Regulation of retroviral RNA export

Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 83-90

  Hammarskjöld, Marie Louise ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

Author keywords

CTE; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human T cell leukemia virus; Mason Pfizer monkey virus; Retroviruses; Rev; Rex; RNA export; RRE

Indexed keywords

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; MASON-PFIZER MONKEY VIRUS; MONKEY VIRUS;

EID: 0002233957     PISSN: 10849521     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/scdb.1996.0127     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Coffin JM (1996) Retroviridae: the viruses and their replication, in Virology (Fields, Knipe, Howley, eds). Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, New York
2. Jeang KT, Chang Y, Berkhout B, Hammarskjöld ML, Rekosh D (1991) Regulation of HIV expression: mechanisms of action of Tat and Rev. AIDS 5 Suppl 2:S3-S14
3. Cullen BR (1995) Regulation of HIV gene expression. AIDS 9:S19-S32
4. Schwartz S, Felber BK, Benko DM, Fenyö EM, Pavlakis GN (1990) Cloning and functional analysis of multiply spliced mRNA species of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 64:2519-2529
5. Legrain P, Rosbash M (1989) Some cis-and trans-acting mutants for splicing target pre-mRNA to the cytoplasm. Cell 57:573-583
6. Chang DD, Sharp PA (1989) Regulation by HIV Rev depends upon recognition of splice sites. Cell 59:789-795
7. Emerman M, Vazeux R, Peden K (1989) The rev gene product of the human immunodeficiency virus affects envelope-specific RNA localization. Cell 57:1155-1165
8. Hadzopoulou-Cladaras M, Felber BK, Cladaras C, Athanassopoulos A, Tse A, Pavlakis GN (1989) The rev (trs/art) protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 affects viral mRNA and protein expression via a cis-acting sequence in the env region. J Virol 63:1265-1274
9. Hammarskjöld ML, Heimer J, Hammarskjöld B, Sangwan I, Albert L, Rekosh D (1989) Regulation of human immunodeficiency virus env expression by the rev gene product. J Virol 63:1959-1966
10. Malim MH, Hauber J, Le SY, Maizel JV, Cullen BR (1989) The HIV-1 rev trans-activator acts through a structured target sequence to activate nuclear export of unspliced viral mRNA. Nature 338:254-257
11. Hidaka M, Inoue J, Yoshida M, Seiki M (1988) Post-transcriptional regulator (rex) of HTLV-1 initiates expression of viral structural proteins but suppresses expression of regulatory protein. Embo J 7:519-523
12. Itoh M, Inoue J, Toyoshima H, Akizawa T, Higashi M, Yoshida M (1989) HTLV-1 rex and HIV-1 rev act through similar mechanisms to relieve suppression of unspliced RNA expression. Oncogene 4:1275-1279
13. Seiki M, Inoue J, Hidaka M, Yoshida M (1988) Two cis-acting elements responsible for posttranscriptional trans-regulation of gene expression of human T-cell leukemia virus type I. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:7124-7128
14. Ahmed YF, Hanley SM, Malim MH, Cullen BR, Greene WC (1990) Structure-function analyses of the HTLV-1 Rex and HIV-1 Rev RNA response elements: insights into the mechanism of Rex and Rev action. Genes Dev 4:1014-1022
15. Feinberg MB, Jarrett RF, Aldovini A, Gallo RC, Wong-Staal F (1986) HTLV-III expression and production involve complex regulation at the levels of splicing and translation of viral RNA. Cell 46:807-817
16. Sodroski J, Goh WC, Rosen C, Dayton A, Terwilliger E, Haseltine W (1986) A second post-transcriptional trans-activator gene required for HTLV-III replication. Nature 321:412-417
17. Daly TJ, Cook KS, Gray GS, Maione TE, Rusche JR (1989) Specific binding of HIV-1 recombinant Rev protein to the Rev-responsive element in vitro. Nature 342:816-819
18. Ballaun C, Farrington GK, Dobrovnik M, Rusche J, Hauber J, Bohnlein E (1991) Functional analysis of human T-cell leukemia virus type I rex-response element: direct RNA binding of Rex protein correlates with in vivo activity. J Virol 65:4408-4413
19. Zapp ML, Green MR (1989) Sequence-specific RNA binding by the HIV-1 Rev protein. Nature 342:714-716
20. Bartel DP, Zapp ML, Green MR, Szostak JW (1991) HIV-1 Rev regulation involves recognition of non-Watson-Crick base pairs in viral RNA. Cell 67:529-536
21. Heaphy S, Dingwall C, Ernberg I, Gait MJ, Green SM, Karn J, Lowe AD, Singh M, Skinner MA (1990) HIV-1 regulator of virion expression (Rev) protein binds to an RNA stem-loop structure located within the Rev response element region. Cell 60:685-693
