Structure of poly(γ-benzyl-L-glutamate) monolayers at the gas-water interface: A Brewster angle microscopy and x-ray scattering study

Journal of Chemical Physics

Volumn 111, Issue 21, 1999, Pages 9761-9777

  Fukuto, Masafumi ^a   Heilmann, Ralf K ^a   Pershan, Peter S ^a   Yu, Seungju M ^b,c   Griffiths, Jennifer A ^b,d   Tirrell, David A ^b,e  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^d KIMBERLY CLARK CORPORATION   (United States)

^e California Institute of Technology ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000851144     PISSN: 00219606     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1063/1.480312     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. C. M. Knobler, Adv. Chem. Phys. 77, 397 (1990).
2. C. M. Knobler and R. C. Desai, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 43, 207 (1992).
3. H. Möhwald, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 41, 441 (1990).
4. J. Als-Nielsen and H. Möhwald, in Handbook of Synchrotron Radiation, Vol. 4, edited by S. Ebashi, E. Rubenstein, and M. Koch (North Holland, Amsterdam, 1991), p. 1.
5. J. Als-Nielsen, D. Jacquemain, K. Kjaer, F. Leveiller, M. Lahav, and L. Leiserowitz, Phys. Rep. 246, 251 (1994).
6. P. S. Pershan, Structure of Liquid Crystal Phases (World Scientific, Singapore, 1988).
7. J. D. Brock, R. J. Birgeneau, J. D. Litster, and A. Aharony, Phys. Today July, 52-59 (1989).
8. O. M. Magnussen, B. M. Ocko, M. Deutsch, M. J. Regan, P. S. Pershan, D. Abernathy, G. Grubel, and J.-F. Legrand, Nature (London) 384, 250 (1996).
9. M. Deutsch, O. M. Magnussen, B. M. Ocko, M. J. Regan, and P. S. Pershan, in Self-Assembled Monolayers of Thiols, edited by A. Ulman (Academic, San Diego, 1998).
10. B. R. Malcolm, Nature (London) 195, 901 (1962).
11. B. R. Malcolm, Polymer 7, 595 (1966).
12. B. R. Malcolm, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 305, 363 (1968).
13. G. I. Loeb, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 26, 236 (1968).
14. G. I. Loeb and R. E. Baier, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 27, 38 (1968).
15. B. R. Malcolm, J. Polym. Sci., Part C: Polym. Symp. 34, 87 (1971).
16. D. W. Goupil and F. C. Goodrich, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 62, 142 (1977).
17. D. G. Cornell, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 70, 167 (1979).
18. T. Takenaka, K. Harada, and M. Matsumoto, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 73, 569 (1980).
19. G. Gabrielli, P. Baglioni, and E. Ferroni, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 81, 139 (1981).
20. F. Takeda, M. Matsumoto, T. Takenaka, and Y. Fujiyoshi, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 84, 220 (1981).
21. F. Takeda, M. Matsumoto, T. Takenaka, Y. Fujiyoshi, and N. Uyeda, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 91, 267 (1983).
22. B. R. Malcolm, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 104, 520 (1985).
23. H. Motschmann, R. Reiter, R. Lawall, G. Duda, M. Stamm, G. Wegner, and W. Knoll, Langmuir 7, 2743 (1991).
24. P. Lavigne, P. Tancrede, F. Lamarche, and J.-J. Max, Langmuir 8, 1988 (1992).
25. P. Lavigne, P. Tancrede, F. Lamarche, M. Grandbois, and C. Salesse, Thin Solid Films 242, 229 (1994).
26. D. Sohn, H. Yu, J. Nakamatsu, P. S. Russo, and W. H. Daly, J. Poly. Sci. B 34, 3025 (1996).
27. M. Fukuto, K. Penanen, R. K. Heilmann, P. S. Pershan, and D. Vaknin, J. Chem. Phys. 107, 5531 (1997).
28. I. Uematsu, Adv. Polym. Sci. 59, 37 (1984).
29. J. Watanabe, Y. Fukuda, R. Gehani, and I. Uematsu, Macromolecules 17, 1004 (1984).
30. J. Watanabe, H. Ono, I. Uematsu, and A. Abe, Macromolecules 18, 2141 (1985).
31. J. Watanabe, M. Goto, and T. Nagase, Macromolecules 20, 298 (1987).
32. E. Iizuka, K. Abe, K. Hanabusa, and H. Shirai, in Current Topics in Polymer Science, Vol. I (Hanser, Munich, 1987), pp. 235-248.
33. M. Ballauff, Angew. Chem. Im. Ed. Engl. 28, 253 (1989).
34. G. Duda, A. J. Schouten, T. Arndt, G. Lieser, G. F. Schmidt, C. Bubeck, and G. Wegner, Thin Solid Films 159, 221 (1988).
35. S. Schwiegk, T. Vahlenkamp, G. Wegner, and Y. Xu, Thin Solid Films 210/211, 6 (1992).
36. S. Schwiegk, T. Vahlenkamp, Y. Xu, and G. Wegner, Macromolecules 25, 2513 (1992).
37. K. Mathauer, A. Schmidt, W. Knoll, and G. Wegner, Macromolecules 28, 1214 (1995).
38. W. Hickel, G. Duda, M. Jurich, T. Krohl, K. Rochford, G. I. Stegeman, J. D. Swalen, G. Wegner, and W. Knoll, Langmuir 6, 1403 (1990).
39. S. Lee, J. R. Dutcher, B. Hillebrands, G. I. Stegeman, W. Knoll, G. Duda, G. Wegner, and F. Nizzoli, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 188, 355 (1990).
