Dialogues of manoeuvre and entanglement: NATO, Russia, and the CEECs

Millenium

Volumn 28, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 27-52

  Fierke, K M ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0002072067     PISSN: 03058298     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/03058298990280010801     Document Type: Article

References (149)

1. See, for instance, Andrew Linklater, 'The Achievements of Critical Theory', in International Theory: Positivism and Beyond, eds. Steve Smith, Ken Booth, and Marysia Zalewski (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Vivienne Jabri. Discourses on Violence: Conflict Analysis Reconsidered (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996); and K.M. Fierke, Changing Games, Changing Strategies: Critical Investigations in Security (Manchester: Manchester University Press 1998).
2. See, for instance, Andrew Linklater, 'The Achievements of Critical Theory', in International Theory: Positivism and Beyond, eds. Steve Smith, Ken Booth, and Marysia Zalewski (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Vivienne Jabri. Discourses on Violence: Conflict Analysis Reconsidered (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996); and K.M. Fierke, Changing Games, Changing Strategies: Critical Investigations in Security (Manchester: Manchester University Press 1998).
3. See, for instance, Andrew Linklater, 'The Achievements of Critical Theory', in International Theory: Positivism and Beyond, eds. Steve Smith, Ken Booth, and Marysia Zalewski (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Vivienne Jabri. Discourses on Violence: Conflict Analysis Reconsidered (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996); and K.M. Fierke, Changing Games, Changing Strategies: Critical Investigations in Security (Manchester: Manchester University Press 1998).
4. This claim begs the question of why 'dialogue' has become such a central feature of NATO's identity with the end of the Cold War. Readers interested in this question are encouraged to consult Fierke, Changing Games. While this article explores a different set of issues and arguments, some of the empirical evidence has been adapted from chapters 10 and 11.
5. John Burton, Violence Explained (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997); Jay Rothman, From Confrontation to Cooperation: Resolving Ethnic and Regional Conflict (Sage: London, 1992).
6. John Burton, Violence Explained (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997); Jay Rothman, From Confrontation to Cooperation: Resolving Ethnic and Regional Conflict (Sage: London, 1992).
7. Charles Taylor, 'Interpretation and the Sciences of Man', in Understanding and Social Inquiry, eds. Fred R. Dallmayr and Thomas A. McCarthy (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1977), 116; Hannah F. Pitkin, Wittgenstein and Justice (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1972), 150-52.
8. Charles Taylor, 'Interpretation and the Sciences of Man', in Understanding and Social Inquiry, eds. Fred R. Dallmayr and Thomas A. McCarthy (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1977), 116; Hannah F. Pitkin, Wittgenstein and Justice (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1972), 150-52.
9. Linklater, 'Achievements', 286.
10. E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis, 1919-1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations (New York: Harper and Row, 1964). For an analysis of the argument that expansion is about American hegemony, see Barry Posen and Andrew Ross, 'Competing Visions for US Grand Strategy', International Security 21, no. 3 (1996-97): 5-53. There has not, to my knowledge been an analysis of the role of dialogue in the enlargement, although the author and Antje Wiener explore the issue indirectly in an analysis of the relationship between EU and NATO enlargement. See K.M. Fierke and Antje Wiener, 'Constructing Institutional Interests: The EU and NATO', European Journal of Public Policy (forthcoming). The more common argument from a critical perspective is that NATO expansion will recreate the Cold War conflict. See, for instance, M.E. Brown, 'The Flawed Logic of NATO Expansion', Survival 37, no. 1 (1995): 34-52; Michael Mandelbaum, The Dawn of Peace in Europe (New York: The Twentieth Century Fund, 1996); and Michael MccGwire, 'NATO Expansion: A Policy Error of Historic Importance', Review of International Studies 24, no. 1 (1998): 23-42.
