Polymorphism of CYP2D6 in black populations: Implications for psychopharmacology

International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology

Volumn 1, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 173-185

  Bradford, L DiAnne ^a   Kirlin, Ward G ^a  

^a MOREHOUSE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

African; African American; CYP2D6; Cytochrome P450; Genetic polymorphism; Psychoactive drugs

Indexed keywords

EID: 0001327731     PISSN: 14611457     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1461145798001187     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. Agúndez J, Martinez C, Ledesma MC, Ladona MG, Ladero JM, Benítez J (1994). Genetic basis for differences in debrisoquin polymorphism between a Spanish and other white populations. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 55, 412-417.
2. Agúndez J, Ledesma MC, Ladero JM, Benítez J (1995). Prevalence of CYP2D6 gene duplication and its repercussion on the oxidative phenotype in a white population. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 57, 265-269.
3. Aklillu E, Persson I, Bertilsson L, Johansson I, Rodrigues F, Ingelman-Sundberg M (1996). Frequent distribution of ultrarapid metabolizers of debrisoquine in an Ethiopian population carrying duplicated and multiduplicated functional CYP2D6 alleles. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 278, 441-446.
4. Alván G, Bechtel P, Iselius L, Gundert-Remy U (1990). Hydroxylation polymorphisms of debrisoquine and mephenytoin in European populations. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 39, 533-537.
5. Arias TTD, Inaba T, Cooke RG, Jorge LF (1988). A preliminary note on the transient polymorphic oxidation of sparteine in the Ngawbé Guaymí Amerindians: A case of genetic divergence with tentative phylogenetic time frame for the pathway. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 44, 343-352.
6. Arias TD, Jorge LF, Inaba T (1986). No evidence for the presence of poor metabolizers of sparteine in an Amerindian group: the Cunas of Panama (letter). British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2, 547-548.
7. Arthur H, Dahl M-L, Siwers B, Sjöqvist F (1995). Polymorphic drug metabolism in schizophrenic patients with tardive dyskinesia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 15, 211-216.
8. Arvela P, Kirjarinta M, Kirjarinta M, Karki N, Pelkonen O (1988). Polymorphism of debrisoquine hydroxylation among Finns and Lapps. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 26, 601-603.
9. Bahr von C, Movin G, Nordin Liden A, Hammarlund-Udenaes M, Hedberg A, Ring H, Sjögvist F. (1991). Plasma levels of thioridazine and metabolites are influenced by the debrisoquine hydroxylation phenotype. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 49, 234-240.
10. Benitez J, Llerena A, Cobaleda J (1988). Debrisoquin oxidation polymorphism in a Spanish population. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 44, 74-77.
11. Bertilsson L (1995). Geographical/interracial differences in polymorphic drug oxidation. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 29, 192-209.
12. Bertilsson L, Lou Y-Q, Du Y-L, Liu Y, Kuang T-Y, Liao X-M, Wang K-Y, Reviriego J, Iselius L, Sjöqvist F (1992). Pronounced differences between native Chinese and Swedish populations in the polymorphic hydroxylations of debrisoquine and S-mephenytoin. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 51, 388-397.
13. Bock KW, Schrenk D, Forster A, Griese EU, Morike K, Brockmeier D, Eichelbaum M (1994). The influence of environmental and genetic factors on CYP2D6, CYP1A2 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases in man using sparteine, caffeine, and paracetamol as probes. Pharmacogenetics 4, 209-218.
14. Bozkurt A, Basci NE, Isimer A, Sayal A, Kayaalp SO (1994). Polymorphic debrisoquin metabolism in a Turkish population. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 55, 399-401.
15. Brosen K (1986). Sparteine oxidation polymorphism in Greenlanders living in Denmark. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 22, 415-419.
16. Brosen K, Otton SV, Gram LF (1985). Sparteine oxidation polymorphism in Denmark. Acta Pharmacologia Toxicologia 57, 357-360.