40. F. Nizzoli, B. Hillebrands, S. Lee, G. I. Stegeman, G. Duda, G. Wegner, and W. Knoll, Mater. Sci. Eng., B 5, 173 (1990).
41. K. Mathauer, A. Mathy, C. Bubeck, G. Wegner, W. Hickel, and U. Scheunemann, Thin Solid Films 210/211, 449 (1992).
42. A. Mathy, K. Mathauer, G. Wegner, and C. Bubeck, Thin Solid Films 215, 98 (1992).
43. H. Menzel, B. Weichart, and M. L. Hallensleben, Thin Solid Films 223, 181 (1993).
44. H. Menzel, M. L. Hallensleben, A. Schmidt, W. Knoll, T. Fischer, and J. Stumpe, Macromolecules 26, 3644 (1993).
45. V. V. Tsukruk, M. D. Foster, D. H. Reneker, A. Schmidt, and W. Knoll, Langmuir 9, 3538 (1993).
46. I. H. Musselman, D. L. Smith, E. P. Enriquez, V. F. Guarisco, and E. T. Samulski, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 12, 2523 (1994).
47. A. Schmidt, K. Mathauer, G. Reiter, M. D. Foster, M. Stamm, G. Wegner, and W. Knoll, Langmuir 10, 3820 (1994).
48. V. V. Tsukruk, M. D. Foster, D. H. Reneker, A. Schmidt, H. Wu, and W. Knoll, Macromolecules 27, 1274 (1994).
49. T. R. Vierheller, M. D. Foster, A. Schmidt, K. Mathauer, W. Knoll, G. Wegner, S. Satija, and C. F. Majkrzak, Macromolecules 27, 6893 (1994).
50. G. Wegner and K. Mathauer, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 247, 767 (1992).
51. D. Neher, Adv. Mater. 7, 691 (1995).
52. C. Robinson, Trans. Faraday Soc. 52, 571 (1956).
53. C. Robinson and J. C. Ward, Nature (London) 180, 1183 (1957).
54. C. Robinson, J. C. Ward, and R. B. Beevers, Discuss. Faraday Soc. 25, 29 (1958).
55. E. L. Wee and W. G. Miller, J. Phys. Chem. 75, 1446 (1971).
56. P. S. Russo and W. G. Miller, Macromolecules 16, 1690 (1983).
57. F. Livolant and Y. Bouligand, J. Phys. (France) 47, 1813 (1986).
58. A. Hill and A. M. Donald, Liq. Cryst. 6, 93 (1989).
59. J. C. Horton, A. M. Donald, and A. Hill, Nature (London) 346, 44 (1990).
60. H. Block and C. P. Shaw, Polymer 33, 2459 (1992).
61. S. M. Yu, V. Conticello, G. Zhang, C. Kayser, M. J. Fournier, T. L. Mason, and D. A. Tirrell, Nature (London) 389, 167 (1997).
62. D. K. Schwartz, M. L. Schlossman, and P. S. Pershan, J. Chem. Phys. 96, 2356 (1992).
63. W. J. Foster, M. C. Shih, and P. S. Pershan, J. Chem. Phys. 105, 3307 (1996).
64. The use of small amounts of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in the spreading solvent was necessary to dissolve monodisperse PBLG in chloroform, while the polydisperse PBLG dissolves in pure chloroform. The use of either pure chloroform or TFA-chloroform mixture as the spreading solvent for polydisperse PBLG samples did not have any noticeable effects on any of the measurements presented here. Since TFA is volatile, we expect most of it to evaporate from the monolayer surface after the spread-ing of the film, together with chloroform.
65. P. S. Pershan and J. Als-Nielsen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 759 (1984).
66. S. K. Sinha, E. B. Sirota, S. Garoff, and H. B. Stanley, Phys. Rev. B 38, 2297 (1988).
67. M. K. Sanyal, S. K. Sinha, K. G. Huang, and B. M. Ocko, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 628 (1991).
68. J. Daillant, L. Bosio, B. Harzallah, and J. J. Benattar, J. Phys. II (France) 1, 149 (1991).
69. M. Fukuto, R. K. Heilmann, P. S. Pershan, J. A. Griffiths, S. M. Yu, and D. A. Tirrell, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 3455 (1998).
70. H. Tostmann, E. DiMasi, P. S. Pershan, B. M. Ocko, O. G. Shpyrko, and M. Deutsch, Phys. Rev. B 59, 783 (1999).
71. xy-integration at fixed φ′ analytically removes the singularity, and the azimuthal φ′-integrations can be done numerically.
72. For example, Hickel et al. [Langmuir 6, 1403 (1990)] studied optical anisotropy in structurally ordered Langmuir Blodgett multilayer films formed by a different kind of α-helical polypeptide and found the refractive index parallel to molecular axes to be only about 1%-1.5% higher than the indices in the perpendicular directions.
73. D. K. Schwartz, M. L. Schlossman, E. H. Kawamoto, G. J. Kellogg, P. S. Pershan, and B. M. Ocko, Phys. Rev. A 41, 5687 (1990).
74. J. Daillant, L. Bosio, J. J. Benattar, and J. Meunier, Europhys. Lett. 8, 453 (1989).
75. If the orientational correlation length were long and the illuminated sample area viewed by the detector were not large enough to contain many randomly oriented domains, a full powder average would not be achieved. In such a case, the diffraction condition would depend on the orientation of the sample relative to the incident beam (as in the case of single crystals) and variations in peak intensity would be observed upon rotation about the surface normal.