11. E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis, 1919-1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations (New York: Harper and Row, 1964). For an analysis of the argument that expansion is about American hegemony, see Barry Posen and Andrew Ross, 'Competing Visions for US Grand Strategy', International Security 21, no. 3 (1996-97): 5-53. There has not, to my knowledge been an analysis of the role of dialogue in the enlargement, although the author and Antje Wiener explore the issue indirectly in an analysis of the relationship between EU and NATO enlargement. See K.M. Fierke and Antje Wiener, 'Constructing Institutional Interests: The EU and NATO', European Journal of Public Policy (forthcoming). The more common argument from a critical perspective is that NATO expansion will recreate the Cold War conflict. See, for instance, M.E. Brown, 'The Flawed Logic of NATO Expansion', Survival 37, no. 1 (1995): 34-52; Michael Mandelbaum, The Dawn of Peace in Europe (New York: The Twentieth Century Fund, 1996); and Michael MccGwire, 'NATO Expansion: A Policy Error of Historic Importance', Review of International Studies 24, no. 1 (1998): 23-42.
12. E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis, 1919-1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations (New York: Harper and Row, 1964). For an analysis of the argument that expansion is about American hegemony, see Barry Posen and Andrew Ross, 'Competing Visions for US Grand Strategy', International Security 21, no. 3 (1996-97): 5-53. There has not, to my knowledge been an analysis of the role of dialogue in the enlargement, although the author and Antje Wiener explore the issue indirectly in an analysis of the relationship between EU and NATO enlargement. See K.M. Fierke and Antje Wiener, 'Constructing Institutional Interests: The EU and NATO', European Journal of Public Policy (forthcoming). The more common argument from a critical perspective is that NATO expansion will recreate the Cold War conflict. See, for instance, M.E. Brown, 'The Flawed Logic of NATO Expansion', Survival 37, no. 1 (1995): 34-52; Michael Mandelbaum, The Dawn of Peace in Europe (New York: The Twentieth Century Fund, 1996); and Michael MccGwire, 'NATO Expansion: A Policy Error of Historic Importance', Review of International Studies 24, no. 1 (1998): 23-42.
13. E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis, 1919-1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations (New York: Harper and Row, 1964). For an analysis of the argument that expansion is about American hegemony, see Barry Posen and Andrew Ross, 'Competing Visions for US Grand Strategy', International Security 21, no. 3 (1996-97): 5-53. There has not, to my knowledge been an analysis of the role of dialogue in the enlargement, although the author and Antje Wiener explore the issue indirectly in an analysis of the relationship between EU and NATO enlargement. See K.M. Fierke and Antje Wiener, 'Constructing Institutional Interests: The EU and NATO', European Journal of Public Policy (forthcoming). The more common argument from a critical perspective is that NATO expansion will recreate the Cold War conflict. See, for instance, M.E. Brown, 'The Flawed Logic of NATO Expansion', Survival 37, no. 1 (1995): 34-52; Michael Mandelbaum, The Dawn of Peace in Europe (New York: The Twentieth Century Fund, 1996); and Michael MccGwire, 'NATO Expansion: A Policy Error of Historic Importance', Review of International Studies 24, no. 1 (1998): 23-42.
14. E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis, 1919-1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations (New York: Harper and Row, 1964). For an analysis of the argument that expansion is about American hegemony, see Barry Posen and Andrew Ross, 'Competing Visions for US Grand Strategy', International Security 21, no. 3 (1996-97): 5-53. There has not, to my knowledge been an analysis of the role of dialogue in the enlargement, although the author and Antje Wiener explore the issue indirectly in an analysis of the relationship between EU and NATO enlargement. See K.M. Fierke and Antje Wiener, 'Constructing Institutional Interests: The EU and NATO', European Journal of Public Policy (forthcoming). The more common argument from a critical perspective is that NATO expansion will recreate the Cold War conflict. See, for instance, M.E. Brown, 'The Flawed Logic of NATO Expansion', Survival 37, no. 1 (1995): 34-52; Michael Mandelbaum, The Dawn of Peace in Europe (New York: The Twentieth Century Fund, 1996); and Michael MccGwire, 'NATO Expansion: A Policy Error of Historic Importance', Review of International Studies 24, no. 1 (1998): 23-42.
