safe for Democracy: Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913-1923 (New York, 1984), and as editor, Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams (Corvallis, OR, 1986); Arno Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917-1918 (New Haven, 1959), and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918-1919 (New York, 1967); Thomas McCormick, China Market: America's Quest for Informal Empire, 1893-1901 (Chicago, 1967), and America's Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and After (Baltimore, 1995); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, KY, 1971); Marilyn Young, The Rhetoric of Empire: American China Policy, 1895-1901 (Cambridge, MA, 1968); Carl Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923 (Pittsburgh, 1969); Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1921 (Pittsburgh, 1971); Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Lain, and Politics (New York, 1988); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution (New York, 1968); Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965); Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1973); and Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York, 1970), and At War with Asia (New York, 1970). I would also like to thank Noam Chomsky, Walter LaFeber, Marilyn Young, and Lloyd Gardner for discussing aspects of the New Left in diplomatic history with me via phone conversations and e-mail.
23. Among those authors and works associated with the New Left, some of the best-known include William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York, 1969), The Contours of American History (Cleveland, 1961), Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980), America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776-1976 (New York, 1976), American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 (New York, 1952), The United States, Cuba, and Castro (New York, 1962), The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into a Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), and as editor, From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1972); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963), America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York, 1997), The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1978), Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America (New York, 1983), The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (New York, 1997), and "War: Cold," Cornell Alumni News 71 (October 1968): 24-29; Gabriel Kolko, Main Currents in Modern American History (New York, 1976), The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose (Boston, 1969), The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), and with Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York, 1972); Joyce Kolko, America and the Crisis of World Capitalism (Boston, 1974); Lloyd Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, 1964), Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970), Safe for Democracy: Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913-1923 (New York, 1984), and as editor, Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams (Corvallis, OR, 1986); Arno Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917-1918 (New Haven, 1959), and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918-1919 (New York, 1967); Thomas McCormick, China Market: America's Quest for Informal Empire, 1893-1901 (Chicago, 1967), and America's Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and After (Baltimore, 1995); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, KY, 1971); Marilyn Young, The Rhetoric of Empire: American China Policy, 1895-1901 (Cambridge, MA, 1968); Carl Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923 (Pittsburgh, 1969); Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1921 (Pittsburgh, 1971); Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Lain, and Politics (New York, 1988); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution (New York, 1968); Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965); Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1973); and Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York, 1970), and At War with Asia (New York, 1970). I would also like to thank Noam Chomsky, Walter LaFeber, Marilyn Young, and Lloyd Gardner for discussing aspects of the New Left in diplomatic history with me via phone conversations and e-mail.
24. Among those authors and works associated with the New Left, some of the best-known include William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York, 1969), The Contours of American History (Cleveland, 1961), Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980), America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776-1976 (New York, 1976), American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 (New York, 1952), The United States, Cuba, and Castro (New York, 1962), The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into a Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), and as editor, From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1972); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963), America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York, 1997), The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1978), Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America (New York, 1983), The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (New York, 1997), and "War: Cold," Cornell Alumni News 71 (October 1968): 24-29; Gabriel Kolko, Main Currents in Modern American History (New York, 1976), The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose (Boston, 1969), The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), and with Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York, 1972); Joyce Kolko, America and the Crisis of World Capitalism (Boston, 1974); Lloyd Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, 1964), Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970), Safe for Democracy: Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913-1923 (New York, 1984), and as editor, Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams (Corvallis, OR, 1986); Arno Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917-1918 (New Haven, 1959), and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918-1919 (New York, 1967); Thomas McCormick, China Market: America's Quest for Informal Empire, 1893-1901 (Chicago, 1967), and America's Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and After (Baltimore, 1995); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, KY, 1971); Marilyn Young, The Rhetoric of Empire: American China Policy, 1895-1901 (Cambridge, MA, 1968); Carl Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923 (Pittsburgh, 1969); Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1921 (Pittsburgh, 1971); Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Lain, and Politics (New York, 1988); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution (New York, 1968); Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965); Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1973); and Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York, 1970), and At War with Asia (New York, 1970). I would also like to thank Noam Chomsky, Walter LaFeber, Marilyn Young, and Lloyd Gardner for discussing aspects of the New Left in diplomatic history with me via phone conversations and e-mail.
25. Among those authors and works associated with the New Left, some of the best-known include William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York, 1969), The Contours of American History (Cleveland, 1961), Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980), America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776-1976 (New York, 1976), American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 (New York, 1952), The United States, Cuba, and Castro (New York, 1962), The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into a Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), and as editor, From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1972); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963), America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York, 1997), The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1978), Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America (New York, 1983), The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (New York, 1997), and "War: Cold," Cornell Alumni News 71 (October 1968): 24-29; Gabriel Kolko, Main Currents in Modern American History (New York, 1976), The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose (Boston, 1969), The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), and with Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York, 1972); Joyce Kolko, America and the Crisis of World Capitalism (Boston, 1974); Lloyd Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, 1964), Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970), Safe for Democracy: Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913-1923 (New York, 1984), and as editor, Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams (Corvallis, OR, 1986); Arno Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917-1918 (New Haven, 1959), and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918-1919 (New York, 1967); Thomas McCormick, China Market: America's Quest for Informal Empire, 1893-1901 (Chicago, 1967), and America's Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and After (Baltimore, 1995); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, KY, 1971); Marilyn Young, The Rhetoric of Empire: American China Policy, 1895-1901 (Cambridge, MA, 1968); Carl Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923 (Pittsburgh, 1969); Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1921 (Pittsburgh, 1971); Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Lain, and Politics (New York, 1988); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution (New York, 1968); Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965); Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1973); and Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York, 1970), and At War with Asia (New York, 1970). I would also like to thank Noam Chomsky, Walter LaFeber, Marilyn Young, and Lloyd Gardner for discussing aspects of the New Left in diplomatic history with me via phone conversations and e-mail.
26. Among those authors and works associated with the New Left, some of the best-known include William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York, 1969), The Contours of American History (Cleveland, 1961), Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980), America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776-1976 (New York, 1976), American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 (New York, 1952), The United States, Cuba, and Castro (New York, 1962), The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into a Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), and as editor, From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1972); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963), America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York, 1997), The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1978), Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America (New York, 1983), The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (New York, 1997), and "War: Cold," Cornell Alumni News 71 (October 1968): 24-29; Gabriel Kolko, Main Currents in Modern American History (New York, 1976), The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose (Boston, 1969), The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), and with Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York, 1972); Joyce Kolko, America and the Crisis of World Capitalism (Boston, 1974); Lloyd Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, 1964), Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970), Safe for Democracy: Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913-1923 (New York, 1984), and as editor, Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams (Corvallis, OR, 1986); Arno Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917-1918 (New Haven, 1959), and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918-1919 (New York, 1967); Thomas McCormick, China Market: America's Quest for Informal Empire, 1893-1901 (Chicago, 1967), and America's Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and After (Baltimore, 1995); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, KY, 1971); Marilyn Young, The Rhetoric of Empire: American China Policy, 1895-1901 (Cambridge, MA, 1968); Carl Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923 (Pittsburgh, 1969); Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1921 (Pittsburgh, 1971); Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Lain, and Politics (New York, 1988); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution (New York, 1968); Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965); Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1973); and Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York, 1970), and At War with Asia (New York, 1970). I would also like to thank Noam Chomsky, Walter LaFeber, Marilyn Young, and Lloyd Gardner for discussing aspects of the New Left in diplomatic history with me via phone conversations and e-mail.
27. Among those authors and works associated with the New Left, some of the best-known include William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York, 1969), The Contours of American History (Cleveland, 1961), Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980), America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776-1976 (New York, 1976), American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 (New York, 1952), The United States, Cuba, and Castro (New York, 1962), The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into a Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), and as editor, From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1972); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963), America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York, 1997), The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1978), Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America (New York, 1983), The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (New York, 1997), and "War: Cold," Cornell Alumni News 71 (October 1968): 24-29; Gabriel Kolko, Main Currents in Modern American History (New York, 1976), The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose (Boston, 1969), The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), and with Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York, 1972); Joyce Kolko, America and the Crisis of World Capitalism (Boston, 1974); Lloyd Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, 1964), Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970), Safe for Democracy: Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913-1923 (New York, 1984), and as editor, Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams (Corvallis, OR, 1986); Arno Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917-1918 (New Haven, 1959), and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918-1919 (New York, 1967); Thomas McCormick, China Market: America's Quest for Informal Empire, 1893-1901 (Chicago, 1967), and America's Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and After (Baltimore, 1995); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, KY, 1971); Marilyn Young, The Rhetoric of Empire: American China Policy, 1895-1901 (Cambridge, MA, 1968); Carl Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923 (Pittsburgh, 1969); Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1921 (Pittsburgh, 1971); Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Lain, and Politics (New York, 1988); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution (New York, 1968); Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965); Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1973); and Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York, 1970), and At War with Asia (New York, 1970). I would also like to thank Noam Chomsky, Walter LaFeber, Marilyn Young, and Lloyd Gardner for discussing aspects of the New Left in diplomatic history with me via phone conversations and e-mail.
28. Among those authors and works associated with the New Left, some of the best-known include William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York, 1969), The Contours of American History (Cleveland, 1961), Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980), America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776-1976 (New York, 1976), American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 (New York, 1952), The United States, Cuba, and Castro (New York, 1962), The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into a Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), and as editor, From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1972); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963), America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York, 1997), The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1978), Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America (New York, 1983), The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (New York, 1997), and "War: Cold," Cornell Alumni News 71 (October 1968): 24-29; Gabriel Kolko, Main Currents in Modern American History (New York, 1976), The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose (Boston, 1969), The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), and with Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York, 1972); Joyce Kolko, America and the Crisis of World Capitalism (Boston, 1974); Lloyd Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, 1964), Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970), Safe for Democracy: Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913-1923 (New York, 1984), and as editor, Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams (Corvallis, OR, 1986); Arno Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917-1918 (New Haven, 1959), and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918-1919 (New York, 1967); Thomas McCormick, China Market: America's Quest for Informal Empire, 1893-1901 (Chicago, 1967), and America's Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and After (Baltimore, 1995); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, KY, 1971); Marilyn Young, The Rhetoric of Empire: American China Policy, 1895-1901 (Cambridge, MA, 1968); Carl Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923 (Pittsburgh, 1969); Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1921 (Pittsburgh, 1971); Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Lain, and Politics (New York, 1988); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution (New York, 1968); Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965); Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1973); and Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York, 1970), and At War with Asia (New York, 1970). I would also like to thank Noam Chomsky, Walter LaFeber, Marilyn Young, and Lloyd Gardner for discussing aspects of the New Left in diplomatic history with me via phone conversations and e-mail.
29. Among those authors and works associated with the New Left, some of the best-known include William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York, 1969), The Contours of American History (Cleveland, 1961), Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980), America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776-1976 (New York, 1976), American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 (New York, 1952), The United States, Cuba, and Castro (New York, 1962), The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into a Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), and as editor, From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1972); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963), America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York, 1997), The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1978), Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America (New York, 1983), The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (New York, 1997), and "War: Cold," Cornell Alumni News 71 (October 1968): 24-29; Gabriel Kolko, Main Currents in Modern American History (New York, 1976), The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose (Boston, 1969), The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), and with Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York, 1972); Joyce Kolko, America and the Crisis of World Capitalism (Boston, 1974); Lloyd Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, 1964), Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970), Safe for Democracy: Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913-1923 (New York, 1984), and as editor, Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams (Corvallis, OR, 1986); Arno Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917-1918 (New Haven, 1959), and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918-1919 (New York, 1967); Thomas McCormick, China Market: America's Quest for Informal Empire, 1893-1901 (Chicago, 1967), and America's Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and After (Baltimore, 1995); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, KY, 1971); Marilyn Young, The Rhetoric of Empire: American China Policy, 1895-1901 (Cambridge, MA, 1968); Carl Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923 (Pittsburgh, 1969); Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1921 (Pittsburgh, 1971); Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Lain, and Politics (New York, 1988); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution (New York, 1968); Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965); Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1973); and Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York, 1970), and At War with Asia (New York, 1970). I would also like to thank Noam Chomsky, Walter LaFeber, Marilyn Young, and Lloyd Gardner for discussing aspects of the New Left in diplomatic history with me via phone conversations and e-mail.
30. Among those authors and works associated with the New Left, some of the best-known include William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York, 1969), The Contours of American History (Cleveland, 1961), Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980), America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776-1976 (New York, 1976), American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 (New York, 1952), The United States, Cuba, and Castro (New York, 1962), The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into a Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), and as editor, From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1972); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism,
31. Among those authors and works associated with the New Left, some of the best-known include William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York, 1969), The Contours of American History (Cleveland, 1961), Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980), America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776-1976 (New York, 1976), American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 (New York, 1952), The United States, Cuba, and Castro (New York, 1962), The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into a Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), and as editor, From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1972); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963), America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York, 1997), The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1978), Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America (New York, 1983), The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (New York, 1997), and "War: Cold," Cornell Alumni News 71 (October 1968): 24-29; Gabriel Kolko, Main Currents in Modern American History (New York, 1976), The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose (Boston, 1969), The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), and with Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York, 1972); Joyce Kolko, America and the Crisis of World Capitalism (Boston, 1974); Lloyd Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, 1964), Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970), Safe for Democracy: Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913-1923 (New York, 1984), and as editor, Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams (Corvallis, OR, 1986); Arno Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917-1918 (New Haven, 1959), and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918-1919 (New York, 1967); Thomas McCormick, China Market: America's Quest for Informal Empire, 1893-1901 (Chicago, 1967), and America's Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and After (Baltimore, 1995); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, KY, 1971); Marilyn Young, The Rhetoric of Empire: American China Policy, 1895-1901 (Cambridge, MA, 1968); Carl Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923 (Pittsburgh, 1969); Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1921 (Pittsburgh, 1971); Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Lain, and Politics (New York, 1988); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution (New York, 1968); Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965); Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1973); and Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York, 1970), and At War with Asia (New York, 1970). I would also like to thank Noam Chomsky, Walter LaFeber, Marilyn Young, and Lloyd Gardner for discussing aspects of the New Left in diplomatic history with me via phone conversations and e-mail.