17. Clasen K, Madsen L, Brosen K, Alboge K, Misfeldt S, Gram LF (1991). Sparteine and mephenytoin oxidation: genetic polymorphisms in east and west Greenland. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 49, 624-631.
18. Dahl ML, Elqvist B, Widen J, Bertilsson L (1991). Disposition of the neuroleptic zuclopenthixol cosegregates with the polymorphic hydyroxylation of debrisoquine in humans. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 84, 99-100.
19. Daly AK, Brockmöller J, Broly F, Eichelbaum M, Evans WE, Gonzalez FJ, Huang J-D, Idle JR, Ingleman-Sundberg M, Ishizaki T, Jacqz-Aigrain E, Meyer UA, Nebert DW, Steen VM, Wolf CR, Zanger UM (1996). Nomenclature for human CYP2D6 alleles. Pharmacogenetics 6, 193-201.
20. Dick B, Kupfer A, Molnar J, Braunschweig S, Preisig R (1982). Drug hydroxylation disorders (debrisoquin type) in a random sample of the Swiss population. Schweizer Medische Wochenschrift 112, 1061-1067.
21. Droll K, Bruce-Mensah K, Otton SV, Gaedigk A, Sellers EM, Tyndale RF (1998). Comparison of three CYP2D6 probe substrates and genotype in Ghanaians, Chinese and Caucasians. Pharmacogenetics (in press).
22. Du YL, Lou YQ (1990). Polymorphism of debrisoquine 4-hydroxylation and family studies of poor metabolizers in Chinese population. Chung Kuo Yao Li Hsueh Pao 11, 7-10.
23. Edeki T (1996). Clinical importance of genetic polymorphism of drug oxidation The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine 63, 291-300.
24. Eichelbaum M, Gross AS (1992). The genetic polymorphism of debrisoquine/sparteine metabolism clinical aspects. In: Kalow W (Ed.), Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism (pp. 625-648). New York: Pergamon Press, Inc.
25. Eichelbaum M, Spannbrucker N, Steincke B, Dengler HJ (1979). Defective N-oxidation of sparteine in man: a new pharmacogenetic defect. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 16, 183-187.
26. Eichelbaum M, Woolhouse NM (1985). Inter-ethnic difference in sparteine oxidation among Ghanaians and Germans. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 28, 79-83.
27. Estavez F, Giusti M, Parrillo S, Oxandabarat J (1997). Dextromethorphan O-demethylation polymorphism in the Uruguayan population (letter). European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 52, 417-418.
28. Evans DA, Krahn P, Narayanan N (1995). The mephenytoin (cytochrome P450 2C19) and dextromethorphan (cytochrome P450 2D6) polymorphism in Saudi Arabians and Filipinos. Pharmacogenetics 5, 64-71.
29. Evans DA, Mahgoub A, Sloan TP, Idle JR, Smith RL (1980). A family and population study of the genetic polymorphism of debisoquine oxidation in a white British population. Journal of Medical Genetics 17, 102-105.
30. Evans WE, Relling MV, Rahman A, McLeod, HL, Scott P, Lin J-S (1993). Genetic basis for a lower prevalence of deficient CYP2D6 oxidative drug metabolism phenotypes in Black Americans. Journal of Clinical Investigation 91, 2150-2154.
31. Freche JP, Dragacci S, Petit AM, Siest JP, Galteau MM, Siest G (1990). Development of an ELISA to study the polymorphism of dextromethorphan oxidation in a French population. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 39, 481-485.
32. Funck-Brentano C, Thomas G, Jacqz-Aigrain E, Poirier J-M, Simon T, Bereziat G, Jaillon P (1992). Polymorphism of dextromethorphan metabolism: relationships between phenotype, genotype and response to the administration of encainide in humans. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 263, 780-786.
33. Guttendorf RJ, Britto M, Blouin RA, Foster TS, John W, Pittman KA, Wedlund PJ (1990). Rapid screening for polymorphism in dextromethorphan and mephenytoin metabolism. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 29, 373-380.