15. E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis, 1919-1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations (New York: Harper and Row, 1964). For an analysis of the argument that expansion is about American hegemony, see Barry Posen and Andrew Ross, 'Competing Visions for US Grand Strategy', International Security 21, no. 3 (1996-97): 5-53. There has not, to my knowledge been an analysis of the role of dialogue in the enlargement, although the author and Antje Wiener explore the issue indirectly in an analysis of the relationship between EU and NATO enlargement. See K.M. Fierke and Antje Wiener, 'Constructing Institutional Interests: The EU and NATO', European Journal of Public Policy (forthcoming). The more common argument from a critical perspective is that NATO expansion will recreate the Cold War conflict. See, for instance, M.E. Brown, 'The Flawed Logic of NATO Expansion', Survival 37, no. 1 (1995): 34-52; Michael Mandelbaum, The Dawn of Peace in Europe (New York: The Twentieth Century Fund, 1996); and Michael MccGwire, 'NATO Expansion: A Policy Error of Historic Importance', Review of International Studies 24, no. 1 (1998): 23-42.
16. See Jürgen Habermas, Knowledge and Human Interests, trans. Jeremy Shapiro (London: Heinneman, 1972) and his Theory of Communicative Action, trans. Thomas McCarthy (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1987).
17. See Jürgen Habermas, Knowledge and Human Interests, trans. Jeremy Shapiro (London: Heinneman, 1972) and his Theory of Communicative Action, trans. Thomas McCarthy (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1987).
18. Some readers have expressed concern that I have relied on NATO documents from one source, that is. NATO Review. I would argue that given the goal of tracing a change in how NATO's dialogue and identity are constructed, this is a natural place to look. It is NATO's arm of public outreach and includes the views of leaders from the various NATO countries as well as those of the CEECs who want to join. While the Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press is also a single source, it is comprised of clippings from a range of different Russian newspapers.
19. Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War (New York: Random House, 1951), 14.
20. As Donnelly notes, most realists allow for an instrumental morality, that is, moral arguments can he used instrumentally as moral justification for pursuing power. See Jack Donnelly, 'Twentieth-Century Realism' in Traditions of International Ethics, eds. Terry Nardin and David R. Mapel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 94. See also Henry Kissinger, American Foreign Pulicy, 2d ed. (New York: Norton, 1977), 200.
21. As Donnelly notes, most realists allow for an instrumental morality, that is, moral arguments can he used instrumentally as moral justification for pursuing power. See Jack Donnelly, 'Twentieth-Century Realism' in Traditions of International Ethics, eds. Terry Nardin and David R. Mapel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 94. See also Henry Kissinger, American Foreign Pulicy, 2d ed. (New York: Norton, 1977), 200.
22. Martin Hollis and Steve Smith. Explaining and Understanding International Relations (Oxford: Clarendon, 1991), 167.
23. This idea of entanglement comes from Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1958), para. 125.
24. Nicholas Smith, Strong Hermeneutics: Contingency and Moral Identity (London: Routledge, 1997), 115.
25. Hollis and Smith, Explaining and Understanding, 167.
26. For a more detailed analysis of this claim, see Fierke, Changing Games.
27. Axel Honneth, The Fragmented World of the Social: Essays in Social and Political Philosophy (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1995), 225.
28. Sovereignty is the clearest example of the importance of recognition at the international level. A state must be recognized by others as sovereign to be sovereign in fact. Sovereignty can't be taken away but a state can be socially sanctioned for not playing according to the rules. South Africa during the Apartheid regime is a good example. See Robert Jackson, 'International Community After the Cold War in Beyond Westphalia? State Sovereignty and International Intervention, eds. Gene M. Lyons and Michael Mastaduno (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995).
29. J.J. Holst. 'Pursuing the Durable Peace in the Aftermath of the Cold War', NATO Review 40, no. 4 (1992) [http://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/9204-2.htm] (21 April 1999).
30. Ibid.
31. Realists generally predict that Alliances will disband in the absence of an enemy. For a discussion of why the Alliance survived, in contrast to arguments that it would die with the end of the Cold War, see Robert McCalla. 'NATO's Persistence after the Cold War', International Organization 50, no. 3 (1996): 471. See also Bruce George, 'The Alliance at the Flashpoint of a New Era', NATO Review 41, no. 5 (1993): 7-11.
32. Realists generally predict that Alliances will disband in the absence of an enemy. For a discussion of why the Alliance survived, in contrast to arguments that it would die with the end of the Cold War, see Robert McCalla. 'NATO's Persistence after the Cold War', International Organization 50, no. 3 (1996): 471. See also Bruce George, 'The Alliance at the Flashpoint of a New Era', NATO Review 41, no. 5 (1993): 7-11.