32. Among those authors and works associated with the New Left, some of the best-known include William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York, 1969), The Contours of American History (Cleveland, 1961), Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980), America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776-1976 (New York, 1976), American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 (New York, 1952), The United States, Cuba, and Castro (New York, 1962), The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into a Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), and as editor, From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1972); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963), America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York, 1997), The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1978), Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America (New York, 1983), The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (New York, 1997), and "War: Cold," Cornell Alumni News 71 (October 1968): 24-29; Gabriel Kolko, Main Currents in Modern American History (New York, 1976), The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose (Boston, 1969), The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), and with Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York, 1972); Joyce Kolko, America and the Crisis of World Capitalism (Boston, 1974); Lloyd Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, 1964), Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970), Safe for Democracy: Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913-1923 (New York, 1984), and as editor, Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams (Corvallis, OR, 1986); Arno Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917-1918 (New Haven, 1959), and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918-1919 (New York, 1967); Thomas McCormick, China Market: America's Quest for Informal Empire, 1893-1901 (Chicago, 1967), and America's Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and After (Baltimore, 1995); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, KY, 1971); Marilyn Young, The Rhetoric of Empire: American China Policy, 1895-1901 (Cambridge, MA, 1968); Carl Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923 (Pittsburgh, 1969); Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1921 (Pittsburgh, 1971); Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Lain, and Politics (New York, 1988); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution (New York, 1968); Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965); Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1973); and Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York, 1970), and At War with Asia (New York, 1970). I would also like to thank Noam Chomsky, Walter LaFeber, Marilyn Young, and Lloyd Gardner for discussing aspects of the New Left in diplomatic history with me via phone conversations and e-mail.
33. Among those authors and works associated with the New Left, some of the best-known include William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York, 1969), The Contours of American History (Cleveland, 1961), Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980), America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776-1976 (New York, 1976), American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 (New York, 1952), The United States, Cuba, and Castro (New York, 1962), The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into a Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), and as editor, From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1972); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963), America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York, 1997), The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1978), Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America (New York, 1983), The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (New York, 1997), and "War: Cold," Cornell Alumni News 71 (October 1968): 24-29; Gabriel Kolko, Main Currents in Modern American History (New York, 1976), The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose (Boston, 1969), The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), and with Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York, 1972); Joyce Kolko, America and the Crisis of World Capitalism (Boston, 1974); Lloyd Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, 1964), Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970), Safe for Democracy: Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913-1923 (New York, 1984), and as editor, Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams (Corvallis, OR, 1986); Arno Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917-1918 (New Haven, 1959), and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918-1919 (New York, 1967); Thomas McCormick, China Market: America's Quest for Informal Empire, 1893-1901 (Chicago, 1967), and America's Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and After (Baltimore, 1995); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, KY, 1971); Marilyn Young, The Rhetoric of Empire: American China Policy, 1895-1901 (Cambridge, MA, 1968); Carl Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923 (Pittsburgh, 1969); Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1921 (Pittsburgh, 1971); Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Lain, and Politics (New York, 1988); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution (New York, 1968); Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965); Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1973); and Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York, 1970), and At War with Asia (New York, 1970). I would also like to thank Noam Chomsky, Walter LaFeber, Marilyn Young, and Lloyd Gardner for discussing aspects of the New Left in diplomatic history with me via phone conversations and e-mail.
34. Among those authors and works associated with the New Left, some of the best-known include William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York, 1969), The Contours of American History (Cleveland, 1961), Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980), America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776-1976 (New York, 1976), American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 (New York, 1952), The United States, Cuba, and Castro (New York, 1962), The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into a Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), and as editor, From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1972); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963), America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York, 1997), The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1978), Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America (New York, 1983), The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (New York, 1997), and "War: Cold," Cornell Alumni News 71 (October 1968): 24-29; Gabriel Kolko, Main Currents in Modern American History (New York, 1976), The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose (Boston, 1969), The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), and with Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York, 1972); Joyce Kolko, America and the Crisis of World Capitalism (Boston, 1974); Lloyd Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, 1964), Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970), Safe for Democracy: Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913-1923 (New York, 1984), and as editor, Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams (Corvallis, OR, 1986); Arno Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917-1918 (New Haven, 1959), and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918-1919 (New York, 1967); Thomas McCormick, China Market: America's Quest for Informal Empire, 1893-1901 (Chicago, 1967), and America's Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and After (Baltimore, 1995); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, KY, 1971); Marilyn Young, The Rhetoric of Empire: American China Policy, 1895-1901 (Cambridge, MA, 1968); Carl Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923 (Pittsburgh, 1969); Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1921 (Pittsburgh, 1971); Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Lain, and Politics (New York, 1988); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution (New York, 1968); Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965); Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1973); and Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York, 1970), and At War with Asia (New York, 1970). I would also like to thank Noam Chomsky, Walter LaFeber, Marilyn Young, and Lloyd Gardner for discussing aspects of the New Left in diplomatic history with me via phone conversations and e-mail.
35. Among those authors and works associated with the New Left, some of the best-known include William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York, 1969), The Contours of American History (Cleveland, 1961), Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980), America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776-1976 (New York, 1976), American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 (New York, 1952), The United States, Cuba, and Castro (New York, 1962), The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into a Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), and as editor, From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1972); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963), America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York, 1997), The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1978), Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America (New York, 1983), The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (New York, 1997), and "War: Cold," Cornell Alumni News 71 (October 1968): 24-29; Gabriel Kolko, Main Currents in Modern American History (New York, 1976), The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose (Boston, 1969), The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), and with Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York, 1972); Joyce Kolko, America and the Crisis of World Capitalism (Boston, 1974); Lloyd Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, 1964), Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970), Safe for Democracy: Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913-1923 (New York, 1984), and as editor, Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams (Corvallis, OR, 1986); Arno Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917-1918 (New Haven, 1959), and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918-1919 (New York, 1967); Thomas McCormick, China Market: America's Quest for Informal Empire, 1893-1901 (Chicago, 1967), and America's Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and After (Baltimore, 1995); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, KY, 1971); Marilyn Young, The Rhetoric of Empire: American China Policy, 1895-1901 (Cambridge, MA, 1968); Carl Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923 (Pittsburgh, 1969); Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1921 (Pittsburgh, 1971); Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Lain, and Politics (New York, 1988); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution (New York, 1968); Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965); Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1973); and Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York, 1970), and At War with Asia (New York, 1970). I would also like to thank Noam Chomsky, Walter LaFeber, Marilyn Young, and Lloyd Gardner for discussing aspects of the New Left in diplomatic history with me via phone conversations and e-mail.
36. Among those authors and works associated with the New Left, some of the best-known include William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York, 1969), The Contours of American History (Cleveland, 1961), Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980), America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776-1976 (New York, 1976), American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 (New York, 1952), The United States, Cuba, and Castro (New York, 1962), The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into a Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), and as editor, From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1972); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963), America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York, 1997), The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1978), Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America (New York, 1983), The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (New York, 1997), and "War: Cold," Cornell Alumni News 71 (October 1968): 24-29; Gabriel Kolko, Main Currents in Modern American History (New York, 1976), The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose (Boston, 1969), The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), and with Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York, 1972); Joyce Kolko, America and the Crisis of World Capitalism (Boston, 1974); Lloyd Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, 1964), Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970), Safe for Democracy: Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913-1923 (New York, 1984), and as editor, Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams (Corvallis, OR, 1986); Arno Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917-1918 (New Haven, 1959), and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918-1919 (New York, 1967); Thomas McCormick, China Market: America's Quest for Informal Empire, 1893-1901 (Chicago, 1967), and America's Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and After (Baltimore, 1995); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, KY, 1971); Marilyn Young, The Rhetoric of Empire: American China Policy, 1895-1901 (Cambridge, MA, 1968); Carl Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923 (Pittsburgh, 1969); Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1921 (Pittsburgh, 1971); Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Lain, and Politics (New York, 1988); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution (New York, 1968); Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965); Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1973); and Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York, 1970), and At War with Asia (New York, 1970). I would also like to thank Noam Chomsky, Walter LaFeber, Marilyn Young, and Lloyd Gardner for discussing aspects of the New Left in diplomatic history with me via phone conversations and e-mail.
37. Among those authors and works associated with the New Left, some of the best-known include William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York, 1969), The Contours of American History (Cleveland, 1961), Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980), America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776-1976 (New York, 1976), American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 (New York, 1952), The United States, Cuba, and Castro (New York, 1962), The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into a Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), and as editor, From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1972); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963), America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York, 1997), The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1978), Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America (New York, 1983), The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (New York, 1997), and "War: Cold," Cornell Alumni News 71 (October 1968): 24-29; Gabriel Kolko, Main Currents in Modern American History (New York, 1976), The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose (Boston, 1969), The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), and with Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York, 1972); Joyce Kolko, America and the Crisis of World Capitalism (Boston, 1974); Lloyd Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, 1964), Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970), Safe for Democracy: Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913-1923 (New York, 1984), and as editor, Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams (Corvallis, OR, 1986); Arno Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917-1918 (New Haven, 1959), and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918-1919 (New York, 1967); Thomas McCormick, China Market: America's Quest for Informal Empire, 1893-1901 (Chicago, 1967), and America's Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and After (Baltimore, 1995); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, KY, 1971); Marilyn Young, The Rhetoric of Empire: American China Policy, 1895-1901 (Cambridge, MA, 1968); Carl Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923 (Pittsburgh, 1969); Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1921 (Pittsburgh, 1971); Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Lain, and Politics (New York, 1988); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution (New York, 1968); Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965); Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1973); and Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York, 1970), and At War with Asia (New York, 1970). I would also like to thank Noam Chomsky, Walter LaFeber, Marilyn Young, and Lloyd Gardner for discussing aspects of the New Left in diplomatic history with me via phone conversations and e-mail.
38. Among those authors and works associated with the New Left, some of the best-known include William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York, 1969), The Contours of American History (Cleveland, 1961), Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980), America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776-1976 (New York, 1976), American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 (New York, 1952), The United States, Cuba, and Castro (New York, 1962), The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into a Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), and as editor, From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1972); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963), America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York, 1997), The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1978), Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America (New York, 1983), The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (New York, 1997), and "War: Cold," Cornell Alumni News 71 (October 1968): 24-29; Gabriel Kolko, Main Currents in Modern American History (New York, 1976), The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose (Boston, 1969), The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), and with Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York, 1972); Joyce Kolko, America and the Crisis of World Capitalism (Boston, 1974); Lloyd Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, 1964), Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970), Safe for Democracy: Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913-1923 (New York, 1984), and as editor, Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams (Corvallis, OR, 1986); Arno Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917-1918 (New Haven, 1959), and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918-1919 (New York, 1967); Thomas McCormick, China Market: America's Quest for Informal Empire, 1893-1901 (Chicago, 1967), and America's Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and After (Baltimore, 1995); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, KY, 1971); Marilyn Young, The Rhetoric of Empire: American China Policy, 1895-1901 (Cambridge, MA, 1968); Carl Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923 (Pittsburgh, 1969); Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1921 (Pittsburgh, 1971); Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Lain, and Politics (New York, 1988); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution (New York, 1968); Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965); Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1973); and Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York, 1970), and At War with Asia (New York, 1970). I would also like to thank Noam Chomsky, Walter LaFeber, Marilyn Young, and Lloyd Gardner for discussing aspects of the New Left in diplomatic history with me via phone conversations and e-mail.
39. Among those authors and works associated with the New Left, some of the best-known include William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York, 1969), The Contours of American History (Cleveland, 1961), Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980), America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776-1976 (New York, 1976), American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 (New York, 1952), The United States, Cuba, and Castro (New York, 1962), The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into a Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), and as editor, From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1972); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963), America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York, 1997), The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1978), Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America (New York, 1983), The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (New York, 1997), and "War: Cold," Cornell Alumni News 71 (October 1968): 24-29; Gabriel Kolko, Main Currents in Modern American History (New York, 1976), The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose (Boston, 1969), The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), and with Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York, 1972); Joyce Kolko, America and the Crisis of World Capitalism (Boston, 1974); Lloyd Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, 1964), Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970), Safe for Democracy: Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913-1923 (New York, 1984), and as editor, Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams (Corvallis, OR, 1986); Arno Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917-1918 (New Haven, 1959), and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918-1919 (New York, 1967); Thomas McCormick, China Market: America's Quest for Informal Empire, 1893-1901 (Chicago, 1967), and America's Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and After (Baltimore, 1995); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, KY, 1971); Marilyn Young, The Rhetoric of Empire: American China Policy, 1895-1901 (Cambridge, MA, 1968); Carl Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923 (Pittsburgh, 1969); Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1921 (Pittsburgh, 1971); Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Lain, and Politics (New York, 1988); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution (New York, 1968); Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965); Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1973); and Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York, 1970), and At War with Asia (New York, 1970). I would also like to thank Noam Chomsky, Walter LaFeber, Marilyn Young, and Lloyd Gardner for discussing aspects of the New Left in diplomatic history with me via phone conversations and e-mail.