22. Malim MH, Tiley LS, McCarn DF, Rusche JR, Hauber J, Cullen BR (1990) HIV-1 structural gene expression requires binding of the Rev trans-activator to its RNA target sequence. Cell 60:675-683
23. Iwai S, Pritchard C, Mann DA, Karn J, Gait MJ (1992) Recognition of the high affinity binding site in rev-response element RNA by the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 rev protein. Nucleic Acids Res 20:6465-6472
24. Malim MH, Cullen BR (1993) Rev and the fate of pre-mRNA in the nucleus: implications for the regulation of RNA processing in eukaryotes. Mol Cell Biol 13:6180-6189
25. Hanly SM, Rimsky LT, Malim MH, Kim JH, Hauber J, Duc Dodon M, Le SY, Maizel JV, Cullen BR, Greene WC (1989) Comparative analysis of the HTLV-1 Rex and HIV-1 Rev trans-regulatory proteins and their RNA response elements. Genes Dev 3:1534-1544
26. Malim MH, Bohnlein S, Hauber J, Cullen BR (1989) Functional dissection of the HIV-1 Rev trans-activator - derivation of a trans-dominant repressor of Rev function. Cell 58:205-214
27. Fischer U, Huber J, Boelens WC, Mattaj IW, Luhrmann R (1995) The HIV-1 Rev activation domain is a nuclear export signal that accesses an export pathway used by specific cellular RNAs. Cell 82:475-483
28. Wen W, Meinkoth JL, Tsien RY, Taylor SS (1995) Identification of a signal for rapid export of proteins from the nucleus. Cell 82:463-473
29. Meyer BE, Malim MH (1994) The HIV-1 Rev trans-activator shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Genes Dev 8:1538-1547
30. Kalland KH, Szilvay AM, Brokstad KA, Saetrevik W, Haukenes G (1994) The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Rev protein shuttles between the cytoplasm and nuclear compartments. Mol Cell Biol 14:7436-7444
31. Fridell RA, Bogerd HP, Cullen BR (1996) Nuclear export of late HIV-1 mRNAs occurs via a cellular protein export pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:4421-4424
32. Bohnlein E, Berger J, Hauber J (1991) Functional mapping of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Rev RNA binding domain: new insights into the domain structure of Rev and Rex. J Virol 65:7051-7055
33. Kim JH, Kaufman PA, Hanly SM, Rimsky LT, Greene WC (1991) Rex transregulation of human T-cell leukemia virus type II gene expression. J Virol 65:405-414
34. Lewis N, Williams J, Rekosh D, Hammarskjöld ML (1990) Identification of a cis-acting element in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) that is responsive to the HIV-1 rev and human T-cell leukemia virus types I and II rex proteins. J Virol 64:1690-1697
35. Hope TJ, Bond BL, McDonald D, Klein NP, Parslow TG (1991) Effector domains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Rev and human T-cell leukemia virus type I Rex are functionally interchangeable and share an essential peptide motif. J Virol 65:6001-6007
36. Bogerd HP, Fridell RA, Madore S, Cullen BR (1995) Identification of a novel cellular cofactor for the Rev/Rex class of retroviral regulatory proteins. Cell 82:485-494
37. Fritz CC, Zapp ML, Green MR (1995) A human nucleoporin-like protein that specifically interacts with HIV Rev. Nature 376:530-533
38. Stutz F, Neville M, Rosbash M (1995) Identification of a novel nuclear pore-associated protein as a functional target of the HIV-1 Rev protein in yeast. Cell 82:495-506
39. Stutz F, Izaurralde E, Mattaj IW, Rosbash M (1996) A role for nucleoporin FG repeat domains in export of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Rev protein and RNA from the nucleus. Mol Cell Biol 16:7144-7150
40. Murphy R, Wente SR (1996) An RNA-export mediator with an essential nuclear export signal. Nature 383:357-360
41. Ruhl M, Himmelspach M, Bahr GM, Hammerschmid F, Jaksche H, Wolff B, Aschauer H, Farrington GK, Probst H, Bevec D et al (1993) Eukaryotic initiation factor 5A is a cellular target of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Rev activation domain mediating trans-activation. J Cell Biol 123:1309-1320
42. Bevec D, Jaksche H, Oft M, Wohl T, Himmelspach M, Pacher A, Schebesta M, Koettnitz K, Dobrovnik M, Csonga R, Lottspeich F, Hauber J (1996) Inhibition of HIV-1 replication in lymphocytes by mutants of the Rev cofactor eIF-5A. Science 271:1858-1860
43. Dundr M, Leno GH, Hammarskjöld ML, Rekosh D, Helga MC, Olson MO (1995) The roles of nucleolar structure and function in the subcellular location of the HIV-1 Rev protein. J Cell Sci 108:2811-2823