33. Eckhard Lubkemeier, 'The Political Upheaval in Europe and the Reform of NATO Strategy', NATO Review 3, no. 3 (1991): 16-21; Salvo Ando, 'Preparing the Ground for an Alliance Peacekeeping Role', NATO Review 41, no. 2 (1993): 4-9; and Warren Christopher, 'Towards a NATO Summit', NATO Review 41, no. 4 (1993): 3-6.
34. Eckhard Lubkemeier, 'The Political Upheaval in Europe and the Reform of NATO Strategy', NATO Review 3, no. 3 (1991): 16-21; Salvo Ando, 'Preparing the Ground for an Alliance Peacekeeping Role', NATO Review 41, no. 2 (1993): 4-9; and Warren Christopher, 'Towards a NATO Summit', NATO Review 41, no. 4 (1993): 3-6.
35. Eckhard Lubkemeier, 'The Political Upheaval in Europe and the Reform of NATO Strategy', NATO Review 3, no. 3 (1991): 16-21; Salvo Ando, 'Preparing the Ground for an Alliance Peacekeeping Role', NATO Review 41, no. 2 (1993): 4-9; and Warren Christopher, 'Towards a NATO Summit', NATO Review 41, no. 4 (1993): 3-6.
36. This is a reference to the dialogue between Western European peace movements and Eastern European human rights initiatives. For an analysis of this dialogue, and its relationship to changes on the part of Reagan and Gorbachev, see Fierke, Changing Games.
37. Vaclav Havel, 'Address to the NATO Council', NATO Review 39, no. 2 (1991): 31.
38. Trevor Taylor, 'NATO and Central Europe', NATO Review 39, no. 5 (1991): 17-22.
39. Ibid.: see also Michael Alexander, 'European Security and the CSCE', NATO Review 39, no. 4 (1991): 10-14.
40. Ibid.: see also Michael Alexander, 'European Security and the CSCE', NATO Review 39, no. 4 (1991): 10-14.
41. Manfred Wörner, 'NATO Transformed: The Significance of the Rome Summit', NATO Review 39. no. 6 (1991) [www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/9106-1.htm] (21 April 1999); Taylor, 'NATO and Central Europe'.
42. Manfred Wörner, 'NATO Transformed: The Significance of the Rome Summit', NATO Review 39. no. 6 (1991) [www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/9106-1.htm] (21 April 1999); Taylor, 'NATO and Central Europe'.
43. Taylor, 'NATO and Central Europe'.
44. Holst, 'Pursuing the Durable Peace'.
45. W.H. Taft IV, 'The NATO Role in Europe and the US Role in NATO', NATO Review 40, no. 4 (1992): 14-19; Holst, 'Pursuing the Durable Peace'.
46. W.H. Taft IV, 'The NATO Role in Europe and the US Role in NATO', NATO Review 40, no. 4 (1992): 14-19; Holst, 'Pursuing the Durable Peace'.
47. Gebhardt Von Moltke, 'NATO Takes up its New Agenda', NATO Review 40, no. 1 (1992): 3-7.
48. Holst, 'Pursuing the Durable Peace'.
49. Manfred Wörner, 'A Vigorous Alliance - A Motor for Peaceful Change in Europe, NATO Review 40, no. 6 (1992) [www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/9206-1.htm] (21 April 1999).
50. Ibid.; Emilio Colombo, 'European Security at a Time of Radical Change', NATO Review 40, no. 3 (1992): 3-6.
51. Ibid.; Emilio Colombo, 'European Security at a Time of Radical Change', NATO Review 40, no. 3 (1992): 3-6.
52. Holst, 'Pursuing the Durable Peace'.
53. Christopher, 'Towards a NATO Summit', 5.
54. NATO Secretary General Wörner, for instance, stated that 'the time has come to open a more concrete perspective to those countries of Central and Eastern Europe which want to join NATO and which we may consider eligible for future membership'. See George, 'The Alliance'.
55. Christopher, 'Towards a NATO Summit'.
56. Havel, 'Address to the NATO Council'; Géza Jeszenszky, 'Nothing Quiet on the Eastern Front', NATO Review 40, no. 3, (1992): 7.
57. Havel, 'Address to the NATO Council'; Géza Jeszenszky, 'Nothing Quiet on the Eastern Front', NATO Review 40, no. 3, (1992): 7.