40. Among those authors and works associated with the New Left, some of the best-known include William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York, 1969), The Contours of American History (Cleveland, 1961), Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980), America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776-1976 (New York, 1976), American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 (New York, 1952), The United States, Cuba, and Castro (New York, 1962), The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into a Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), and as editor, From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1972); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963), America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York, 1997), The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1978), Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America (New York, 1983), The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (New York, 1997), and "War: Cold," Cornell Alumni News 71 (October 1968): 24-29; Gabriel Kolko, Main Currents in Modern American History (New York, 1976), The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose (Boston, 1969), The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), and with Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York, 1972); Joyce Kolko, America and the Crisis of World Capitalism (Boston, 1974); Lloyd Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, 1964), Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970), Safe for Democracy: Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913-1923 (New York, 1984), and as editor, Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams (Corvallis, OR, 1986); Arno Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917-1918 (New Haven, 1959), and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918-1919 (New York, 1967); Thomas McCormick, China Market: America's Quest for Informal Empire, 1893-1901 (Chicago, 1967), and America's Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and After (Baltimore, 1995); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, KY, 1971); Marilyn Young, The Rhetoric of Empire: American China Policy, 1895-1901 (Cambridge, MA, 1968); Carl Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923 (Pittsburgh, 1969); Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1921 (Pittsburgh, 1971); Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Lain, and Politics (New York, 1988); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution (New York, 1968); Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965); Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1973); and Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York, 1970), and At War with Asia (New York, 1970). I would also like to thank Noam Chomsky, Walter LaFeber, Marilyn Young, and Lloyd Gardner for discussing aspects of the New Left in diplomatic history with me via phone conversations and e-mail.
41. Among those authors and works associated with the New Left, some of the best-known include William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York, 1969), The Contours of American History (Cleveland, 1961), Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980), America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776-1976 (New York, 1976), American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 (New York, 1952), The United States, Cuba, and Castro (New York, 1962), The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into a Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), and as editor, From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1972); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963), America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York, 1997), The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1978), Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America (New York, 1983), The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (New York, 1997), and "War: Cold," Cornell Alumni News 71 (October 1968): 24-29; Gabriel Kolko, Main Currents in Modern American History (New York, 1976), The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose (Boston, 1969), The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), and with Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York, 1972); Joyce Kolko, America and the Crisis of World Capitalism (Boston, 1974); Lloyd Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, 1964), Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970), Safe for Democracy: Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913-1923 (New York, 1984), and as editor, Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams (Corvallis, OR, 1986); Arno Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917-1918 (New Haven, 1959), and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918-1919 (New York, 1967); Thomas McCormick, China Market: America's Quest for Informal Empire, 1893-1901 (Chicago, 1967), and America's Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and After (Baltimore, 1995); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, KY, 1971); Marilyn Young, The Rhetoric of Empire: American China Policy, 1895-1901 (Cambridge, MA, 1968); Carl Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923 (Pittsburgh, 1969); Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1921 (Pittsburgh, 1971); Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Lain, and Politics (New York, 1988); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution (New York, 1968); Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965); Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1973); and Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York, 1970), and At War with Asia (New York, 1970). I would also like to thank Noam Chomsky, Walter LaFeber, Marilyn Young, and Lloyd Gardner for discussing aspects of the New Left in diplomatic history with me via phone conversations and e-mail.
42. Among those authors and works associated with the New Left, some of the best-known include William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York, 1969), The Contours of American History (Cleveland, 1961), Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980), America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776-1976 (New York, 1976), American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 (New York, 1952), The United States, Cuba, and Castro (New York, 1962), The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into a Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), and as editor, From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1972); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963), America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York, 1997), The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1978), Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America (New York, 1983), The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (New York, 1997), and "War: Cold," Cornell Alumni News 71 (October 1968): 24-29; Gabriel Kolko, Main Currents in Modern American History (New York, 1976), The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose (Boston, 1969), The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), and with Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York, 1972); Joyce Kolko, America and the Crisis of World Capitalism (Boston, 1974); Lloyd Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, 1964), Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970), Safe for Democracy: Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913-1923 (New York, 1984), and as editor, Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams (Corvallis, OR, 1986); Arno Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917-1918 (New Haven, 1959), and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918-1919 (New York, 1967); Thomas McCormick, China Market: America's Quest for Informal Empire, 1893-1901 (Chicago, 1967), and America's Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and After (Baltimore, 1995); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, KY, 1971); Marilyn Young, The Rhetoric of Empire: American China Policy, 1895-1901 (Cambridge, MA, 1968); Carl Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923 (Pittsburgh, 1969); Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1921 (Pittsburgh, 1971); Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Lain, and Politics (New York, 1988); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution (New York, 1968); Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965); Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1973); and Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York, 1970), and At War with Asia (New York, 1970). I would also like to thank Noam Chomsky, Walter LaFeber, Marilyn Young, and Lloyd Gardner for discussing aspects of the New Left in diplomatic history with me via phone conversations and e-mail.
43. Among those authors and works associated with the New Left, some of the best-known include William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York, 1969), The Contours of American History (Cleveland, 1961), Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980), America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776-1976 (New York, 1976), American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 (New York, 1952), The United States, Cuba, and Castro (New York, 1962), The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into a Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), and as editor, From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1972); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963), America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York, 1997), The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1978), Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America (New York, 1983), The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (New York, 1997), and "War: Cold," Cornell Alumni News 71 (October 1968): 24-29; Gabriel Kolko, Main Currents in Modern American History (New York, 1976), The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose (Boston, 1969), The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), and with Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York, 1972); Joyce Kolko, America and the Crisis of World Capitalism (Boston, 1974); Lloyd Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, 1964), Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970), Safe for Democracy: Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913-1923 (New York, 1984), and as editor, Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams (Corvallis, OR, 1986); Arno Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917-1918 (New Haven, 1959), and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918-1919 (New York, 1967); Thomas McCormick, China Market: America's Quest for Informal Empire, 1893-1901 (Chicago, 1967), and America's Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and After (Baltimore, 1995); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, KY, 1971); Marilyn Young, The Rhetoric of Empire: American China Policy, 1895-1901 (Cambridge, MA, 1968); Carl Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923 (Pittsburgh, 1969); Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1921 (Pittsburgh, 1971); Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Lain, and Politics (New York, 1988); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution (New York, 1968); Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965); Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1973); and Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York, 1970), and At War with Asia (New York, 1970). I would also like to thank Noam Chomsky, Walter LaFeber, Marilyn Young, and Lloyd Gardner for discussing aspects of the New Left in diplomatic history with me via phone conversations and e-mail.
44. Among those authors and works associated with the New Left, some of the best-known include William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York, 1969), The Contours of American History (Cleveland, 1961), Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980), America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776-1976 (New York, 1976), American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 (New York, 1952), The United States, Cuba, and Castro (New York, 1962), The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into a Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), and as editor, From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1972); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963), America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York, 1997), The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1978), Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America (New York, 1983), The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (New York, 1997), and "War: Cold," Cornell Alumni News 71 (October 1968): 24-29; Gabriel Kolko, Main Currents in Modern American History (New York, 1976), The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose (Boston, 1969), The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), and with Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York, 1972); Joyce Kolko, America and the Crisis of World Capitalism (Boston, 1974); Lloyd Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, 1964), Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970), Safe for Democracy: Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913-1923 (New York, 1984), and as editor, Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams (Corvallis, OR, 1986); Arno Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917-1918 (New Haven, 1959), and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918-1919 (New York, 1967); Thomas McCormick, China Market: America's Quest for Informal Empire, 1893-1901 (Chicago, 1967), and America's Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and After (Baltimore, 1995); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, KY, 1971); Marilyn Young, The Rhetoric of Empire: American China Policy, 1895-1901 (Cambridge, MA, 1968); Carl Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923 (Pittsburgh, 1969); Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1921 (Pittsburgh, 1971); Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Lain, and Politics (New York, 1988); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution (New York, 1968); Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965); Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1973); and Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York, 1970), and At War with Asia (New York, 1970). I would also like to thank Noam Chomsky, Walter LaFeber, Marilyn Young, and Lloyd Gardner for discussing aspects of the New Left in diplomatic history with me via phone conversations and e-mail.
45. Among those authors and works associated with the New Left, some of the best-known include William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York, 1969), The Contours of American History (Cleveland, 1961), Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980), America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776-1976 (New York, 1976), American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 (New York, 1952), The United States, Cuba, and Castro (New York, 1962), The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into a Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), and as editor, From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1972); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963), America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York, 1997), The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1978), Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America (New York, 1983), The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (New York, 1997), and "War: Cold," Cornell Alumni News 71 (October 1968): 24-29; Gabriel Kolko, Main Currents in Modern American History (New York, 1976), The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose (Boston, 1969), The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), and with Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York, 1972); Joyce Kolko, America and the Crisis of World Capitalism (Boston, 1974); Lloyd Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, 1964), Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970), Safe for Democracy: Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913-1923 (New York, 1984), and as editor, Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams (Corvallis, OR, 1986); Arno Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917-1918 (New Haven, 1959), and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918-1919 (New York, 1967); Thomas McCormick, China Market: America's Quest for Informal Empire, 1893-1901 (Chicago, 1967), and America's Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and After (Baltimore, 1995); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, KY, 1971); Marilyn Young, The Rhetoric of Empire: American China Policy, 1895-1901 (Cambridge, MA, 1968); Carl Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923 (Pittsburgh, 1969); Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1921 (Pittsburgh, 1971); Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Lain, and Politics (New York, 1988); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution (New York, 1968); Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965); Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1973); and Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York, 1970), and At War with Asia (New York, 1970). I would also like to thank Noam Chomsky, Walter LaFeber, Marilyn Young, and Lloyd Gardner for discussing aspects of the New Left in diplomatic history with me via phone conversations and e-mail.
46. Among those authors and works associated with the New Left, some of the best-known include William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York, 1969), The Contours of American History (Cleveland, 1961), Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980), America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776-1976 (New York, 1976), American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 (New York, 1952), The United States, Cuba, and Castro (New York, 1962), The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into a Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), and as editor, From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1972); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963), America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York, 1997), The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1978), Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America (New York, 1983), The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (New York, 1997), and "War: Cold," Cornell Alumni News 71 (October 1968): 24-29; Gabriel Kolko, Main Currents in Modern American History (New York, 1976), The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose (Boston, 1969), The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), and with Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York, 1972); Joyce Kolko, America and the Crisis of World Capitalism (Boston, 1974); Lloyd Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, 1964), Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970), Safe for Democracy: Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913-1923 (New York, 1984), and as editor, Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams (Corvallis, OR, 1986); Arno Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917-1918 (New Haven, 1959), and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918-1919 (New York, 1967); Thomas McCormick, China Market: America's Quest for Informal Empire, 1893-1901 (Chicago, 1967), and America's Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and After (Baltimore, 1995); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, KY, 1971); Marilyn Young, The Rhetoric of Empire: American China Policy, 1895-1901 (Cambridge, MA, 1968); Carl Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923 (Pittsburgh, 1969); Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1921 (Pittsburgh, 1971); Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Lain, and Politics (New York, 1988); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution (New York, 1968); Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965); Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1973); and Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York, 1970), and At War with Asia (New York, 1970). I would also like to thank Noam Chomsky, Walter LaFeber, Marilyn Young, and Lloyd Gardner for discussing aspects of the New Left in diplomatic history with me via phone conversations and e-mail.
47. Among those authors and works associated with the New Left, some of the best-known include William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York, 1969), The Contours of American History (Cleveland, 1961), Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980), America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776-1976 (New York, 1976), American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 (New York, 1952), The United States, Cuba, and Castro (New York, 1962), The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into a Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), and as editor, From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1972); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963), America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York, 1997), The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1978), Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America (New York, 1983), The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (New York, 1997), and "War: Cold," Cornell Alumni News 71 (October 1968): 24-29; Gabriel Kolko, Main Currents in Modern American History (New York, 1976), The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose (Boston, 1969), The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), and with Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York, 1972); Joyce Kolko, America and the Crisis of World Capitalism (Boston, 1974); Lloyd Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, 1964), Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970), Safe for Democracy: Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913-1923 (New York, 1984), and as editor, Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams (Corvallis, OR, 1986); Arno Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917-1918 (New Haven, 1959), and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918-1919 (New York, 1967); Thomas McCormick, China Market: America's Quest for Informal Empire, 1893-1901 (Chicago, 1967), and America's Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and After (Baltimore, 1995); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, KY, 1971); Marilyn Young, The Rhetoric of Empire: American China Policy, 1895-1901 (Cambridge, MA, 1968); Carl Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923 (Pittsburgh, 1969); Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1921 (Pittsburgh, 1971); Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Lain, and Politics (New York, 1988); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution (New York, 1968); Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965); Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1973); and Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York, 1970), and At War with Asia (New York,
48. Among those authors and works associated with the New Left, some of the best-known include William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York, 1969), The Contours of American History (Cleveland, 1961), Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980), America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776-1976 (New York, 1976), American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 (New York, 1952), The United States, Cuba, and Castro (New York, 1962), The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into a Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), and as editor, From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1972); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963), America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York, 1997), The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1978), Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America (New York, 1983), The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (New York, 1997), and "War: Cold," Cornell Alumni News 71 (October 1968): 24-29; Gabriel Kolko, Main Currents in Modern American History (New York, 1976), The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose (Boston, 1969), The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), and with Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York, 1972); Joyce Kolko, America and the Crisis of World Capitalism (Boston, 1974); Lloyd Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, 1964), Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970), Safe for Democracy: Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913-1923 (New York, 1984), and as editor, Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams (Corvallis, OR, 1986); Arno Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917-1918 (New Haven, 1959), and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918-1919 (New York, 1967); Thomas McCormick, China Market: America's Quest for Informal Empire, 1893-1901 (Chicago, 1967), and America's Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and After (Baltimore, 1995); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, KY, 1971); Marilyn Young, The Rhetoric of Empire: American China Policy, 1895-1901 (Cambridge, MA, 1968); Carl Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923 (Pittsburgh, 1969); Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1921 (Pittsburgh, 1971); Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Lain, and Politics (New York, 1988); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution (New York, 1968); Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965); Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1973); and Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York, 1970), and At War with Asia (New York, 1970). I would also like to thank Noam Chomsky, Walter LaFeber, Marilyn Young, and Lloyd Gardner for discussing aspects of the New Left in diplomatic history with me via phone conversations and e-mail.