34. al-Hadidi HF, Cholerton S, Monkman SC, Armstrong M, Irshaid YM, Rawashdeh NM, Daly AK, Idle JR (1994a). Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylation (CYP2D6) polymorphism in Jordanians. Pharmacogenetics 4, 159-161.
35. al-Hadidi HF, Irshaid YM, Rawashdeh NM (1994b). Metoprolol α-hydroxylation is a poor probe drug for debrisoquine oxidation (CYP2D6) polymorphism in Jordanians. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 47, 311-314.
36. Hamelin BA, Turgeon J, Vallee F, Belanger PM, Paquet F, Lebel M (1996). The disposition of fluoxetine but not sertraline is altered in poor metabolisers of debrisoquine. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 60, 512-521.
37. Harris RZ, Benet LZ, Schwartz JB (1995). Gender effects in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Drugs 50, 222-239.
38. Henry BW, Overall JE, Markette JR (1971). Comparison of major drug therapies for alleviation of anxiety and depression. Diseases of the Nervous System 32, 655-667.
39. Henthorn TK, Benitez J, Avram MJ, Martinez C, Llerena A, Cobaleda J, Krejcie TC, Gibbons RD (1989). Assessment of the debrisoquin and dextromethorphan phenotyping tests by guassian mixture distributions analysis. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 45, 328-333.
40. Hildebrand M, Seifert W, Reichenberger A (1989). Determination of dextromethorphan metabolizer phenotype in healthy volunteers. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 36, 315-318.
41. Horai Y, Nakano M, Ishizaki T, Ishikawa K, Zhou HH, Zhou B-J, Liao CL, Zhang LM (1989). Metoprolol and mephenytoin oxidation polymorphisms in Far Eastern Oriental subjects: Japanese versus mainland Chinese. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 46, 198-207.
42. Inaba T, Jurmi M, Nakano M, Kalow W (1984). Mephenytoin and sparteine pharmacogenetics in Canadian Caucasians. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 36, 670-676.
43. Irshaid YM, al-Hadidi HF, Rawash NM (1993). Dextromethorphan O-demethylation polymorphism in Jordanians. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 45, 271-273.
44. Ishizaki R, Eichelbaum M, Horai Y, Hashimoto K, Chiba K, Dengler HJ (1987). Evidence for polymorphic oxidation in Japanese subjects. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 23, 482-485.
45. Islam SI, Idle JR, Smith RL (1980). The polymorphic 4-hydroxylation of debrisoquine in a Saudi arab population. Xenobiotica 10, 819-825.
46. Iyun AO, Lennard MS, Tucker GT, Woods HF (1986). Metoprolol and debrisoquin metabolism in Nigerians: lack of evidence for polymorphic oxidation. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 40, 387-394.
47. Jacqz E, Dulac H, Mathieu H (1988). Phenotyping polymorphic drug metabolism in the French Caucasian population. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 35, 167-171.
48. Jann MW, Chang WH, Lam YWF, Hwu HG, Lin H-N, Chen H, Chen TY, Lin S-K, Chien C-P, Davis CM, Ereshefsky L, Saklad SR, Richards AL, Schulteis WM (1992). Comparison of haloperidol and reduced haloperidol plasma levels in four different ethnic populations. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 16, 193-202.
49. Jorge LF, Arias TD, Inaba T, Jackson PR (1990). Unimodal distribution of the metabolic ration for debrisoquine in Cuna Amerindians of Panama. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 30, 281-285.
50. Jurima-Romet M, Foster BC, Casley WL, Rode A, Vloshinsky P, Huang HS, Geertsen S (1997). CYP2D6-related oxidation polymorphism in a Canadian Inuit population. Canadian Journal of Physiological Pharmacology 75, 165-172.
51. Kallio J, Lindberg R, Huupponen R, Iisalo E (1988). Debrisoquine oxidation in a Finnish population: the effect of oral contraceptives on the metabolic ratio. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 26, 791-795.