58. Ferenc Gazdag, 'Does the West Understand Central and Eastern Europe?' NATO Review 40, no. 6 (1992): 14.
59. Jeszenszky, 'Nothing Quiet on the Eastern Front', 9.
60. Ibid., 39.
61. Teodor Melescanu, 'Security in Central Europe: A Positive-Sum Game', NATO Review 41, no. 5 (1993) [http://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/9305-3.htm] (21 April 99).
62. Jeszenszky, 'Nothing Quiet on the Eastern Front'.
63. Melescanu, 'Security in Central Europe'.
64. Hanna Suchocka, 'Poland's European Perspective', NATO Review 41, no. 3 (1993): 3
65. Havel, 'Address to the NATO Council'.
66. Gazdag, 'Does the West Understand?'
67. Jeszenszky, 'Nothing Quiet on the Eastern Front'.
68. Gazdag, 'Does the West Understand?'
69. Suchocka, 'Poland's European Perspective'.
70. Taylor, 'NATO and Central Europe'; Holst, 'Pursuing the Durable Peace'.
71. Taylor, 'NATO and Central Europe'; Holst, 'Pursuing the Durable Peace'.
72. Leonid Velekhov, 'Security: Statement for Effect or a New Strategy', Sevodnya, 9 September, as reprinted in 'Military Alliances', Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press 45, no. 36 (1993): 17.
73. Leonid Velekhov, 'Security: Statement for Effect or a New Strategy', Sevodnya, 9 September, as reprinted in 'Military Alliances', Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press 45, no. 36 (1993): 17.
74. Sergei Parkhomenko, 'Neighbours: Russia Gives Poland Leave to Join NATO', Sevodnya, 27 August, as preprinted in 'Poland', Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press 45, no. 34 (1993):
75. Sergei Parkhomenko, 'Neighbours: Russia Gives Poland Leave to Join NATO', Sevodnya, 27 August, as preprinted in 'Poland', Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press 45, no. 34 (1993):
76. Melescanu, 'Security in Central Europe'.
77. Ibid.
78. Melor Sturua, 'Every President Needs a Devil's Advocate', Izvestia. 12 January, as reprinted in 'Military Alliances', Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press 46, no. 2 (1994): 31.
79. Melor Sturua, 'Every President Needs a Devil's Advocate', Izvestia. 12 January, as reprinted in 'Military Alliances', Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press 46, no. 2 (1994): 31.
80. Alexie Pushkov, 'Russia and the West: An Endangered Relationship', NATO Review 42, no. 1 (1994): 19-23.
81. Manfred Wörner, 'Shaping the Alliance for the Future', NATO Review 42, no. 1 (1994) [http://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/9401-1.htm] (21 April 1999).
82. Ibid.
83. Les Aspin, 'New Europe, New NATO', NATO Review 42, no. 1 (1994) [http:www.nato.int/ docu/review/articles/9401-3.htm](21 April 1999).
84. Wörner, 'Shaping the Alliance'.
85. Andrei Kozyrev, 'Russia and the US: Partnership is not Premature, It is Overdue', Izvestia (11 March 1994): 3, reprinted in Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press 46, no. 10 (1994): 2.
86. Andrei Kozyrev, 'Russia and the US: Partnership is not Premature, It is Overdue', Izvestia (11 March 1994): 3, reprinted in Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press 46, no. 10 (1994): 2.
87. Wörner, 'Shaping the Alliance'.
88. Andrei Kozyrev, 'Russia and NATO: A Partnership for a United and Peaceful Europe', NATO Review 42, no. 4 (1994): 3-6.
89. Alexei Pushkov, 'Andrei Kozyrev: Going with the Wind', Moskovskiye novosti, 11-18 December, as reprinted in 'Kozyrev Under Fire from Right and Left', Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press 46, no.50 (1994): 17, 18.
90. Alexei Pushkov, 'Andrei Kozyrev: Going with the Wind', Moskovskiye novosti, 11-18 December, as reprinted in 'Kozyrev Under Fire from Right and Left', Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press 46, no.50 (1994): 17, 18.
91. Andrei Kozyrev, 'Russia and the US: Partnership is not Premature: It is Overdue', Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press 46, no. 10 (1994): 1.