49. Among those authors and works associated with the New Left, some of the best-known include William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York, 1969), The Contours of American History (Cleveland, 1961), Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980), America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776-1976 (New York, 1976), American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 (New York, 1952), The United States, Cuba, and Castro (New York, 1962), The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into a Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), and as editor, From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1972); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963), America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York, 1997), The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1978), Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America (New York, 1983), The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (New York, 1997), and "War: Cold," Cornell Alumni News 71 (October 1968): 24-29; Gabriel Kolko, Main Currents in Modern American History (New York, 1976), The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose (Boston, 1969), The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), and with Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York, 1972); Joyce Kolko, America and the Crisis of World Capitalism (Boston, 1974); Lloyd Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, 1964), Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970), Safe for Democracy: Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913-1923 (New York, 1984), and as editor, Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams (Corvallis, OR, 1986); Arno Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917-1918 (New Haven, 1959), and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918-1919 (New York, 1967); Thomas McCormick, China Market: America's Quest for Informal Empire, 1893-1901 (Chicago, 1967), and America's Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and After (Baltimore, 1995); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, KY, 1971); Marilyn Young, The Rhetoric of Empire: American China Policy, 1895-1901 (Cambridge, MA, 1968); Carl Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923 (Pittsburgh, 1969); Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1921 (Pittsburgh, 1971); Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Lain, and Politics (New York, 1988); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution (New York, 1968); Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965); Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1973); and Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York, 1970), and At War with Asia (New York, 1970). I would also like to thank Noam Chomsky, Walter LaFeber, Marilyn Young, and Lloyd Gardner for discussing aspects of the New Left in diplomatic history with me via phone conversations and e-mail.
50. Among those authors and works associated with the New Left, some of the best-known include William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York, 1969), The Contours of American History (Cleveland, 1961), Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980), America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776-1976 (New York, 1976), American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 (New York, 1952), The United States, Cuba, and Castro (New York, 1962), The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into a Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), and as editor, From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1972); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963), America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York, 1997), The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1978), Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America (New York, 1983), The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (New York, 1997), and "War: Cold," Cornell Alumni News 71 (October 1968): 24-29; Gabriel Kolko, Main Currents in Modern American History (New York, 1976), The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose (Boston, 1969), The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), and with Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York, 1972); Joyce Kolko, America and the Crisis of World Capitalism (Boston, 1974); Lloyd Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, 1964), Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970), Safe for Democracy: Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913-1923 (New York, 1984), and as editor, Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams (Corvallis, OR, 1986); Arno Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917-1918 (New Haven, 1959), and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918-1919 (New York, 1967); Thomas McCormick, China Market: America's Quest for Informal Empire, 1893-1901 (Chicago, 1967), and America's Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and After (Baltimore, 1995); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, KY, 1971); Marilyn Young, The Rhetoric of Empire: American China Policy, 1895-1901 (Cambridge, MA, 1968); Carl Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923 (Pittsburgh, 1969); Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1921 (Pittsburgh, 1971); Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Lain, and Politics (New York, 1988); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution (New York, 1968); Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965); Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1973); and Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York, 1970), and At War with Asia (New York, 1970). I would also like to thank Noam Chomsky, Walter LaFeber, Marilyn Young, and Lloyd Gardner for discussing aspects of the New Left in diplomatic history with me via phone conversations and e-mail.
51. Among those authors and works associated with the New Left, some of the best-known include William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York, 1969), The Contours of American History (Cleveland, 1961), Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980), America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776-1976 (New York, 1976), American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 (New York, 1952), The United States, Cuba, and Castro (New York, 1962), The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into a Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), and as editor, From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1972); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963), America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York, 1997), The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1978), Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America (New York, 1983), The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (New York, 1997), and "War: Cold," Cornell Alumni News 71 (October 1968): 24-29; Gabriel Kolko, Main Currents in Modern American History (New York, 1976), The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose (Boston, 1969), The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), and with Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York, 1972); Joyce Kolko, America and the Crisis of World Capitalism (Boston, 1974); Lloyd Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, 1964), Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970), Safe for Democracy: Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913-1923 (New York, 1984), and as editor, Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams (Corvallis, OR, 1986); Arno Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917-1918 (New Haven, 1959), and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918-1919 (New York, 1967); Thomas McCormick, China Market: America's Quest for Informal Empire, 1893-1901 (Chicago, 1967), and America's Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and After (Baltimore, 1995); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, KY, 1971); Marilyn Young, The Rhetoric of Empire: American China Policy, 1895-1901 (Cambridge, MA, 1968); Carl Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923 (Pittsburgh, 1969); Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1921 (Pittsburgh, 1971); Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Lain, and Politics (New York, 1988); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution (New York, 1968); Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965); Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1973); and Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York, 1970), and At War with Asia (New York, 1970). I would also like to thank Noam Chomsky, Walter LaFeber, Marilyn Young, and Lloyd Gardner for discussing aspects of the New Left in diplomatic history with me via phone conversations and e-mail.
52. Among those authors and works associated with the New Left, some of the best-known include William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York, 1969), The Contours of American History (Cleveland, 1961), Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980), America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776-1976 (New York, 1976), American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 (New York, 1952), The United States, Cuba, and Castro (New York, 1962), The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into a Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), and as editor, From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1972); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963), America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York, 1997), The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1978), Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America (New York, 1983), The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (New York, 1997), and "War: Cold," Cornell Alumni News 71 (October 1968): 24-29; Gabriel Kolko, Main Currents in Modern American History (New York, 1976), The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose (Boston, 1969), The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), and with Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York, 1972); Joyce Kolko, America and the Crisis of World Capitalism (Boston, 1974); Lloyd Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, 1964), Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970), Safe for Democracy: Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913-1923 (New York, 1984), and as editor, Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams (Corvallis, OR, 1986); Arno Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917-1918 (New Haven, 1959), and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918-1919 (New York, 1967); Thomas McCormick, China Market: America's Quest for Informal Empire, 1893-1901 (Chicago, 1967), and America's Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and After (Baltimore, 1995); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, KY, 1971); Marilyn Young, The Rhetoric of Empire: American China Policy, 1895-1901 (Cambridge, MA, 1968); Carl Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923 (Pittsburgh, 1969); Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1921 (Pittsburgh, 1971); Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Lain, and Politics (New York, 1988); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution (New York, 1968); Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965); Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1973); and Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York, 1970), and At War with Asia (New York, 1970). I would also like to thank Noam Chomsky, Walter LaFeber, Marilyn Young, and Lloyd Gardner for discussing aspects of the New Left in diplomatic history with me via phone conversations and e-mail.
53. Among those authors and works associated with the New Left, some of the best-known include William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York, 1969), The Contours of American History (Cleveland, 1961), Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980), America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1776-1976 (New York, 1976), American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947 (New York, 1952), The United States, Cuba, and Castro (New York, 1962), The Great Evasion: An Essay on the Contemporary Relevance of Karl Marx and the Wisdom of Admitting the Heretic into a Dialogue about America's Future (Chicago, 1964), and as editor, From Colony to Empire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1972); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, 1963), America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1996, 8th ed. (New York, 1997), The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1978), Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America (New York, 1983), The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (New York, 1997), and "War: Cold," Cornell Alumni News 71 (October 1968): 24-29; Gabriel Kolko, Main Currents in Modern American History (New York, 1976), The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose (Boston, 1969), The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), and with Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954 (New York, 1972); Joyce Kolko, America and the Crisis of World Capitalism (Boston, 1974); Lloyd Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, 1964), Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970), Safe for Democracy: Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913-1923 (New York, 1984), and as editor, Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams (Corvallis, OR, 1986); Arno Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917-1918 (New Haven, 1959), and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918-1919 (New York, 1967); Thomas McCormick, China Market: America's Quest for Informal Empire, 1893-1901 (Chicago, 1967), and America's Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and After (Baltimore, 1995); Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, KY, 1971); Marilyn Young, The Rhetoric of Empire: American China Policy, 1895-1901 (Cambridge, MA, 1968); Carl Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916-1923 (Pittsburgh, 1969); Jerry Israel, Progressivism and the Open Door: America and China, 1905-1921 (Pittsburgh, 1971); Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Lain, and Politics (New York, 1988); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution (New York, 1968); Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965); Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1973); and Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York, 1970), and At War with Asia (New York, 1970). I would also like to thank Noam Chomsky, Walter LaFeber, Marilyn Young, and Lloyd Gardner for discussing aspects of the New Left in diplomatic history with me via phone conversations and e-mail.
54. John Gaddis, "The Emerging Post-Revisionist Synthesis on the Origins of the Cold War," Diplomatic History 7 (Summer 1983): 171-90.
55. Stueck on H-DIPLO, 26 September 1997, re. AHA Panels.
56. On the most recent revelations concerning Guatemala, see the website of the National Security Archive, at http://www.seas.gwu.edu/nsarchive/.
57. The concept of "empire by invitation" was developed by Geir Lundestad, see America, Scandanavia, and the Cold War, 1945-1959 (New York, 1980), and quickly picked up and adapted by Gaddis and others.
58. Howard Jones and Randall B. Woods, "Origins of the Cold War in Europe and the Near East: Recent Historiography and the National Security Imperative," Diplomatic History (Spring 1995): 251-76.
59. Noam Chomsky, "The Responsibility of Intellectuals," in American Power and the New Mandarins, 323-66.
60. Michael Hogan, "State of the Art: An Introduction," and Bruce Cumings, "'Revising Postrevisionism,' Or, The Poverty of Theory in Diplomatic History," both in America in the World: The Historiography of American Foreign Relations since 1941, ed. Michael J. Hogan (New York, 1995), 3-19, 20-62; William Walker, "Melvyn P. Leffler, Ideology, and American Foreign Policy," Diplomatic History 20 (Fall 1996): 663-73; Stephanson, "Ideology and Neorealist Mirrors."
61. Michael Hogan, "State of the Art: An Introduction," and Bruce Cumings, "'Revising Postrevisionism,' Or, The Poverty of Theory in Diplomatic History," both in America in the World: The Historiography of American Foreign Relations since 1941, ed. Michael J. Hogan (New York, 1995), 3-19, 20-62; William Walker, "Melvyn P. Leffler, Ideology, and American Foreign Policy," Diplomatic History 20 (Fall 1996): 663-73; Stephanson, "Ideology and Neorealist Mirrors."
62. Michael Hogan, "State of the Art: An Introduction," and Bruce Cumings, "'Revising Postrevisionism,' Or, The Poverty of Theory in Diplomatic History," both in America in the World: The Historiography of American Foreign Relations since 1941, ed. Michael J. Hogan (New York, 1995), 3-19, 20-62; William Walker, "Melvyn P. Leffler, Ideology, and American Foreign Policy," Diplomatic History 20 (Fall 1996): 663-73; Stephanson, "Ideology and Neorealist Mirrors."
63. Michael Hogan, "State of the Art: An Introduction," and Bruce Cumings, "'Revising Postrevisionism,' Or, The Poverty of Theory in Diplomatic History," both in America in the World: The Historiography of American Foreign Relations since 1941, ed. Michael J. Hogan (New York, 1995), 3-19, 20-62; William Walker, "Melvyn P. Leffler, Ideology, and American Foreign Policy," Diplomatic History 20 (Fall 1996): 663-73; Stephanson, "Ideology and Neorealist Mirrors."
64. See Melvyn P. Leffler, The Elusive Quest: America's Pursuit of European Stability and French Security, 1919-1933 (Chapel Hill, 1979), A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, 1992), The Specter of Communism: The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1917-1953 (New York, 1994), as editor, with David Painter, Origins of the Cold War: An International History (New York, 1994), "The American Conception of National Security and the Beginnings of the Cold War, 1945-1948," American Historical Review 89 (April 1984): 346-81, and "Strategy, Diplomacy, and the Cold War: The United States, Turkey, and NATO, 1945-1952," Journal of American History 71 (March 1985-): 807-25.
65. See Melvyn P. Leffler, The Elusive Quest: America's Pursuit of European Stability and French Security, 1919-1933 (Chapel Hill, 1979), A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, 1992), The Specter of Communism: The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1917-1953 (New York, 1994), as editor, with David Painter, Origins of the Cold War: An International History (New York, 1994), "The American Conception of National Security and the Beginnings of the Cold War, 1945-1948," American Historical Review 89 (April 1984): 346-81, and "Strategy, Diplomacy, and the Cold War: The United States, Turkey, and NATO, 1945-1952," Journal of American History 71 (March 1985-): 807-25.