44. Dundr M, Leno GH, Lewis N, Rekosh D, Hammarskjöld M-L, Olson MOJ (1996) Location of the HIV-1 Rev protein during mitosis: Inactivation of the nuclear export signal alters the pathway for postmitotic entry into nucleoli. J Cell Sci 109:2239-2251
45. Fankhauser C, Izaurralde E, Adachi Y, Wingfield P, Laemmli UK (1991) Specific complex of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 rev and nucleolar B23 proteins: dissociation by the Rev response element. Mol Cell Biol 11:2567-2575
46. Szebeni A, Herrera JE, Olson MO (1995) Interaction of nucleolar protein B23 with peptides related to nuclear localization signals. Biochemistry 34:8037-8042
47. Luo Y, Yu H, Peterlin BM (1994) Cellular protein modulates effects of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Rev. J Virol 68:3850-3856
48. Bray M, Prasad S, Dubay JW, Hunter E, Jeang KT, Rekosh D, Hammarskjöld ML (1994) A small element from the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus genome makes human immunodeficiency virus type 1 expression and replication Rev-independent. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:1256-1260
49. Ernst R, Bray M, Rekosh D, Hammarskjöld M-L (1997) A structured retroviral RNA element that mediates nucleocytoplasmic export of intron-containing RNA. Mol Cell Biol 17:135-144
50. Ernst RK, Bray M, Rekosh D, Hammarskjöld M-L (1997) Secondary structure and mutational analysis of the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus RNA constitutive transport element. RNA 3:210-222
51. Zolotukhin AS, Valentin A, Pavlakis GN, Felber BK (1994) Continuous propagation of RRE(-) and Rev(-) RRE(-) human immunodeficiency virus type 1 molecular clones containing a cis-acting element of simian retrovirus type 1 in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. J Virol 68:7944-7952
52. Tabernero C, Zolotukhin AS, Valentin A, Pavlakis GN, Felber BK (1996) The posttranscriptional control element of the simian retrovirus type 1 forms an extensive RNA secondary structure necessary for its function. J Virol 70:5998-6011
53. Ogert RA, Lee LH, Beemon KL (1996) Avian retroviral RNA element promotes unspliced RNA accumulation in the cytoplasm. J Virol 70:3834-3843
54. Lindstrom E, Koga Y, Wigzell H (1992) HIV-1 gene rev responsible for accumulated heterodisperse RNAs seen in infected T-cells. Virology 186:335-338
55. Katz RA, Skalka AM (1990) Control of retroviral RNA splicing through maintenance of suboptimal processing signals. Mol Cell Biol 10:696-704
56. Arrigo S, Beemon K (1988) Regulation of Rous sarcoma virus RNA splicing and stability. Mol Cell Biol 8:4858-4867
57. McNally MT, Beemon K (1992) Intronic sequences and 3' splice sites control Rous sarcoma virus RNA splicing. J Virol 66:6-11
58. Stoltzfus CM (1988) Synthesis and processing of avian sarcoma retrovirus RNA. Adv Virus Res 35:1-38
59. Amendt BA, Si ZH, Stoltzfus CM (1995) Presence of exon splicing silencers within human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat exon 2 and tat-rev exon 3: evidence for inhibition mediated by cellular factors. Mol Cell Biol 15:4606-4615
60. Amendt BA, Simpson SB, Stoltzfus CM (1995) Inhibition of RNA splicing at the Rous sarcoma virus src 3' splice site is mediated by an interaction between a negative cis element and a chicken embryo fibroblast nuclear factor. J Virol 69:5068-5076
61. Staffa A, Cochrane A (1995) Identification of positive and negative splicing regulatory elements within the terminal tat-rev exon of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Mol Cell Biol 15:4597-4605
62. Staffa A, Cochrane A (1994) The tat/rev intron of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is inefficiently spliced because of suboptimal signals in the 3' splice site. J Virol 68:3071-3079
63. Lu XB, Heimer J, Rekosh D, Hammarskjöld ML (1990) U1 small nuclear RNA plays a direct role in the formation of a Rev-regulated human immunodeficiency virus env mRNA that remains unspliced. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:7598-7602
64. Kjems J, Frankel AD, Sharp PA (1991) Specific regulation of mRNA splicing in vitro by a peptide from HIV-1 Rev. Cell 67:169-178
65. Hammarskjöld ML, Li H, Rekosh D, Prasad S (1994) Human immunodeficiency virus env expression becomes Rev-independent if the env region is not defined as an intron. J Virol 68:951-958
66. Kjems J, Brown M, Chang DD, Sharp PA (1991) Structural analysis of the interaction between the human immunodeficiency virus Rev protein and the Rev response element. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:683-687