92. Piotr Kolodziejczyk, 'Poland - A Future NATO Ally', NATO Review. 42, no. 5 (1994) [http://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/9405-2.htm] (21 April 1999).
93. Ibid.
94. Gebhardt Von Moltke, 'Building a Partnership for Peace', NATO Review 42, no. 3 (1994): 3-7.
95. George A. Joulwan, 'NATO's Military Contribution to Partnership for Peace: The Progress and the Challenge', NATO Review 43, no. 2 (1995): 3-6.
96. In the 1970s, NATO confronted problems with its public information campaign, precisely because of its secrecy; by contrast, in post-Cold War Europe, it argued that the Central and East European militaries must be open to public view and firmly embedded in the democratic process. See Frank Roberts, 'Voluntary Societies in Support of NATO', NATO Review 23, no. 6 (1975): 15-20.
97. Stanley Sloan, 'Transatlantic Relations in the Wake of the Brussels Summit', NATO Review 42, no. 2 (1994): 27-31.
98. Ibid.; Aspin, 'New Europe, New NATO'.
99. Ibid.; Aspin, 'New Europe, New NATO'.
100. Erika Bruce, 'NATO's Information Activities at a Time of Increasing Demands and Dwindling Resources', NATO Review 42, no. 4 (1994): 17-19; Sloan, 'Transatlantic Relations'; and Charlie Rose, 'Democratic Control of the Armed Forces: A Parliamentary Role in Partnership for Peace', NATO Review 42, no. 5 (1994): 13-19.
101. Erika Bruce, 'NATO's Information Activities at a Time of Increasing Demands and Dwindling Resources', NATO Review 42, no. 4 (1994): 17-19; Sloan, 'Transatlantic Relations'; and Charlie Rose, 'Democratic Control of the Armed Forces: A Parliamentary Role in Partnership for Peace', NATO Review 42, no. 5 (1994): 13-19.
102. Erika Bruce, 'NATO's Information Activities at a Time of Increasing Demands and Dwindling Resources', NATO Review 42, no. 4 (1994): 17-19; Sloan, 'Transatlantic Relations'; and Charlie Rose, 'Democratic Control of the Armed Forces: A Parliamentary Role in Partnership for Peace', NATO Review 42, no. 5 (1994): 13-19.
103. Aspin, 'New Europe, New NATO'; see also Martin Walker, 'Bill's Dream Offer Hides a Nuclear Nightmare', The Observer (23 March 1997): 14.
104. Aspin, 'New Europe, New NATO'; see also Martin Walker, 'Bill's Dream Offer Hides a Nuclear Nightmare', The Observer (23 March 1997): 14.
105. Willy Claes, 'NATO and the Evolving Euro-Atlantic Security Architecture', NATO Review 42, no. 6 (1994/95): 3-7.
106. Robert Hunter, 'Enlargement: Part of a Strategy for Projecting Stability into Europe', NATO Review 43, no. 4 (1995) [http://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/9503-1.htm] (21 April 1999).
107. Ibid.
108. Geoffrey Williams, 'NATO's Expansion: The Big Debate', NATO Review. 43, no. 4 (1995): 9-14.
109. The meeting of NATO members and Russia \vas referred to as the 16+1 format.
110. Hunter, 'Enlargement'.
111. Ibid.
112. NATO, 'Study of NATO Enlargement', chap. 2 (September 1995) [http://www.nato.int/docu/ basictxt/enl-9501.htm] (21 April 1999).
113. Robert Bussiere, 'A Europe of Security and Defence', NATO Review 42, no. 5 (1995): 31-35.
114. J.M.D. Barroso, 'The Transatlantic Partnership in the New European Security Context', NATO Review 43, no. 5 (1995): 3-6.
115. Williams, 'NATO's Expansion'.
116. Gebhardt Von Moltke, 'NATO Moves Toward Enlargement', NATO Review 44, no. 1 (1996): 3-6.
117. Javier Solana, 'Highlights of NATO Secretary General's Address to the Russian Council on Foreign and Security Policy', NATO Review 44, no. 3 (1996) [http://www.nato.int/docu/ review/articles/9603-d.htm] (21 April 1999).
118. Karsten Voigt, 'NATO Enlargement: Sustaining the Momentum', NATO Review 44, no. 2 (1996) [http://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/9602-4.htm] (21 April 1999).