66. See Melvyn P. Leffler, The Elusive Quest: America's Pursuit of European Stability and French Security, 1919-1933 (Chapel Hill, 1979), A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, 1992), The Specter of Communism: The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1917-1953 (New York, 1994), as editor, with David Painter, Origins of the Cold War: An International History (New York, 1994), "The American Conception of National Security and the Beginnings of the Cold War, 1945-1948," American Historical Review 89 (April 1984): 346-81, and "Strategy, Diplomacy, and the Cold War: The United States, Turkey, and NATO, 1945-1952," Journal of American History 71 (March 1985-): 807-25.
67. See Melvyn P. Leffler, The Elusive Quest: America's Pursuit of European Stability and French Security, 1919-1933 (Chapel Hill, 1979), A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, 1992), The Specter of Communism: The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1917-1953 (New York, 1994), as editor, with David Painter, Origins of the Cold War: An International History (New York, 1994), "The American Conception of National Security and the Beginnings of the Cold War, 1945-1948," American Historical Review 89 (April 1984): 346-81, and "Strategy, Diplomacy, and the Cold War: The United States, Turkey, and NATO, 1945-1952," Journal of American History 71 (March 1985-): 807-25.
68. See Melvyn P. Leffler, The Elusive Quest: America's Pursuit of European Stability and French Security, 1919-1933 (Chapel Hill, 1979), A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, 1992), The Specter of Communism: The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1917-1953 (New York, 1994), as editor, with David Painter, Origins of the Cold War: An International History (New York, 1994), "The American Conception of National Security and the Beginnings of the Cold War, 1945-1948," American Historical Review 89 (April 1984): 346-81, and "Strategy, Diplomacy, and the Cold War: The United States, Turkey, and NATO, 1945-1952," Journal of American History 71 (March 1985-): 807-25.
69. See Melvyn P. Leffler, The Elusive Quest: America's Pursuit of European Stability and French Security, 1919-1933 (Chapel Hill, 1979), A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, 1992), The Specter of Communism: The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1917-1953 (New York, 1994), as editor, with David Painter, Origins of the Cold War: An International History (New York, 1994), "The American Conception of National Security and the Beginnings of the Cold War, 1945-1948," American Historical Review 89 (April 1984): 346-81, and "Strategy, Diplomacy, and the Cold War: The United States, Turkey, and NATO, 1945-1952," Journal of American History 71 (March 1985-): 807-25.
70. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power, 163, 358-59.
71. Walker, "Melvyn P. Leffler"; Melvyn P. Leffler, "Ideology and American Foreign Policy" [response to Bill Walker] in SHAFR Newsletter 28 (September 1997): 31-38, emphasis in original, my bolding.
72. Gaddis, The United States and Origins of the Cold War, 1941-1947 (New York, 1972), and Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy (New York, 1982) ; see also Arthur Schlesinger, Jr, "Origins of the Cold War," Foreign Affairs 46 (October 1967): 22-52; and Stephanson, "Ideology and Neorealist Mirrors."
73. Gaddis, The United States and Origins of the Cold War, 1941-1947 (New York, 1972), and Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy (New York, 1982) ; see also Arthur Schlesinger, Jr, "Origins of the Cold War," Foreign Affairs 46 (October 1967): 22-52; and Stephanson, "Ideology and Neorealist Mirrors."
74. Gaddis, The United States and Origins of the Cold War, 1941-1947 (New York, 1972), and Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy (New York, 1982) ; see also Arthur Schlesinger, Jr, "Origins of the Cold War," Foreign Affairs 46 (October 1967): 22-52; and Stephanson, "Ideology and Neorealist Mirrors."
75. Gaddis, The United States and Origins of the Cold War, 1941-1947 (New York, 1972), and Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy (New York, 1982) ; see also Arthur Schlesinger, Jr, "Origins of the Cold War," Foreign Affairs 46 (October 1967): 22-52; and Stephanson, "Ideology and Neorealist Mirrors."
76. John Lewis Gaddis, "The Tragedy of Cold War History," Diplomatic History 17 (Winter 1993): 1-16, and We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History (New York, 1997);
77. John Lewis Gaddis, "The Tragedy of Cold War History," Diplomatic History 17 (Winter 1993): 1-16, and We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History (New York, 1997);
78. Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., "Hollywood Hypocrisy," New York Times, 28 February 1999.
79. David Fogelsong, America's Secret War against Bolshevism: U.S. Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1917-1920 (Chapel Hill, 1995); Michael Jabara Carley's work is discussed in "Lloyd Gardner's Cold War Essay," a piece that began as a review of We Now Know but become a consideration of the early cold war, on H-DIPLO website, http://h-net2.msu.edu/~diplo/Gardner.htm; Leffler, "Inside Enemy Archives . . ." Foreign Affairs 75 (July/August 1996): 120-35. Unquestionably the best source of information about documents from the ex-Communist states is the Cold War International History Project [CWIHP], which puts out the CWIHP Bulletin in both print copy and on its website at http://cwihp.si.edu/default.htm. In fact, I recently had my first experience using some of the documents on the CWIHP website. While preparing an article on the Vietnam War, I made extensive use of documents regarding Chinese relations with Vietnam during the war. Rather than showing Ho Chi Minh accepting directions from Mao, they reveal that the PRC was trying to coerce the Vietnamese into avoiding negotiations to end the war and trying to create friction between Vietnam and the Soviet Union. Ultimately, Chinese pressure led Ho to move closer to the Soviets, even supporting the 1968 Czech invasion, and to distance his country from the PRC. "The Vietnam War: Capitalism, Communism, and Containment," in Empire and Revolution: The United States in the Third World since 1945, ed. Mary Ann Heiss and Peter L. Hahn (Columbus, OH, forthcoming). For another outstanding source of documents see the National Security Archive website at http://www.seas.gwu.edu/nsarchive/.
80. David Fogelsong, America's Secret War against Bolshevism: U.S. Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1917-1920 (Chapel Hill, 1995); Michael Jabara Carley's work is discussed in "Lloyd Gardner's Cold War Essay," a piece that began as a review of We Now Know but become a consideration of the early cold war, on H-DIPLO website, http://h-net2.msu.edu/~diplo/Gardner.htm; Leffler, "Inside Enemy Archives . . ." Foreign Affairs 75 (July/August 1996): 120-35. Unquestionably the best source of information about documents from the ex-Communist states is the Cold War International History Project [CWIHP], which puts out the CWIHP Bulletin in both print copy and on its website at http://cwihp.si.edu/default.htm. In fact, I recently had my first experience using some of the documents on the CWIHP website. While preparing an article on the Vietnam War, I made extensive use of documents regarding Chinese relations with Vietnam during the war. Rather than showing Ho Chi Minh accepting directions from Mao, they reveal that the PRC was trying to coerce the Vietnamese into avoiding negotiations to end the war and trying to create friction between Vietnam and the Soviet Union. Ultimately, Chinese pressure led Ho to move closer to the Soviets, even supporting the 1968 Czech invasion, and to distance his country from the PRC. "The Vietnam War: Capitalism, Communism, and Containment," in Empire and Revolution: The United States in the Third World since 1945, ed. Mary Ann Heiss and Peter L. Hahn (Columbus, OH, forthcoming). For another outstanding source of documents see the National Security Archive website at http://www.seas.gwu.edu/nsarchive/.
81. David Fogelsong, America's Secret War against Bolshevism: U.S. Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1917-1920 (Chapel Hill, 1995); Michael Jabara Carley's work is discussed in "Lloyd Gardner's Cold War Essay," a piece that began as a review of We Now Know but become a consideration of the early cold war, on H-DIPLO website, http://h-net2.msu.edu/~diplo/Gardner.htm; Leffler, "Inside Enemy Archives . . ." Foreign Affairs 75 (July/August 1996): 120-35. Unquestionably the best source of information about documents from the ex-Communist states is the Cold War International History Project [CWIHP], which puts out the CWIHP Bulletin in both print copy and on its website at http://cwihp.si.edu/default.htm. In fact, I recently had my first experience using some of the documents on the CWIHP website. While preparing an article on the Vietnam War, I made extensive use of documents regarding Chinese relations with Vietnam during the war. Rather than showing Ho Chi Minh accepting directions from Mao, they reveal that the PRC was trying to coerce the Vietnamese into avoiding negotiations to end the war and trying to create friction between Vietnam and the Soviet Union. Ultimately, Chinese pressure led Ho to move closer to the Soviets, even supporting the 1968 Czech invasion, and to distance his country from the PRC. "The Vietnam War: Capitalism, Communism, and Containment," in Empire and Revolution: The United States in the Third World since 1945, ed. Mary Ann Heiss and Peter L. Hahn (Columbus, OH, forthcoming). For another outstanding source of documents see the National Security Archive website at http://www.seas.gwu.edu/nsarchive/.
82. David Fogelsong, America's Secret War against Bolshevism: U.S. Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1917-1920 (Chapel Hill, 1995); Michael Jabara Carley's work is discussed in "Lloyd Gardner's Cold War Essay," a piece that began as a review of We Now Know but become a consideration of the early cold war, on H-DIPLO website, http://h-net2.msu.edu/~diplo/Gardner.htm; Leffler, "Inside Enemy Archives . . ." Foreign Affairs 75 (July/August 1996): 120-35. Unquestionably the best source of information about documents from the ex-Communist states is the Cold War International History Project [CWIHP], which puts out the CWIHP Bulletin in both print copy and on its website at http://cwihp.si.edu/default.htm. In fact, I recently had my first experience using some of the documents on the CWIHP website. While preparing an article on the Vietnam War, I made extensive use of documents regarding Chinese relations with Vietnam during the war. Rather than showing Ho Chi Minh accepting directions from Mao, they reveal that the PRC was trying to coerce the Vietnamese into avoiding negotiations to end the war and trying to create friction between Vietnam and the Soviet Union. Ultimately, Chinese pressure led Ho to move closer to the Soviets, even supporting the 1968 Czech invasion, and to distance his country from the PRC. "The Vietnam War: Capitalism, Communism, and Containment," in Empire and Revolution: The United States in the Third World since 1945, ed. Mary Ann Heiss and Peter L. Hahn (Columbus, OH, forthcoming). For another outstanding source of documents see the National Security Archive website at http://www.seas.gwu.edu/nsarchive/.
83. David Fogelsong, America's Secret War against Bolshevism: U.S. Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1917-1920 (Chapel Hill, 1995); Michael Jabara Carley's work is discussed in "Lloyd Gardner's Cold War Essay," a piece that began as a review of We Now Know but become a consideration of the early cold war, on H-DIPLO website, http://h-net2.msu.edu/~diplo/Gardner.htm; Leffler, "Inside Enemy Archives . . ." Foreign Affairs 75 (July/August 1996): 120-35. Unquestionably the best source of information about documents from the ex-Communist states is the Cold War International History Project [CWIHP], which puts out the CWIHP Bulletin in both print copy and on its website at http://cwihp.si.edu/default.htm. In fact, I recently had my first experience using some of the documents on the CWIHP website. While preparing an article on the Vietnam War, I made extensive use of documents regarding Chinese relations with Vietnam during the war. Rather than showing Ho Chi Minh accepting directions from Mao, they reveal that the PRC was trying to coerce the Vietnamese into avoiding negotiations to end the war and trying to create friction between Vietnam and the Soviet Union. Ultimately, Chinese pressure led Ho to move closer to the Soviets, even supporting the 1968 Czech invasion, and to distance his country from the PRC. "The Vietnam War: Capitalism, Communism, and Containment," in Empire and Revolution: The United States in the Third World since 1945, ed. Mary Ann Heiss and Peter L. Hahn (Columbus, OH, forthcoming). For another outstanding source of documents see the National Security Archive website at http://www.seas.gwu.edu/nsarchive/.
84. Gaddis, We Now Know, 87, 56, 38-39, 157.
85. Ibid., 162-63, 179-80, 192, 111.
86. Gardner's Cold War Essay, H-DIPLO website.
87. Articles in the Journal of American History concerning foreign policies, broadly conceived, include Costigliola, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration,'" Andrew Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The United States and South Asia, 1947-1964," (September 1994), and Eileen Scully, "Taking the Low Road to Sino-American Relations: 'Open Door' Expansionists and the Two China Markets," (June 1995); Costigliola's first book was Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919-1933 (Ithaca, 1984), and Rotter's was The Path to Vietnam: Origins of the American Commitment to Southeast Asia (Ithaca, 1989).
88. Articles in the Journal of American History concerning foreign policies, broadly conceived, include Costigliola, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration,'" Andrew Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The United States and South Asia, 1947-1964," (September 1994), and Eileen Scully, "Taking the Low Road to Sino-American Relations: 'Open Door' Expansionists and the Two China Markets," (June 1995); Costigliola's first book was Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919-1933 (Ithaca, 1984), and Rotter's was The Path to Vietnam: Origins of the American Commitment to Southeast Asia (Ithaca, 1989).
89. Articles in the Journal of American History concerning foreign policies, broadly conceived, include Costigliola, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration,'" Andrew Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The United States and South Asia, 1947-1964," (September 1994), and Eileen Scully, "Taking the Low Road to Sino-American Relations: 'Open Door' Expansionists and the Two China Markets," (June 1995); Costigliola's first book was Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919-1933 (Ithaca, 1984), and Rotter's was The Path to Vietnam: Origins of the American Commitment to Southeast Asia (Ithaca, 1989).