52. Kalow W (1991). Inter-ethnic variation in drug metabolism. Trends in Pharmacological Science 12, 102-107.
53. Kalow W, Bertilsson L (1994). Interethnic factors affecting drug response. In: Testa B, Meyer UA (Eds.), Advances in Drug Research. Vol. 25 (pp. 1-53). London: Academic Press.
54. Kiivet RA, Svensson JO, Bertilsson L, Sjôqvist F (1993). Polymorphism of debrisoquine and mephenytoin hydroxylation among Estonians. Pharmacological Toxicology 72, 113-115.
55. Kuang TY, Liao XM, Wang KY, Zhang Y, Lou YQ (1991). Study on the frequency distribution of debrisoquine hydroxylation deficiency in Chinese healthy Zang and Wei volunteers. Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao 26, 250-254.
56. Kunicki PK, Sitkiewicz D, Pawlik A, Bielicka-Sulzyc V, Borowiecka E, Gawrónska-Szklarz, Sterna R, Matsumoto H, Radziwoń-Zaleska (1995). Debrisoquine hydroxylation in a Polish population. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 4, 503-505.
57. Küpfer A, Preisig R (1984). Pharmacogenetics of mephenytoin: a new drug hydroxylation polymorphism in man. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 26, 753-759.
58. Larrey D, Amouyal G, Tinel M, Letteron P, Berson A, Labbe G, Pessayre D (1987). Polymorphism of dextromethorphan oxidation in a French population. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 24, 676-679.
59. Lawson WB (1996). The art and science of the psychopharmacology of African-Americans. The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine 63, 301-305.
60. Leclercq V, Desager JP, van Nieuwenhuyze Y, Harvengt C (1987). Prevalence of drug hydroxylator phenotypes in Belgium. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 33, 439-440.
61. Lee EJD, Nam YP, Hee GN (1988). Oxidation phenotyping in Chinese and Malay populations. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 15, 889-891.
62. Lennard MS, Iyun AO, Jackson PR, Tucker GT, Woods HF (1992). Evidence for a dissociation in the control of sparteine, debrisoquine and metroprolol metabolism in Nigerians. Pharmacogenetics 2, 89-92.
63. Lin K-M (1996). Psychopharmacology in cross-cultural psychiatry. The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine 63, 283-284.
64. Lin K-M, Andersen D, Poland RE (1995). Ethnicity and psychopharmacology: bridging the gap. Psychiatry Clinics of North America. 18, 635-647.
65. Lin K-M, Poland RE, Lesser IM (1986). Ethnicity and psychopharmacology. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 10, 151-165.
66. Lin K-M, Poland RE, Smith MW, Strickland TL, Mendoza R (1991). Pharmacokinetics and other related factors affecting psychotropic responses in Asians. Psychopharmacology 27, 427-439.
67. Linnet K, Wiborg O (1996). Influence of CYP2D6 genetic polymorphism on ratios of steady-state serum concentration to dose of the neuroleptic zuclopenthixol. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 18, 629-634.
68. Livingston RL, Zucker DK, Isenberg K (1983). Tricyclic antidepressants and delirium. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 44, 173-176.
69. Llerena A, Cobaleda J, Martínez, Benítez J (1996). Interethnic differences in drug metabolism: influence of genetic and environmental factors on debrisoquine hydroxylation phenotype. European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics 21, 129-138.
70. Llerena A, Alm C, Dahl M-L, Edqvist B, Bertilsson L (1992). Haloperidol disposition is dependent on the debrisoquine hydroxylation phenotype. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 14, 92-97.
71. Lou YC, Ying L, Bertilsson L, Sjöqvist F (1987). Low frequency of slow debrisoquine hydroxylation in a native Chinese population (letter). Lancet 2(8563), 852-853.
72. Mahgoub A, Idle JR, Dring LG, Lancaster R, Smith RL (1977). Polymorphic hydroxylation of debrisoquine in man. Lancet 2(8038), 584-586.
73. Mahgoub A, Idle JR, Smith RL (1979). A population and familial study of the defective alicyclic hydroxylation of debrisoquine among Egyptians. Xenobiotica 9, 51-56.