119. Ibid.
120. Kolodziejczyk, 'Poland - A Future NATO Ally'.
121. Wlodzimierz Cinioszewicz, 'Building Poland's Security: Membership of NATO a Key Objective', NATO Review 44, no. 3 (1996) [http://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/9603-1.htm] (21 April 1999).
122. Frits Bolkestein, 'NATO: Deepening and Broadening?' NATO Review 44, no. 4 (1996): 20-24.
123. Moltke, 'Building A Partnership for Peace'.
124. Melescanu, 'Security in Central Europe'.
125. Ceslovas V. Stankevicius, 'NATO Enlargement and the Indivisibility of Security in Europe: A View From Lithuania', NATO Review 44, no. 5 (1996) [http://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/9605-5.htm] (21 April 1999). See also Ignac Golob, 'Preparing for Membership: Slovenia's Expanding Ties to NATO', NATO Review 44, no. 6 (1996): 24-25.
126. Ceslovas V. Stankevicius, 'NATO Enlargement and the Indivisibility of Security in Europe: A View From Lithuania', NATO Review 44, no. 5 (1996) [http://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/9605-5.htm] (21 April 1999). See also Ignac Golob, 'Preparing for Membership: Slovenia's Expanding Ties to NATO', NATO Review 44, no. 6 (1996): 24-25.
127. Warren Christopher, quoted by the Baltic New Service and Estonian Telegraph Agency, 30 November 1994.
128. Bolkestein. 'NATO: Deepening and Broadening?'
129. Voigt, 'NATO Enlargement'.
130. Ibid.
131. Given the momentum that had developed behind expansion, an about face would have damaged the legitimacy of both the Alliance and the political elites in Central Europe who were trying to get in. See Dana Allin, 'Can Containment Work Again?' Survival 37, no. 1 (1995): 62.
132. Sergei Karaganov, 'While You're Weak, Stand Firm', Moskovskiye novosti. 13-20 October, as reprinted in 'Military Alliances', Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press 48, no. 41 (1996): 26.
133. Sergei Karaganov, 'While You're Weak, Stand Firm', Moskovskiye novosti. 13-20 October, as reprinted in 'Military Alliances', Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press 48, no. 41 (1996): 26.
134. Sturua, 'Every President'
135. Solana, 'Highlights'.
136. Leonid Gankin, 'A Gift tor Stubbornness', Moskovskiye novosti. 15-22 December, as reprinted in 'Russia vs. NATO Expansion: The Latest Round', Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press 48, no. 51 (1996): 4.
137. Leonid Gankin, 'A Gift tor Stubbornness', Moskovskiye novosti. 15-22 December, as reprinted in 'Russia vs. NATO Expansion: The Latest Round', Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press 48, no. 51 (1996): 4.
138. Dmitry Gornostayev, 'Russia Won't Bargain with NATO', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 5 March, as reprinted in 'Military Alliances', Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press 49, no. 9, (1997): 18.
139. Dmitry Gornostayev, 'Russia Won't Bargain with NATO', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 5 March, as reprinted in 'Military Alliances', Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press 49, no. 9, (1997): 18.
140. 'Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security Between NATO and the Russian Federation', Paris, 27 May 1997 [http://www.nato.int/docu/basictxt/fndact-a.htm] (21 April 1999).
141. See McCalla, 'NATO's Persistence'. 459.
142. Javier Solana, 'Preparing for the Madrid Summit', NATO Review 42, no. 2 (1997) [http://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/9702-1.htm] (21 April 1999).
143. Javier Solana, 'The New NATO and the European Security Architecture', Speech, Vienna, 16 January, 1997. E-mail database [NATODATA@CCI.KULEUVEN.AC.BE].
144. Ibid.
145. Ibid.
146. Christoph Bertram, 'Why NATO Must Enlarge', NATO Review 45, no. 2 (1997) [http://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/9702-4.htm] (21 April 1999).
147. Madeleine Albright, 'Statement to North Atlantic Council Special Ministerial Meeting', Brussels, 18 February 1997. E-mail database [NATODATA@CCI.KULEUVEN.AC.BE].
148. Bertram, 'Why NATO Must Enlarge'.
149. Albright, 'Statement to the North Atlantic Council'.