90. Articles in the Journal of American History concerning foreign policies, broadly conceived, include Costigliola, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration,'" Andrew Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The United States and South Asia, 1947-1964," (September 1994), and Eileen Scully, "Taking the Low Road to Sino-American Relations: 'Open Door' Expansionists and the Two China Markets," (June 1995); Costigliola's first book was Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919-1933 (Ithaca, 1984), and Rotter's was The Path to Vietnam: Origins of the American Commitment to Southeast Asia (Ithaca, 1989).
91. Articles in the Journal of American History concerning foreign policies, broadly conceived, include Costigliola, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration,'" Andrew Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The United States and South Asia, 1947-1964," (September 1994), and Eileen Scully, "Taking the Low Road to Sino-American Relations: 'Open Door' Expansionists and the Two China Markets," (June 1995); Costigliola's first book was Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919-1933 (Ithaca, 1984), and Rotter's was The Path to Vietnam: Origins of the American Commitment to Southeast Asia (Ithaca, 1989).
92. Marc Trachtenberg, "The Past Under Siege: A Historian Ponders the State of His Profession - and What to Do About It," Wall Street Journal, 17 July 1998.
93. Frank Costigliola, "Culture, Emotion, and Language: New Approaches to Diplomatic History," paper delivered at 1999 conference of American Historical Association, Washington, DC.
94. Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood.
95. Gardner, Architects of Illusion;
96. Kolko, The Roots of American Foreign Policy,
97. Richard Barnet, Roots of War (New York, 1972).
98. Noam Chomsky, Year 501: The Conquest Continues (Boston, 1993), 286; in an e-mail response to a question about the use of cultural and linguistic approaches to the study of foreign relations, Chomsky railed against such methodology. "On 'left cultural studies' and the rest," he contends, "there are of course variations, but most of it is, in my opinion, intellectually absurd, morally ridiculous, self-serving and careerist, and extremely harmful - at least for people concerned with such matters as freedom and justice." Chomsky e-mail to author, 3 March 1999.
99. Samuel Flagg Bemis, The Diplomacy of the American Revolution (Bloomington, IN, 1957). While Bemis must be spinning in his grave at this association with the New Left, I don't necessarily agree with Michael Hogan's description of Gaddis as the "new Bemis." Bemis did multi-archival research and was willing to examine material motives in diplomacy. Of course, their triumphalism over the alleged virtues of American leaders is similar. Hogan, "State of the Art: An Introduction," in America in the World.
100. Samuel Flagg Bemis, The Diplomacy of the American Revolution (Bloomington, IN, 1957). While Bemis must be spinning in his grave at this association with the New Left, I don't necessarily agree with Michael Hogan's description of Gaddis as the "new Bemis." Bemis did multi-archival research and was willing to examine material motives in diplomacy. Of course, their triumphalism over the alleged virtues of American leaders is similar. Hogan, "State of the Art: An Introduction," in America in the World.
101. In Walter LaFeber, The American Age: U.S. Foreign Policy at Home and Abroad, vol. 1, To 1820 (New York, 1994), 21-22.
102. Williams, The Roots of the Modern American Empire, and From Colony to Empire; William Earl Weeks, Building the Continental Empire (Chicago, 1996); Thomas Hietala, Manifest Design: Anxious Aggrandizement in Late Jacksonian America (Ithaca, 1985); Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, MA, 1981); Richard Drinnon, Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian Hating and Empire Building (Minneapolis, 1980); LaFeber, The Clash.
103. Williams, The Roots of the Modern American Empire, and From Colony to Empire; William Earl Weeks, Building the Continental Empire (Chicago, 1996); Thomas Hietala, Manifest Design: Anxious Aggrandizement in Late Jacksonian America (Ithaca, 1985); Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, MA, 1981); Richard Drinnon, Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian Hating and Empire Building (Minneapolis, 1980); LaFeber, The Clash.
104. Williams, The Roots of the Modern American Empire, and From Colony to Empire; William Earl Weeks, Building the Continental Empire (Chicago, 1996); Thomas Hietala, Manifest Design: Anxious Aggrandizement in Late Jacksonian America (Ithaca, 1985); Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, MA, 1981); Richard Drinnon, Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian Hating and Empire Building (Minneapolis, 1980); LaFeber, The Clash.
105. Williams, The Roots of the Modern American Empire, and From Colony to Empire; William Earl Weeks, Building the Continental Empire (Chicago, 1996); Thomas Hietala, Manifest Design: Anxious Aggrandizement in Late Jacksonian America (Ithaca, 1985); Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, MA, 1981); Richard Drinnon, Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian Hating and Empire Building (Minneapolis, 1980); LaFeber, The Clash.
106. Williams, The Roots of the Modern American Empire, and From Colony to Empire; William Earl Weeks, Building the Continental Empire (Chicago, 1996); Thomas Hietala, Manifest Design: Anxious Aggrandizement in Late Jacksonian America (Ithaca, 1985); Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, MA, 1981); Richard Drinnon, Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian Hating and Empire Building (Minneapolis, 1980); LaFeber, The Clash.
107. Williams, The Roots of the Modern American Empire, and From Colony to Empire; William Earl Weeks, Building the Continental Empire (Chicago, 1996); Thomas Hietala, Manifest Design: Anxious Aggrandizement in Late Jacksonian America (Ithaca, 1985); Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, MA, 1981); Richard Drinnon, Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian Hating and Empire Building (Minneapolis, 1980); LaFeber, The Clash.
108. Williams, The Roots of the Modern American Empire, LaFeber, The New Empire.
109. Williams, The Roots of the Modern American Empire, LaFeber, The New Empire.
110. State Department paper in Howard Zinn, A People's History of the United States (New York,), 292; Rockefeller in Williams, The Great Evasion, 35.
111. State Department paper in Howard Zinn, A People's History of the United States (New York,), 292; Rockefeller in Williams, The Great Evasion, 35.
112. In Thomas G. Paterson, J. Garry Clifford, Kenneth J. Hagan, American Foreign Policy: A History since 1895 (Lexington, MA, 1995), 4.
113. John Mason Hart, Revolutionary Mexico: The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution (Berkeley, 1987), see esp. chap. 7 and 9, Wilson quote at 276.
114. Smedley Butler, "War Is a Racket," on Grover Furr's web page at http://chss.montclair.edu/ english/furr/butler1.html. See also Hans Schmidt, Maverick Marine: General Smedley D. Butler and the Contradictions of American Military History (Lexington, KY, 1987).
115. Smedley Butler, "War Is a Racket," on Grover Furr's web page at http://chss.montclair.edu/ english/furr/butler1.html. See also Hans Schmidt, Maverick Marine: General Smedley D. Butler and the Contradictions of American Military History (Lexington, KY, 1987).
116. Charles C. Tansill, America Goes to War (Boston, 1938); Scott Nearing, Dollar Diplomacy (New York, 1925); Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking; Lansing in Paterson et al., American Foreign Policy, 91.
117. Charles C. Tansill, America Goes to War (Boston, 1938); Scott Nearing, Dollar Diplomacy (New York, 1925); Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking; Lansing in Paterson et al., American Foreign Policy, 91.
118. Charles C. Tansill, America Goes to War (Boston, 1938); Scott Nearing, Dollar Diplomacy (New York, 1925); Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking; Lansing in Paterson et al., American Foreign Policy, 91.
119. Charles C. Tansill, America Goes to War (Boston, 1938); Scott Nearing, Dollar Diplomacy (New York, 1925); Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, and Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking; Lansing in Paterson et al., American Foreign Policy, 91.
120. Williams, "The Legend of Isolationism," in Tragedy of American Diplomacy.
121. Kolko, The Politics of War, and Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power, Williams, Tragedy; Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation; Frank Kofsky, Harry Truman and the War Scare of 1948: A Successful Campaign to Deceive the Nation (New York, 1993); McCormick, America's Half-Century; on the need for containment at home against forces of democracy see especially Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York, 1988); Martin Duberman, Paul Robeson (New York, 1989); Gerald Horne, Black and Red: W.E.B. DuBois and the Afro-American Response to the Cold War (Albany, 1986); Harry Hay wood, Black Bolshevik: The Autobiography of an African American Communist (Chicago, 1978); and Nelson Lichtenstein, The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit: Walter Reuther and the Fate of American Labor (New York, 1995).
122. Kolko, The Politics of War, and Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power, Williams, Tragedy; Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation; Frank Kofsky, Harry Truman and the War Scare of 1948: A Successful Campaign to Deceive the Nation (New York, 1993); McCormick, America's Half-Century; on the need for containment at home against forces of democracy see especially Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York, 1988); Martin Duberman, Paul Robeson (New York, 1989); Gerald Horne, Black and Red: W.E.B. DuBois and the Afro-American Response to the Cold War (Albany, 1986); Harry Hay wood, Black Bolshevik: The Autobiography of an African American Communist (Chicago, 1978); and Nelson Lichtenstein, The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit: Walter Reuther and the Fate of American Labor (New York, 1995).
123. Kolko, The Politics of War, and Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power, Williams, Tragedy; Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation; Frank Kofsky, Harry Truman and the War Scare of 1948: A Successful Campaign to Deceive the Nation (New York, 1993); McCormick, America's Half-Century; on the need for containment at home against forces of democracy see especially Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York, 1988); Martin Duberman, Paul Robeson (New York, 1989); Gerald Horne, Black and Red: W.E.B. DuBois and the Afro-American Response to the Cold War (Albany, 1986); Harry Hay wood, Black Bolshevik: The Autobiography of an African American Communist (Chicago, 1978); and Nelson Lichtenstein, The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit: Walter Reuther and the Fate of American Labor (New York, 1995).
124. Kolko, The Politics of War, and Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power, Williams, Tragedy; Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation; Frank Kofsky, Harry Truman and the War Scare of 1948: A Successful Campaign to Deceive the Nation (New York, 1993); McCormick, America's Half-Century; on the need for containment at home against forces of democracy see especially Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York, 1988); Martin Duberman, Paul Robeson (New York, 1989); Gerald Horne, Black and Red: W.E.B. DuBois and the Afro-American Response to the Cold War (Albany, 1986); Harry Hay wood, Black Bolshevik: The Autobiography of an African American Communist (Chicago, 1978); and Nelson Lichtenstein, The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit: Walter Reuther and the Fate of American Labor (New York, 1995).
125. Kolko, The Politics of War, and Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power, Williams, Tragedy; Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation; Frank Kofsky, Harry Truman and the War Scare of 1948: A Successful Campaign to Deceive the Nation (New York, 1993); McCormick, America's Half-Century; on the need for containment at home against forces of democracy see especially Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York, 1988); Martin Duberman, Paul Robeson (New York, 1989); Gerald Horne, Black and Red: W.E.B. DuBois and the Afro-American Response to the Cold War (Albany, 1986); Harry Hay wood, Black Bolshevik: The Autobiography of an African American Communist (Chicago, 1978); and Nelson Lichtenstein, The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit: Walter Reuther and the Fate of American Labor (New York, 1995).
126. Kolko, The Politics of War, and Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power, Williams, Tragedy; Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation; Frank Kofsky, Harry Truman and the War Scare of 1948: A Successful Campaign to Deceive the Nation (New York, 1993); McCormick, America's Half-Century; on the need for containment at home against forces of democracy see especially Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York, 1988); Martin Duberman, Paul Robeson (New York, 1989); Gerald Horne, Black and Red: W.E.B. DuBois and the Afro-American Response to the Cold War (Albany, 1986); Harry Hay wood, Black Bolshevik: The Autobiography of an African American Communist (Chicago, 1978);
127. Kolko, The Politics of War, and Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power, Williams, Tragedy; Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation; Frank Kofsky, Harry Truman and the War Scare of 1948: A Successful Campaign to Deceive the Nation (New York, 1993); McCormick, America's Half-Century; on the need for containment at home against forces of democracy see especially Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York, 1988); Martin Duberman, Paul Robeson (New York, 1989); Gerald Horne, Black and Red: W.E.B. DuBois and the Afro-American Response to the Cold War (Albany, 1986); Harry Hay wood, Black Bolshevik: The Autobiography of an African American Communist (Chicago, 1978); and Nelson Lichtenstein, The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit: Walter Reuther and the Fate of American Labor (New York, 1995).
128. Kolko, The Politics of War, and Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power, Williams, Tragedy; Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation; Frank Kofsky, Harry Truman and the War Scare of 1948: A Successful Campaign to Deceive the Nation (New York, 1993); McCormick, America's Half-Century; on the need for containment at home against forces of democracy see especially Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York, 1988); Martin Duberman, Paul Robeson (New York, 1989); Gerald Horne, Black and Red: W.E.B. DuBois and the Afro-American Response to the Cold War (Albany, 1986); Harry Hay wood, Black Bolshevik: The Autobiography of an African American Communist (Chicago, 1978); and Nelson Lichtenstein, The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit: Walter Reuther and the Fate of American Labor (New York, 1995).
129. Kolko, The Politics of War, and Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power, Williams, Tragedy; Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation; Frank Kofsky, Harry Truman and the War Scare of 1948: A Successful Campaign to Deceive the Nation (New York, 1993); McCormick, America's Half-Century; on the need for containment at home against forces of democracy see especially Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York, 1988); Martin Duberman, Paul Robeson (New York, 1989); Gerald Horne, Black and Red: W.E.B. DuBois and the Afro-American Response to the Cold War (Albany, 1986); Harry Hay wood, Black Bolshevik: The Autobiography of an African American Communist (Chicago, 1978); and Nelson Lichtenstein, The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit: Walter Reuther and the Fate of American Labor (New York, 1995).