74. Marez D, Legrand M, Sabbagh N, Lo Guidance J-M, Spire C, Lafitte J-J, Meyer UA, Broly F (1997). Polymorphism of the cytochrome P450 CYP2D6 gene in a European population: characterization of 48 mutations and 53 alleles, their frequency and evolution. Pharmacogenetics 7, 193-202.
75. Masimirembwa C, Hasler JA (1997). Genetic polymorphism of drug metabolising enzymes in African populations: implications for the use of neuroleptics and antidepressants. Brain Research Bulletin 44 (5), 561-571.
76. Masimirembwa C, Hasler J, Bertilsson L, Johansson I, Ekberg O, Ingelman-Sundberg M (1996a). Phenotype and genotype analysis of debrisoquine hydroxylase (CYP2D6) in black Zimbabwean population: reduced enzyme activity and evaluation of metabolic correlation of CP2D6 probe drugs. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 51, 117-122.
77. Masimirembwa C, Johansson I, Hasler J, Ingelman-Sundberg M (1993). Genetic polymorphism of cytochrome P450 CYP2D6 in Zimbabwean population. Pharmacogenetics 3, 275-280.
78. Masimirembwa C, Persson I, Bertilsson L, Hasler J, Ingelman-Sundberg M (1996b). A novel mutant variant of the CYP2D6 Gene (CYP2D6*17) common in a black African population: association with diminished debrisoquine hydroxylase activity. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 42, 713-719.
79. Mbanefo C, Bababunmi EA, Mahgoub A, Sloan TP, Idle JR, Smith RL (1980). A study of the debrisoquine hydroxylation polymorphism in a Nigerian population. Xenobiotica 10, 814-818.
80. McLellan RA, Oscarson M, Seidegård J, Price Evans DA, Ingelman-Sundbert M (1997). Frequent occurrence of CYP2D6 gene duplication in Saudi Arabians. Pharmacogenetics 7, 187-191.
81. Meyer JW, Woggon B, Baumann P, Meyer UA (1990). Clinical implications of slow sulphoxidation of thioridazine in a Poor Metabolizer of the debrisoquine type. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 39, 613-614.
82. Meyer UA (1996). Overview of enzymes of drug metabolism. Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmacology 24, 449-459.
83. Nagai N, Kawakubo R, Kaneko F, Ishii M, Shinohara R, Saito Y, Shimamura H, Ohnishi A, Ogata H (1996). Pharmacokinetics and polymorphic oxidation of dextromethorphan in a Japanese population. Biopharmaceutics and Drug Disposition 17, 421-433.
84. Nakamura K, Goto F, Ray WA, McAllister CB, Jacqz E, Wikinson GR, Branch RA (1985). Inter ethnic differences in genetic polymorphism of debrisoquin and mephenytoin hydroxylation between Japanese and Caucasian populations. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 38, 402-408.
85. Nsabiyumva F, Faret Y, Autret E, Jonville AP, Breteau M (1991). Oxidative polymorphism of dextromethorphan in a Burundi population. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 41, 75-77.
86. Nowak, MP, Tyndale, RF, Sellers EM (1997). CYP2D6 phenotype and genotype in Canadian native indian population. Pharmacogenetics 7, 145-148.
87. Overall JE, Hollister LE, Kimbell I, Shelton J (1969). Extrinsic factors influencing responses to psychotherapeutic drugs. Archives of General Psychiatry 21, 89-94.
88. Paar WD, Schuhler H, Fimmers R, Dengler HJ (1989). Sparteine oxidation polymorphism: phenotyping by measurement of sparteine and its dehydrometabolites in plasma. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 36, 555-560.
89. Peart GF, Boutagy J, Shenfield GM (1986). Debrisoquine oxidation in an Australian population British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 21, 465-471.
90. Raskin A, Crook TH (1975). Antidepressants in Black and White inpatients. Archives of General Psychiatry 32, 643-649.