130. Kolko, The Politics of War, and Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power, Williams, Tragedy; Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation; Frank Kofsky, Harry Truman and the War Scare of 1948: A Successful Campaign to Deceive the Nation (New York, 1993); McCormick, America's Half-Century; on the need for containment at home against forces of democracy see especially Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York, 1988); Martin Duberman, Paul Robeson (New York, 1989); Gerald Horne, Black and Red: W.E.B. DuBois and the Afro-American Response to the Cold War (Albany, 1986); Harry Hay wood, Black Bolshevik: The Autobiography of an African American Communist (Chicago, 1978); and Nelson Lichtenstein, The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit: Walter Reuther and the Fate of American Labor (New York, 1995).
131. Kolko, The Politics of War, and Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power, Williams, Tragedy; Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation; Frank Kofsky, Harry Truman and the War Scare of 1948: A Successful Campaign to Deceive the Nation (New York, 1993); McCormick, America's Half-Century; on the need for containment at home against forces of democracy see especially Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York, 1988); Martin Duberman, Paul Robeson (New York, 1989); Gerald Horne, Black and Red: W.E.B. DuBois and the Afro-American Response to the Cold War (Albany, 1986); Harry Hay wood, Black Bolshevik: The Autobiography of an African American Communist (Chicago, 1978); and Nelson Lichtenstein, The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit: Walter Reuther and the Fate of American Labor (New York, 1995).
132. Kennan in PPS 23, 24 February 1948, FRUS, 1948, cited in John Hart, Empire and Revolution: Americans in Texas since the Civil War (Berkeley, forthcoming).
133. See the sources cited in note 42 above; also Michael J. Hogan, The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947-1952 (New York, 1987); Bruce Cumings, The Origins of the Korean War, 2 vols. (Princeton, 1981 and 1990); Benjamin Fordham, Building the Cold War Consensus: The Political Economy of U.S. National Security Policy, 1949-1951 (Ann Arbor, 1998); David Schmitz, Thank God They're On Our Side: The U.S. and Right-Wing Dictatorships, 1921-1965 (Chapel Hill, 1999); Ellen Schrecker, Many are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America (Boston, 1998); Noam Chomsky and Edward Herman, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (New York, 1988); Robert Buzzanco, Vietnam and the Transformation of American Life (Boston, 1999); Walter LaFeber, "The Tension between Democracy and Capitalism during the American Century," Diplomatic History 23 (Spring 1999): 263-84.
134. See the sources cited in note 42 above; also Michael J. Hogan, The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947-1952 (New York, 1987); Bruce Cumings, The Origins of the Korean War, 2 vols. (Princeton, 1981 and 1990); Benjamin Fordham, Building the Cold War Consensus: The Political Economy of U.S. National Security Policy, 1949-1951 (Ann Arbor, 1998); David Schmitz, Thank God They're On Our Side: The U.S. and Right-Wing Dictatorships, 1921-1965 (Chapel Hill, 1999); Ellen Schrecker, Many are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America (Boston, 1998); Noam Chomsky and Edward Herman, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (New York, 1988); Robert Buzzanco, Vietnam and the Transformation of American Life (Boston, 1999); Walter LaFeber, "The Tension between Democracy and Capitalism during the American Century," Diplomatic History 23 (Spring 1999): 263-84.
135. See the sources cited in note 42 above; also Michael J. Hogan, The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947-1952 (New York, 1987); Bruce Cumings, The Origins of the Korean War, 2 vols. (Princeton, 1981 and 1990); Benjamin Fordham, Building the Cold War Consensus: The Political Economy of U.S. National Security Policy, 1949-1951 (Ann Arbor, 1998); David Schmitz, Thank God They're On Our Side: The U.S. and Right-Wing Dictatorships, 1921-1965 (Chapel Hill, 1999); Ellen Schrecker, Many are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America (Boston, 1998); Noam Chomsky and Edward Herman, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (New York, 1988); Robert Buzzanco, Vietnam and the Transformation of American Life (Boston, 1999); Walter LaFeber, "The Tension between Democracy and Capitalism during the American Century," Diplomatic History 23 (Spring 1999): 263-84.
136. See the sources cited in note 42 above; also Michael J. Hogan, The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947-1952 (New York, 1987); Bruce Cumings, The Origins of the Korean War, 2 vols. (Princeton, 1981 and 1990); Benjamin Fordham, Building the Cold War Consensus: The Political Economy of U.S. National Security Policy, 1949-1951 (Ann Arbor, 1998); David Schmitz, Thank God They're On Our Side: The U.S. and Right-Wing Dictatorships, 1921-1965 (Chapel Hill, 1999); Ellen Schrecker, Many are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America (Boston, 1998); Noam Chomsky and Edward Herman, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (New York, 1988); Robert Buzzanco, Vietnam and the Transformation of American Life (Boston, 1999); Walter LaFeber, "The Tension between Democracy and Capitalism during the American Century," Diplomatic History 23 (Spring 1999): 263-84.
137. See the sources cited in note 42 above; also Michael J. Hogan, The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947-1952 (New York, 1987); Bruce Cumings, The Origins of the Korean War, 2 vols. (Princeton, 1981 and 1990); Benjamin Fordham, Building the Cold War Consensus: The Political Economy of U.S. National Security Policy, 1949-1951 (Ann Arbor, 1998); David Schmitz, Thank God They're On Our Side: The U.S. and Right-Wing Dictatorships, 1921-1965 (Chapel Hill, 1999); Ellen Schrecker, Many are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America (Boston, 1998); Noam Chomsky and Edward Herman, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (New York, 1988); Robert Buzzanco, Vietnam and the Transformation of American Life (Boston, 1999); Walter LaFeber, "The Tension between Democracy and Capitalism during the American Century," Diplomatic History 23 (Spring 1999): 263-84.
138. See the sources cited in note 42 above; also Michael J. Hogan, The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947-1952 (New York, 1987); Bruce Cumings, The Origins of the Korean War, 2 vols. (Princeton, 1981 and 1990); Benjamin Fordham, Building the Cold War Consensus: The Political Economy of U.S. National Security Policy, 1949-1951 (Ann Arbor, 1998); David Schmitz, Thank God They're On Our Side: The U.S. and Right-Wing Dictatorships, 1921-1965 (Chapel Hill, 1999); Ellen Schrecker, Many are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America (Boston, 1998); Noam Chomsky and Edward Herman, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (New York, 1988); Robert Buzzanco, Vietnam and the Transformation of American Life (Boston, 1999); Walter LaFeber, "The Tension between Democracy and Capitalism during the American Century," Diplomatic History 23 (Spring 1999): 263-84.
139. See the sources cited in note 42 above; also Michael J. Hogan, The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947-1952 (New York, 1987); Bruce Cumings, The Origins of the Korean War, 2 vols. (Princeton, 1981 and 1990); Benjamin Fordham, Building the Cold War Consensus: The Political Economy of U.S. National Security Policy, 1949-1951 (Ann Arbor, 1998); David Schmitz, Thank God They're On Our Side: The U.S. and Right-Wing Dictatorships, 1921-1965 (Chapel Hill, 1999); Ellen Schrecker, Many are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America (Boston, 1998); Noam Chomsky and Edward Herman, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (New York, 1988); Robert Buzzanco, Vietnam and the Transformation of American Life (Boston, 1999); Walter LaFeber, "The Tension between Democracy and Capitalism during the American Century," Diplomatic History 23 (Spring 1999): 263-84.
140. See the sources cited in note 42 above; also Michael J. Hogan, The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947-1952 (New York, 1987); Bruce Cumings, The Origins of the Korean War, 2 vols. (Princeton, 1981 and 1990); Benjamin Fordham, Building the Cold War Consensus: The Political Economy of U.S. National Security Policy, 1949-1951 (Ann Arbor, 1998); David Schmitz, Thank God They're On Our Side: The U.S. and Right-Wing Dictatorships, 1921-1965 (Chapel Hill, 1999); Ellen Schrecker, Many are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America (Boston, 1998); Noam Chomsky and Edward Herman, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (New York, 1988); Robert Buzzanco, Vietnam and the Transformation of American Life (Boston, 1999); Walter LaFeber, "The Tension between Democracy and Capitalism during the American Century," Diplomatic History 23 (Spring 1999): 263-84.
141. "Eisenhower's Farewell Address to the Nation," 17 January 1961, worldwide web, http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/ide.htm
142. Rotter, The Path to Vietnam; William Borden, The Pacific Alliance (Madison, 1984); Lloyd Gardner, Approaching Vietnam: From World War II through Dienbienphu (New York, 1988); Gabriel Kolko, Anatomy of a War: The United States, Vietnam, and the Modern Historical Experience (New York, 1985).
143. Rotter, The Path to Vietnam; William Borden, The Pacific Alliance (Madison, 1984); Lloyd Gardner, Approaching Vietnam: From World War II through Dienbienphu (New York, 1988); Gabriel Kolko, Anatomy of a War: The United States, Vietnam, and the Modern Historical Experience (New York, 1985).
144. Rotter, The Path to Vietnam; William Borden, The Pacific Alliance (Madison, 1984); Lloyd Gardner, Approaching Vietnam: From World War II through Dienbienphu (New York, 1988); Gabriel Kolko, Anatomy of a War: The United States, Vietnam, and the Modern Historical Experience (New York, 1985).
145. Rotter, The Path to Vietnam; William Borden, The Pacific Alliance (Madison, 1984); Lloyd Gardner, Approaching Vietnam: From World War II through Dienbienphu (New York, 1988); Gabriel Kolko, Anatomy of a War: The United States, Vietnam, and the Modern Historical Experience (New York, 1985).
146. Note of President's Meeting with Wheeler and Abrams, 26 March 1968, Tom Johnson's Notes, folder: March 26, 1968-10:30 a.m., Lyndon B. Johnson Library [LBJL], Austin, TX.
147. President's Speech of 31 March 1968, Public Papers of the President: Lyndon B. Johnson (Washington, 1969), 1:469-76.
148. Okun to LBJ, 27 April 1968, subj: Weekly Balance of Payments report, Okun to LBJ, 23 May 1968, subj: What Fiscal Failure Means, both cited in Robert Buzzanco, "The Vietnam War and the Limits of Military Keynesianism," paper delivered at 1997 conference of American Historical Association, New York.
149. Address by Walter B. Wriston, 17 January 1968, and paper by Roy L. Reierson, 4 March 1968, Fowler Papers, box 82, folder: Domestic Economy: Gold, 1968 [1 of 2]; address by Sidney Homer, 20 March 1968, Fowler Papers, box 88, folder: Domestic Economy: Gold Crisis, Meeting with Central Bank Governors [1 of 2], "Hope and Trouble," report by Goldman, Sachs and Company, 8 May 1968, Fowler Papers, box 78, folder: Domestic Economy: Economic Data, 1968 [2 of 2], all at LBJL.
150. Summary of Martin's Remarks before the Economic Club of Detroit, 18 March 1968, Papers of William McChesney Martin, box 80, folder: Miscellaneous Appearances, FRB, March 1968; Martin's extemperaneous remarks before the American Society of Newspaper Editors, 19 April 1968, Martin Papers, box 81, folder: Miscellaneous Appearances, FRB, April-May 1968; Martin to Pamela Graham, 2 May 1968, Martin Papers, box 81, folder: Miscellaneous Appearances, FRB, April-May 1968; Martin in notes of Business Council meeting, 17-20 October 1968, Henry Fowler Papers, box 178, folder: Government - Committees/Councils, all at LBJL.
151. "The economic consequences of the escalating Vietnam War so exacerbated the dollar drain, the trade imbalance, and the maladies of the civilian sector," according to Thomas McCormick, "that significant tariff cuts [as in the Kennedy Round] ironically did less to help American exports than it did to open the American market to ever-more-competitive capitalists from Germany and Japan." America's Half-Century, 128.
152. Kolko, Anatomy of a War; Marilyn Young, The Vietnam Wars, 1945-1990 (New York, 1991); H. Bruce Franklin, M.I.A., or, Mythmaking in America (New Brunswick, 1993).
153. Kolko, Anatomy of a War; Marilyn Young, The Vietnam Wars, 1945-1990 (New York, 1991); H. Bruce Franklin, M.I.A., or, Mythmaking in America (New Brunswick, 1993).
154. Kolko, Anatomy of a War; Marilyn Young, The Vietnam Wars, 1945-1990 (New York, 1991); H. Bruce Franklin, M.I.A., or, Mythmaking in America (New Brunswick, 1993).
155. See Chomsky, Year 501.
156. Michael Klare and Cynthia Arnson, Supplying Repression: U.S. Support for Authoritarian Regimes Abroad (Washington, 1981), see especially Tables V, VI, IX, X, and XI; see also Lewis Sorley, Arms Transfers under Nixon: A Policy Analysis (Lexington, KY, 1983).
157. Michael Klare and Cynthia Arnson, Supplying Repression: U.S. Support for Authoritarian Regimes Abroad (Washington, 1981), see especially Tables V, VI, IX, X, and XI; see also Lewis Sorley, Arms Transfers under Nixon: A Policy Analysis (Lexington, KY, 1983).
158. See, for instance, LaFeber, Inevitable Revolutions, and "The Last War, the Next War, and the New Revisionists," democracy 1 (1981): 93-103; Noam Chomsky, Turning the Tide: U.S. Intervention in Central America and the Struggle for Peace (Boston, 1985), and Year 501; Raymond Bonner, Weakness and Deceit: U.S. Policy and El Salvador (New York, 1984); Theodore Draper, A Very Thin Line: The Iran-Contra Affairs (New York, 1991); Kevin Phillips, The Politics of Rich and Poor: Wealth and the American Electorate in the Reagan Aftermath (New York, 1991); Jennifer Harbury, Bridge of Courage: Life Stories of the Guatemalan Companeros and Companeras (Monroe, ME, 1995), and the National Security Archives website on Guatemala (note 12).
159. See, for instance, LaFeber, Inevitable Revolutions, and "The Last War, the Next War, and the New Revisionists," democracy 1 (1981): 93-103; Noam Chomsky, Turning the Tide: U.S. Intervention in Central America and the Struggle for Peace (Boston, 1985), and Year 501; Raymond Bonner, Weakness and Deceit: U.S. Policy and El Salvador (New York, 1984); Theodore Draper, A Very Thin Line: The Iran-Contra Affairs (New York, 1991); Kevin Phillips, The Politics of Rich and Poor: Wealth and the American Electorate in the Reagan Aftermath (New York, 1991); Jennifer Harbury, Bridge of Courage: Life Stories of the Guatemalan Companeros and Companeras (Monroe, ME, 1995), and the National Security Archives website on Guatemala (note 12).
160. See, for instance, LaFeber, Inevitable Revolutions, and "The Last War, the Next War, and the New Revisionists," democracy 1 (1981): 93-103; Noam Chomsky, Turning the Tide: U.S. Intervention in Central America and the Struggle for Peace (Boston, 1985), and Year 501; Raymond Bonner, Weakness and Deceit: U.S. Policy and El Salvador (New York, 1984); Theodore Draper, A Very Thin Line: The Iran-Contra Affairs (New York, 1991); Kevin Phillips, The Politics of Rich and Poor: Wealth and the American Electorate in the Reagan Aftermath (New York, 1991); Jennifer Harbury, Bridge of Courage: Life Stories of the Guatemalan Companeros and Companeras (Monroe, ME, 1995), and the National Security Archives website on Guatemala (note 12).
161. See, for instance, LaFeber, Inevitable Revolutions, and "The Last War, the Next War, and the New Revisionists," democracy 1 (1981): 93-103; Noam Chomsky, Turning the Tide: U.S. Intervention in Central America and the Struggle for Peace (Boston, 1985), and Year 501; Raymond Bonner, Weakness and Deceit: U.S. Policy and El Salvador (New York, 1984); Theodore Draper, A Very Thin Line: The Iran-Contra Affairs (New York, 1991); Kevin Phillips, The Politics of Rich and Poor: Wealth and the American Electorate in the Reagan Aftermath (New York, 1991); Jennifer Harbury, Bridge of Courage: Life Stories of the Guatemalan Companeros and Companeras (Monroe, ME, 1995), and the National Security Archives website on Guatemala (note 12).
162. See, for instance, LaFeber, Inevitable Revolutions, and "The Last War, the Next War, and the New Revisionists," democracy 1 (1981): 93-103; Noam Chomsky, Turning the Tide: U.S. Intervention in Central America and the Struggle for Peace (Boston, 1985), and Year 501; Raymond Bonner, Weakness and Deceit: U.S. Policy and El Salvador (New York, 1984); Theodore Draper, A Very Thin Line: The Iran-Contra Affairs (New York, 1991); Kevin Phillips, The Politics of Rich and Poor: Wealth and the American Electorate in the Reagan Aftermath (New York, 1991); Jennifer Harbury, Bridge of Courage: Life Stories of the Guatemalan Companeros and Companeras (Monroe, ME, 1995), and the National Security Archives website on Guatemala (note 12).
163. See, for instance, LaFeber, Inevitable Revolutions, and "The Last War, the Next War, and the New Revisionists," democracy 1 (1981): 93-103; Noam Chomsky, Turning the Tide: U.S. Intervention in Central America and the Struggle for Peace (Boston, 1985), and Year 501; Raymond Bonner, Weakness and Deceit: U.S. Policy and El Salvador (New York, 1984); Theodore Draper, A Very Thin Line: The Iran-Contra Affairs (New York, 1991); Kevin Phillips, The Politics of Rich and Poor: Wealth and the American Electorate in the Reagan Aftermath (New York, 1991); Jennifer Harbury, Bridge of Courage: Life Stories of the Guatemalan Companeros and Companeras (Monroe, ME, 1995), and the National Security Archives website on Guatemala (note 12).
164. David Hackworth, "The War Business," 2 February 1999, Hackworth website, http://www.hackworth.com/2feb99.html; on corporate support for NATO expansion see Molly Ivins, "Expansion of Western Alliance Just Makes Arms Folks Happy," 30 April 1998, Sacramento Bee website; on increases in military spending by Clinton, see Associated Press stories of 23 and 24 September 1998 and 21 January 1999, http://www.nytimes.com/aponline.
165. David Hackworth, "The War Business," 2 February 1999, Hackworth website, http://www.hackworth.com/2feb99.html; on corporate support for NATO expansion see Molly Ivins, "Expansion of Western Alliance Just Makes Arms Folks Happy," 30 April 1998, Sacramento Bee website; on increases in military spending by Clinton, see Associated Press stories of 23 and 24 September 1998 and 21 January 1999, http://www.nytimes.com/aponline.
166. See, for instance, Philip D. Curtin, Cross-Cultural Trade in World History (New York, 1984); Immanuel Wallerstein, The Politics of the World-Economy: The States, the Movements, and the Civilizations (New York, 1984), Historical Capitalism (New York, 1995), and After Liberalism (New York, 1995); Sidney Mintz, Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History (New York, 1985), and Tasting Food, Tasting Freedom: Excursions into Eating, Culture, and the Past (Boston, 1996).
167. See, for instance, Philip D. Curtin, Cross-Cultural Trade in World History (New York, 1984); Immanuel Wallerstein, The Politics of the World-Economy: The States, the Movements, and the Civilizations (New York, 1984), Historical Capitalism (New York, 1995), and After Liberalism (New York, 1995); Sidney Mintz, Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History (New York, 1985), and Tasting Food, Tasting Freedom: Excursions into Eating, Culture, and the Past (Boston, 1996).
168. See, for instance, Philip D. Curtin, Cross-Cultural Trade in World History (New York, 1984); Immanuel Wallerstein, The Politics of the World-Economy: The States, the Movements, and the Civilizations (New York, 1984), Historical Capitalism (New York, 1995), and After Liberalism (New York, 1995); Sidney Mintz, Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History (New York, 1985), and Tasting Food, Tasting Freedom: Excursions into Eating, Culture, and the Past (Boston, 1996).
169. See, for instance, Philip D. Curtin, Cross-Cultural Trade in World History (New York, 1984); Immanuel Wallerstein, The Politics of the World-Economy: The States, the Movements, and the Civilizations (New York, 1984), Historical Capitalism (New York, 1995), and After Liberalism (New York, 1995); Sidney Mintz, Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History (New York, 1985), and Tasting Food, Tasting Freedom: Excursions into Eating, Culture, and the Past (Boston, 1996).
170. See, for instance, Philip D. Curtin, Cross-Cultural Trade in World History (New York, 1984); Immanuel Wallerstein, The Politics of the World-Economy: The States, the Movements, and the Civilizations (New York, 1984), Historical Capitalism (New York, 1995), and After Liberalism (New York, 1995); Sidney Mintz, Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History (New York, 1985), and Tasting Food, Tasting Freedom: Excursions into Eating, Culture, and the Past (Boston, 1996).
171. See, for instance, Philip D. Curtin, Cross-Cultural Trade in World History (New York, 1984); Immanuel Wallerstein, The Politics of the World-Economy: The States, the Movements, and the Civilizations (New York, 1984), Historical Capitalism (New York, 1995), and After Liberalism (New York, 1995); Sidney Mintz, Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History (New York, 1985), and Tasting Food, Tasting Freedom: Excursions into Eating, Culture, and the Past (Boston, 1996).
172. There are exceptions to the overall lack of work on arms sales or the domestic economic benefits of military spending. On weapons sales, see, for instance, Chester J. Pach, Arming the Free World : The Origins of the United States Military Assistance Program, 1945-1950 (Chapel Hill, 1991); on the domestic need for military spending see, among others, Cumings, Origins of the Korean War, vol. 2; Fordham, Building the Cold War Consensus; and Kofsky, Harry Truman and the War Scare of 1948.
173. There are exceptions to the overall lack of work on arms sales or the domestic economic benefits of military spending. On weapons sales, see, for instance, Chester J. Pach, Arming the Free World : The Origins of the United States Military Assistance Program, 1945-1950 (Chapel Hill, 1991); on the domestic need for military spending see, among others, Cumings, Origins of the Korean War, vol. 2; Fordham, Building the Cold War Consensus; and Kofsky, Harry Truman and the War Scare of 1948.
174. There are exceptions to the overall lack of work on arms sales or the domestic economic benefits of military spending. On weapons sales, see, for instance, Chester J. Pach, Arming the Free World : The Origins of the United States Military Assistance Program, 1945-1950 (Chapel Hill, 1991); on the domestic need for military spending see, among others, Cumings, Origins of the Korean War, vol. 2; Fordham, Building the Cold War Consensus; and Kofsky, Harry Truman and the War Scare of 1948.
175. There are exceptions to the overall lack of work on arms sales or the domestic economic benefits of military spending. On weapons sales, see, for instance, Chester J. Pach, Arming the Free World : The Origins of the United States Military Assistance Program, 1945-1950 (Chapel Hill, 1991); on the domestic need for military spending see, among others, Cumings, Origins of the Korean War, vol. 2; Fordham, Building the Cold War Consensus; and Kofsky, Harry Truman and the War Scare of 1948.
176. Military spending statistics from Center for Defense Information [CDI] website, http://www.cdi.org/issues/milspend.html; see also Joan Whelan's report for Council for a Livable World on "Foreign Aid and the Arms Trade: A Look at the Numbers," also on CDI website.
177. On the militarization of American life, see, among others, Michael Sherry, In the Shadow of War. The United States since the 1930s (New Haven, 1995); Tom Engelhardt, The End of Victory Culture: Cold War America and the Disillusioning of a Generation (New York, 1995); and Stephen Whitfield, The Culture of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1991).
178. On the militarization of American life, see, among others, Michael Sherry, In the Shadow of War. The United States since the 1930s (New Haven, 1995); Tom Engelhardt, The End of Victory Culture: Cold War America and the Disillusioning of a Generation (New York, 1995); and Stephen Whitfield, The Culture of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1991).
179. On the militarization of American life, see, among others, Michael Sherry, In the Shadow of War. The United States since the 1930s (New Haven, 1995); Tom Engelhardt, The End of Victory Culture: Cold War America and the Disillusioning of a Generation (New York, 1995); and Stephen Whitfield, The Culture of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1991).
180. William Hartung, "Military-Industrial Complex Revisited: How Weapons Makers are Shaping U.S. Foreign and Military Policies," Foreign Policy in Focus website, http://www. foreignpolicy-infocus.org/special_reports.html.
181. See sources in note 57; see also Associated Press article, 15 August 1997, on weapons sales.
182. John Tirman, Spoils of War: The Human Cost of America's Arms Trade (New York, 1997), 3-6.
183. Williams, The Great Evasion, 18-19; see also Eric Hobsbawm, "Marx and History," in On History (New York, 1997), 157-70.
184. Williams, The Great Evasion, 18-19; see also Eric Hobsbawm, "Marx and History," in On History (New York, 1997), 157-70.
185. Karl Marx, "A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy," in Marx on Economics, ed. Robert Freedman (New York, 1961), 6-7.
186. Marx, "A Critique of the Gotha Programme," ibid., 175.
187. Vladimir Lenin, Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism (Beijing, 1975), 5-6, 79.
188. Nicolai Bukharin, Imperialism and World Economy (New York, 1966), 40-42.
189. Bruce Springsteen, "Youngstown," The Ghost of Tom Joad, Columbia, 1995.
190. Thomas O'Brien, The Revolutionary Mission: American Enterprise in Latin America, 1900-1945 (New York, 1996).
191. Hart, Revolutionary Mexico and Empire and Revolution.
192. In New York Times, 30 March 1999.
193. Buzzanco, "The Vietnam War and the Limits of Military Keynesianism."
194. Gerald Horne e-mail to author, 2 March 1999.
195. See the sources cited in note 42.
196. See, for instance, Kevin Bales, Disposable People : New Slavery in the Global Economy (Berkeley, 1999); and Global Exchange website, http://www.globalexchange.org.
197. UN data in e-mail posted on DemocracyU mailing list, 18 March 1999.
198. Tony Smith, "Making the World Safe for Democracy in the American Century," Diplomatic History 25 (Spring 1999): 173.
199. LaFeber, "Tension between Democracy and Capitalism."
200. See Chomsky's voluminous writings on this point; see also Abraham Lowenthal, Exporting Democracy: The United States and Latin America: Themes and Issues (Baltimore, 1991).
201. In New York Times, 15 March 1999.
202. Ronald Steel, "Did Anyone Start the Cold War," New York Review of Books, 2 September 1971, NYRB website, http://www.nybooks.com.
203. Frederick Douglass, "What to the Slave is the Fourth of July," on worldwide web, http://douglass.speech.nwu.edu/doug_a10.htm.