91. Relling MV, Cherrie J, Schell MJ, Petros WP, Meyer WH, Evans WE (1991). Lower prevalence of the debrisoquin oxidative Poor Metabolizer phenotype in American black versus white subjects. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 50, 308-313.
92. Relling MV, Lin J-S, Ayers GD, Evans WE (1992). Racial and gender differences in N-acetyltransferease, xanthine oxidase, and CYP1A2 activities. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 52, 643-658.
93. Ring BJ, Callow J, Lindsay TJ, Gillespie T, Roskos LK, Cerimele BJ, Swanson SP, Hamman MA, Wrighton SA (1996). Identification of the human cytochromes P450 responsible for the in vitro formation of the major oxidative metabolites of the antipsychotic agent olanzapine. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 276, 658-666.
94. Roh H-K, Dahl M-L, Johansson I, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Cha Y-N, Bertilsson L (1996). Debrisoquine and S-mephenytoin hydroxylation phenotypes and genotypes in a Korean population. Pharmacogenetics 6, 441-447.
95. Rudorfer MV, Robins E (1982). Amitriptyline overdose: Clinical effects on tricyclic antidepressant plasma levels. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 43, 457-460.
96. Sachse C, Brockmöller J, Bauer S, Roots I (1997). Cytochrome P450 2D6 variants in a Caucasian population: allele frequencies and phenotypic consequences. American Journal of Human Genetics 60, 284-295.
97. Schellens JHM, Danhof M, Breimer DD (1986). The poor metabolizer incidence of sparteine, mephenytoin, and nifedipine in a Dutch population. Acta Pharmacologia Toxicologia 59 (Supplement V), 252.
98. Schmid B, Bircher J, Preisig R, Kupfer A (1985). Polymorphic dextromethorphan metabolism: co-segregation of oxidative O-methylation with debisoquin hydroxylation. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 38, 618-624.
99. Sellwood W, Tarrier N (1994). Demographic factors associated with extreme non-compliance in schizophrenia. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 29, 172-177.
100. Shimada T, Yamazaki H, Mimura M, Inui Y, Guenberich FP (1994). Inter-individual variations in human liver cytochrome P-450 enzymes involved in the oxidation of drugs, carcinogens and toxic chemicals: studies with liver microsomes of 30 Japanese and 30 Caucasians. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 270, 414-423.
101. Silver B, Poland RE, Lin K-M (1993). Ethnicity and the pharmacology of tricyclic antidepressants. In: K-M Lin, G Nakasaki (Eds.), Psychopharmacology and Psychobiology of Ethnicity (pp. 61-89). Washington DC: APA Press, Inc.
102. Simooya OO, Njunju E, Rostami Hodjegan A, Lennard MS, Tucker GT (1993). Debrisoquine and metoprolol oxidation in Zambians: a population study. Pharmacogenetics 3, 205-208.
103. Sjöqvist F (1992). Pharmacogenetic factors in the metabolism of tricyclic antidepressants and some neuroleptics. In: Kalow W (Ed.), Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism (pp. 689-700) New York: Pergamon Press, Inc.
104. Sommers De K, Moncrieff J, Avenant J (1988). Polymorphism of the 4-hydroxylation of debrisoquine in the San Bushmen of Southern Africa. Human Toxicology 7, 273-276.
105. Sommers De K, Moncrieff J, Avenant J (1989a). Metoprolol α-hydroxylation polymorphism in the San Bushmen of Southern Africa. Human Toxicology 8, 39-43.
106. Sommers De K, Moncrieff J, Avenant J (1989b). Non-correlation between debrisoquine and metoprolol polymorphisms in the Venda. Human Toxicology 8, 365-368.
107. Sommers De K, Moncrieff J, Avenant J (1990). Polymorphism in sparteine oxidation in the Barakwena (Kwengo) of Southern Africa. South African Journal of Science 86, 28-29.
108. Sommers De K, Moncrieff J, Avenant JC (1991). Absence of polymorphism of sparteine oxidation in the South African Venda. Human Experimental Toxicology 10, 175-178.
109. Spina E, Ancione M, DiRosa AE, Meduri M (1992). Polymorphic debrisoquine oxidation and acute neuroleptic-induced adverse events. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 42, 347-348.
110. Spina E, Campo GM, Avenoso A, Caputi AP, Zuccaro PK, Pacifici R, Gatti G, Strada G, Bartoli A, Perucca E (1994). CYP2D6-related oxidation polymorphism in Italy Pharmacological Research 29, 281-289.
111. Spina E, Gitto C, Avenoso A, Campo GM, Caputi AP, Perucca E (1997). Relationship between plasma desipramine levels, CYP2D6 phenotype and clinical response to desipramine: a prospective study. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 51, 395-398.
112. Steiner E, Bertilsson L, Säwe J, Bertling I, Sjöqvist F (1988). Polymorphic debrisoquin hydroxylation in 757 Swedish subjects. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 44, 431-435.
113. Straka RJ, Hansen SR, Walker PF (1995). Comparison of the poor metabolizer phenotype for CYP2D6 between 203 Hmong subjects and 280 white subjects residing in Minnesota. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 58, 29-34.
114. Strickland TL, Ranganath V, Lin K-M, Poland RE, Mendoza R, Smith M (1991). Psychopharmacologic considerations in the treatment of Black American populations. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 27, 441-448.
115. Strickland TL, Stein R, Lin K-M, Risby E, Fong, R (1997). The pharmacological treatment of anxiety and depression in African Americans. Archives of family Medicine 6, 371-375.
116. Syvalahti EK, Lindberg R, Kallio J, De Vocht M (1986). Inhibitory effects of neuroleptics on debrisoquine oxidation in man. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 22, 89-92.
117. Szorady I, Santa A (1987). Drug hydroxylator phenotype in Hungary (letter). European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 32, 325.
118. Tu ZG, Zhao LL (1995). Metoprolol alpha-hydroxylation capacity in 96 Chinese Han volunteers. Chung Kuo Yao Li Hsueh Pao 16, 325-329.
119. Turner SM, Coolley-Quille MR (1996). Socioecological and socioculturel variables in psychopharmacological research: methodological considerations. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 32, 183-192.
120. Vinks A, Inaba T, Otton SV, Kalow W (1982). Sparteine metabolism in Canadian Caucasians. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 31, 23-29.
121. Wanwimolruk S, Patamasucon P, Lee EJ (1990). Evidence for the polymorphic oxidation of debrisoquine in the Thai population. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 29, 244-247.
122. Wanwimolruk S, Pratt EL, Denton JR, Chalcroft SC, Barron PA, Broughton JR (1995). Evidence for the polymorphic oxidation of debrisoquine and proguanil in a New Zealand Maori population. Pharmacogenetics 5, 193-198.
123. Wedlund PJ, Aslanian WS, McAllister CB, Wilkinson GR, Branch RA (1984). Mephenytoin hydroxylation deficiency in Caucasians: frequency of a new oxidative drug metabolism polymorphism. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 36, 773-780.
124. Weerasuriya K, Jayakody RL, Smith CAD, Wolf CR, Tucker GT, Lennard MS (1994). Debrisoquine and mephenytoin oxidation in Sinhalese: A population study. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 38, 466-470.
125. Woolhouse NM (1986). The debrisoquine/sparteine oxidation polymorphism: Evidence of genetic heterogeneity among Ghanaians. In: Kalow W, Goedde HW, Agarwal DP (Eds.), Ethnic Differences in Reactions to Drugs and Xenobiotics (pp. 189-206). New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc.
126. Woolhouse NM, Eichelbaum M, Oates NS, Idle JR, Smith RL (1985). Dissociation of co-regulatory control of debrisoquin/phenformin and sparteine oxidation in Ghanaians. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 37, 512-521.
127. Ziegler VE, Biggs JT (1977). Tricyclic plasma levels: effect of age, race, sex, and smoking. Journal of the American Medical Association 238, 2167-2169.